PBDB Collection

Terapa (Pleistocene of Mexico)

Also known as Térapa; Río Moctezuma; Camel Bill

Where: Sonora, Mexico (29.7° N, 109.7° W: paleocoordinates 29.7° N, 109.7° W)

• coordinate stated in text

• local area-level geographic resolution

When: Rancholabrean (0.3 - 0.0 Ma)

• said to be Irvingtonian by Mead et al. 2001, but Rancholabrean by Mead et al. 2006

•overlays the Tonibabi flow, dated at 0.44 +/- 0.13 (2 sigma) Ma using 40Ar-39Ar (i.e., early Rancholabrean)

•most material is from a ~2m thick bed ("As3"), but some is from beds immediately above and below

• group of beds-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: fluvial; sandstone and silty claystone

• most aquatic material from a "well-sorted medium-to-find-grained sand wedge... [that] represents a flowing stream possibly 2 to 3 m wide" within a "massive, silty-clay layer... representing over-bank flow" that is "up to 1.5 m thick" and also is somewhat fossiliferous; most terrestrial vertebrates from an overlying "organic-rich silt and clays... This paludal deposit is 1.5 to 1.8 m thick and is rich in fossils, especially microfaunal remains." Fossils also are found higher in the section in "fluvial deposits."

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Collection methods: bulk, surface (float), sieve

Primary reference: J. I. Mead, A. Baez, S. L. Swift, M. C. Carpenter, M. Hollenshead, N. J. Czaplewski, D. W. Steadman, J. Bright, and J. Arroyo-Cabrales. 2006. Tropical marsh and savanna of the late Pleistocene in northeastern Sonora, Mexico. Southwestern Naturalist 51(2):226-239 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy]more details

Purpose of describing collection: general faunal/floral analysis

PaleoDB collection 20495: authorized by John Alroy, entered by John Alroy on 15.05.2002, edited by Richard Hulbert, Matthew Clapham and Nicholas Famoso

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

• 29*20' N 109* 43' W according to GEOnet
suspected to be between 0.5 and 1.7 Ma

Show authors, comments, and common names

unclassified
-	Potamocypris sp., Standesia meadensis, Stenocypris sp. Potamocypris sp. Standesia meadensis Stenocypris sp.

Charales - Characea	Chara sp. Chara sp. Linnaeus 1753 stonewort
Ostracoda
Podocopida - Ilyocyprididae	Ilyocypris bradyi Ilyocypris bradyi Sars 1890 ostracod
Podocopida - Cyprididae	Physocypria sp., Cypridopsis vidua Physocypria sp. Vavra 1898 ostracod Cypridopsis vidua ostracod
Podocopida - Candonidae	Candona caudate Candona caudate ostracod
Podocopida - Darwinulidae	Darwinula sp. Darwinula sp. Brady and Robertson 1885 ostracod
Bivalvia
Unionida - Unionidae	Unionidae indet. Unionidae indet. Rafinesque 1820 freshwater mussel
Cardiida - Sphaeriidae	Sphaeriidae indet. Sphaeriidae indet. Deshayes 1855 clam
Gastropoda
Heterostropha - Planorbidae	Planorbidae indet. Planorbidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 snail
Pulmonata -	Pulmonata indet. Pulmonata indet. Cuvier 1817 pulmonate "Plumonata"
Amphibia
Salientia - Hylidae	Hylidae indet. Hylidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 tree frog
Salientia - Bufonidae	Bufo sp. Bufo sp. Laurenti 1768 toad
Salientia - Ranidae	Rana sp. Rana sp. Linnaeus 1758 frog
Reptilia
Testudinata -	Testudinata indet. Testudinata indet. Oppel 1811 turtle
Squamata -	Squamata indet. Squamata indet. squamates "lizards and snakes"
Crocodylia - Crocodylidae	cf. Crocodylus acutus cf. Crocodylus acutus Cuvier 1807 American crocodile
Aves
Galliformes - Odontophoridae	Callipepla douglasii⁵ Callipepla douglasii⁵ Vigors 1829 elegant quail
Passeriformes - Icteridae	Pandanaris convexa³, Agelaius phoeniceus³, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus³, Quiscalus mexicanus³, Icterus spurius³, Euphagus cyanocephalus³, Molothrus aeneus³, Molothrus ater³ Pandanaris convexa³ Miller 1947 cowbird Agelaius phoeniceus³ Linnaeus 1766 red-winged blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus³ Bonaparte 1826 yellow-