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Protoceratidae (protoceratid)

Mammalia - Protoceratidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1891Protoceratidae Marsh p. 81
1902Leptotragulinae Hay p. 674
1908Leptotragulinae Matthew p. 561
1934Protoceratidae Cook p. 149
1940Protoceratidae Scott p. 561
1955Leptotragulinae Gazin p. 80
1976Leptotragulinae Golz
1981Protoceratidae Thurmond and Jones p. 188
1981Leptotragulinae Webb p. 363
1988Protoceratidae Carroll
2003Protoceratidae Webb et al. p. 349
2006Protoceratidae Hulbert and Whitmore p. 7
2007Protoceratidae Prothero and Ludtke p. 175
2009Protoceratidae Spaulding et al.

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
RankNameAuthor
—Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
—Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
—Theriiformes()
—Trechnotheria
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—Laurasiatheria
—Scrotifera
—Euungulata
—Artiodactylamorpha
—Artiodactyla()
—Ruminantiamorpha
familyProtoceratidae
familyProtoceratidae

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Protoceratidae Marsh 1891 [protoceratid]
show all | hide all
G. †Calops Marsh 1894
+
†Calops consors Marsh 1897
†Calops cristatus Marsh 1894
G. †Heteromeryx Matthew 1905
+
†Heteromeryx dispar Matthew 1905
G. †Leptoreodon Wortman 1898
+
†Leptoreodon edwardsi Stock 1936
†Leptoreodon golzi Ludtke and Prothero 2004
†Leptoreodon major Golz 1976
†Leptoreodon marshi Wortman 1898
+
Invalid names: Camelomeryx longiceps Scott 1898 [synonym], Merycodesmus gracilis Scott 1898 [synonym]
†Leptoreodon pusillus Golz 1976
†Leptoreodon stocki Kelly 1990
Invalid names: Camelomeryx Scott 1898 [synonym], Leptoreodon (Hesperomeryx) Stock 1936 [invalid subgroup], Merycodesmus Scott 1898 [synonym]
G. †Leptotragulus Scott and Osborn 1887
+
†Leptotragulus clarki Gazin 1955
†Leptotragulus medius Peterson 1919
†Leptotragulus proavus Scott and Osborn 1887
+
Invalid names: Parameryx laevis Marsh 1894 [synonym], Parameryx sulcatus Marsh 1894 [synonym]
†Leptotragulus ultimus Schlaikjer 1935
Invalid names: Parameryx Marsh 1894 [synonym]
G. †Poabromylus Peterson 1932
+
†Poabromylus golzi Black 1978
†Poabromylus kayi Peterson 1932
†Poabromylus robustus Stock 1949
Subfm. †Protoceratinae
+
G. †Paratoceras Frick 1937
+
†Paratoceras coatesi Rincón et al. 2015
†Paratoceras macadamsi Frick 1937
†Paratoceras orarius Rincón et al. 2015
†Paratoceras tedfordi Webb et al. 2003
†Paratoceras wardi Patton and Taylor 1973
G. †Protoceras Marsh 1891
+
†Protoceras celer Marsh 1891
†Protoceras comptus Marsh 1894
†Protoceras nasutus Marsh 1897
†Protoceras neatodelpha Patton and Taylor 1973
†Protoceras skinneri Patton and Taylor 1973
G. †Pseudoprotoceras Cook 1934
+
†Pseudoprotoceras minor Wilson 1974
†Pseudoprotoceras taylori Emry and Storer 1981
Subfm. †Synthetoceratinae Frick 1937
+
Tr. †Kyptoceratini Webb 1981
+
G. †Kyptoceras Webb 1981
+
†Kyptoceras amatorum Webb 1981
G. †Syndyoceras Barbour 1905
+
†Syndyoceras cooki Barbour 1905
G. †Synthetoceras Stirton 1932
+
†Synthetoceras davisorum Hulbert and Whitmore 2006
†Synthetoceras tricornatus Stirton 1932
Tr. †Synthetoceratini Webb 1981
+
G. †Lambdoceras Stirton 1967
+
†Lambdoceras hessei Stirton 1967
†Lambdoceras siouxensis Frick 1937
†Lambdoceras trinitiensis Patton and Taylor 1971
G. †Prosynthetoceras Frick 1937
+
+
Invalid names: Dromomeryx angustidens Hay 1924 [synonym], Merycodus grandis Hay 1924 [synonym], Syndyoceras australis White 1941 [synonym], Synthetoceras (Prosynthetoceras) douglasi White 1947 [synonym], Synthetoceras rileyi Frick 1937 [synonym]
G. †Toromeryx Wilson 1974
+
†Toromeryx marginensis Wilson 1974
G. †Trigenicus Douglass 1903
+
†Trigenicus profectus Matthew 1903
+
Invalid names: Trigenicus socialis Douglass 1903 [synonym]
Invalid names: Leptotragulinae [invalid subgroup]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialo
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingf
Diet: browserf
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Comments: see also Prothero and Ludtke 2007f
Created: 2005-08-31 14:39:46
Modified: 2009-01-07 18:24:42
Source: f = family, o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Nowak 1999, Prothero 1998, Lillegraven 1979, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988

Age range: base of the Bartonian to the top of the Piacenzian or 41.30000 to 2.58800 Ma

Collections (220 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Uintan46.2 - 39.7USA (California) Leptoreodon major (16667 16669 16671 16674 16680 16682 16686 16687 16710 16762) Leptoreodon major, Leptoreodon marshi (16665 16676) Leptoreodon marshi (16666 16706) Leptoreodon pusillus (16694) Leptoreodon sp. (16668) Leptotragulinae indet. (16675 16695)
Early/Lower Uintan46.2 - 39.7USA (Texas) Leptoreodon marshi (16651) Leptoreodon pusillus (16586)
Late/Upper Uintan46.2 - 39.7USA (Montana) Leptoreodon marshi (16551) Leptotragulinae indet. (16584)
Late/Upper Uintan46.2 - 39.7USA (Texas) Leptoreodon leptolophus, Leptoreodon pusillus, Toromeryx marginensis (16542) Leptoreodon sp., Leptoreodon edwardsi, Leptoreodon major (16614)
Late/Upper Uintan46.2 - 39.7Canada (Saskatchewan) Leptoreodon marshi (16626) Leptoreodon sp. (16627)
Late/Upper Uintan46.2 - 39.7USA (California) Leptoreodon leptolophus (16553 16554) Leptoreodon sp. (16585 16780 167831)
Uintan46.2 - 39.7USA (Wyoming) Leptoreodon sp., Leptotragulus medius (16513 16517) Leptoreodon sp., Poabromylus golzi (16518) Leptotragulus clarki (16521) Leptotragulus medius (16552)
Uintan46.2 - 39.7USA (California) Leptoreodon edwardsi (16786 16787) Leptoreodon leptolophus (16613 16636 16790) Leptoreodon leptolophus, Leptoreodon pusillus (16590) Leptoreodon pusillus, Leptoreodon stocki (16795) Leptoreodon sp. (16547 16615 16785 16814) Leptoreodon stocki (16789 16791 16792 16793) Protoceratidae indet. (16611)
Uintan46.2 - 39.7USA (Texas) Leptoreodon edwardsi (16624) Leptoreodon leptolophus (16535) Leptoreodon major (16652) Leptoreodon marshi (16538) Leptoreodon pusillus (16587 16599) Toromeryx marginensis (16534)
Uintan46.2 - 39.7USA (Utah) Leptoreodon marshi, Leptotragulus proavus (16589 16646) Leptotragulus clarki, Leptotragulus medius (16594) Leptotragulus clarki, Leptotragulus medius, Leptotragulus proavus, Leptoreodon sp. (16607) Leptotragulus sp. (16575 186894 213066 222805)
Uintan - Duchesnean46.2 - 37.0USA (California) Leptoreodon pusillus, Leptoreodon stocki (16801) Leptoreodon stocki (16802) Leptotragulinae indet. (16533)
Uintan - Duchesnean46.2 - 37.0USA (New Mexico) Leptomeryx sp. (16883)
Bartonian - Rupelian41.3 - 28.1Mexico (Oaxaca) Protoceratidae indet. (166797)
Duchesnean39.7 - 37.0Canada (Saskatchewan) Leptoreodon sp. (16846) Leptotragulus sp., Pseudoprotoceras sp. (16845)
Duchesnean39.7 - 37.0USA (New Mexico) Poabromylus minor (16873) Protoceratidae indet. (16874)
Duchesnean39.7 - 37.0USA (South Dakota) Leptotragulinae indet. (16823)
Duchesnean39.7 - 37.0USA (Utah) Poabromylus kayi (16861)
Duchesnean39.7 - 37.0USA (Wyoming) Leptotragulus medius, Poabromylus golzi (16826)
Duchesnean39.7 - 37.0USA (Texas) Heteromeryx dispar (16829) Heteromeryx dispar, Poabromylus minor (16830) Leptoreodon sp. (16856) Poabromylus kayi, Poabromylus minor (16828)
Duchesnean39.7 - 37.0USA (California) Leptoreodon leptolophus, Leptoreodon stocki (16844) Leptoreodon sp. (16810) Leptoreodon stocki (16805 16806 16812)
Priabonian38.0 - 33.9USA (Georgia) Leptotragulus sp. (181253)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (South Dakota) Heteromeryx dispar (16969 16978) Leptotragulus profectus, Poabromylus minor (17006) Poabromylus kayi (16885 16938)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Montana) Leptotragulus profectus (16935 16959 16988 16989 17010) Trigenicus socialis (17028)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9Canada (Saskatchewan) Pseudoprotoceras sp., Trigenicus profectus (16979) Trigenicus profectus (16919)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Colorado) Protoceratidae indet. (27244)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Nebraska) Heteromeryx dispar, Pseudoprotoceras longinaris (16941) Leptotragulus profectus (17031) Pseudoprotoceras longinaris (16918 16930 16940 17014 17033)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (California) Poabromylus robustus (17029)
Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Wyoming) Leptotragulus profectus (16960 16961 16962) Leptotragulus profectus, Pseudoprotoceras longinaris (16963) Leptotragulus sp. (16942 16943) Leptotragulus ultimus (16972) Pseudoprotoceras longinaris (16964) Pseudoprotoceras longinaris, Pseudoprotoceras minor (17045) Pseudoprotoceras taylori (16966)
Late/Upper Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Colorado) Protoceratidae indet., Pseudoprotoceras longinaris (85117)
Middle Chadronian37.2 - 33.9Canada (Saskatchewan) Pseudoprotoceras sp., Trigenicus profectus (16928)
Middle Chadronian - Late/Upper Chadronian37.2 - 33.9USA (Colorado) Poabromylus sp., Pseudoprotoceras longinaris (156988)
Orellan33.9 - 33.3Canada (Saskatchewan) Protoceras celer (17111) Protoceras sp. (17055)
Whitneyan33.3 - 30.8Canada (Saskatchewan) Protoceras sp. (17372)
Whitneyan33.3 - 30.8USA (South Dakota) Protoceras celer (17316 17344) Protoceras sp. (17359 17380)
Whitneyan33.3 - 30.8USA (Florida) Protoceratidae indet. (17341)
Whitneyan33.3 - 30.8USA (North Dakota) Protoceras sp. (17320)
Whitneyan - Monroecreekian33.3 - 24.8Canada (Saskatchewan) Protoceras celer (17306)
Geringian30.8 - 26.3USA (Nebraska) Protoceras skinneri (17522)
Arikareean29.5 - 18.5USA (South Dakota) Protoceras skinneri (17520)
Arikareean29.5 - 18.5Panama (Panama) Paratoceras tedfordi (152378)
Harrisonian24.8 - 18.5USA (Nebraska) Syndyoceras cooki (17738 17809 17843 17846 28043) Syndyoceras sp. (17819)
Harrisonian24.8 - 18.5USA (Wyoming) Protoceras neatodelpha (17794) Syndyoceras cooki (17788)
Aquitanian23.03 - 20.44USA (Texas) Prosynthetoceras texanus, Protoceras sp. (18663)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Mexico (Chiapas) Paratoceras tedfordi (35575)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (Texas) Antilocapridae indet. (18680) Prosynthetoceras francisi (18644 18671) Prosynthetoceras texanus (18615) Prosynthetoceras trinitiensis (18634)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (Louisiana) Prosynthetoceras sp. (163859)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (Florida) Protoceratidae indet. (18503)
Burdigalian - Langhian20.44 - 13.82USA (Maryland) Dromomerycinae indet. (18518)
Early/Lower Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97Panama Paratoceras coatesi (89444 105889 142889) Paratoceras orarius (96702) Paratoceras sp. (18725)
Early/Lower Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97Mexico (Oaxaca) Paratoceras sp., Synthetoceras sp. (18744)
Early/Lower Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97Panama (Panama) Paratoceras coatesi (191975)
Early/Lower Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97USA (New Jersey) Prosynthetoceras sp. (17910)
Early/Lower Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97USA (Texas) Prosynthetoceras francisi, Prosynthetoceras texanus (18642)
Early/Lower Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97Panama (Panama City) Paratoceras wardi (144879)
Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97USA (Texas) Dromomeryx angustidens, Dromomeryx texanus, Merycodus grandis (18626) Prosynthetoceras texanus (18635 18651 75945) Protoceras sp., Blastomeryx texanus (18617)
Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97USA (Nebraska) Lambdoceras sp. (17952)
Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97USA (South Dakota) Lambdoceras hessei (17912)
Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97Canada (Saskatchewan) Protoceratidae indet. (18003)
Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97USA (Florida) Prosynthetoceras texanus (18561 18586) Synthetoceras douglasi, Syndyoceras australis (18597)
Hemingfordian - Barstovian20.43 - 12.5USA (Texas) Prosynthetoceras texanus (18636)
Barstovian16.3 - 12.5USA (Texas) Palaeomerycidae indet. (18646) Prosynthetoceras francisi (18628 18641 18673 18675) Prosynthetoceras sp. (18608 18619 18620 18637) Protoceratidae indet. (18627) Synthetoceras rileyi (18604)
Barstovian16.3 - 12.5Mexico (Oaxaca) Protoceratidae indet. (18724)
Barstovian16.3 - 12.5USA (Louisiana) Prosynthetoceras francisi (18621)
Barstovian16.3 - 12.5USA (California) Prosynthetoceras sp. (19542)
Barstovian16.3 - 12.5USA (Nebraska) Prosynthetoceras sp. (18192 18275 18284) Protoceratidae indet. (18208)
Early/Lower Barstovian16.3 - 12.5USA (Nebraska) Prosynthetoceras siouxensis (17905 17976 17985 18011 18019)
Early/Lower Barstovian16.3 - 12.5USA (Texas) Paratoceras wardi, Prosynthetoceras trinitiensis (18665) Prosynthetoceras francisi (18674)
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Nebraska) Synthetoceras tricornatus (18315)
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Texas) Paratoceras macadamsi, Synthetoceras tricornatus (18244) Protoceratidae indet. (207452) Synthetoceras sp. (18623 18640) Synthetoceras tricornatus (18074 18252 18347 18355 18645) Synthetoceras tricornatus, Blastomeryx sp. (18610)
Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9USA (Alabama) Synthetoceras sp. (18559) Synthetoceras tricornatus (81498)
Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9Mexico (Guanajuato) Kyptoceras sp. (18718)
Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9USA (Florida) Protoceratidae indet. (18560)
Late/Upper Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9USA (Florida) Kyptoceras amatorum (18599)
Zanclean5.333 - 3.6USA (North Carolina) Kyptoceras amatorum (52582)
Piacenzian3.6 - 2.588USA (North Carolina) Kyptoceras amatorum (18550)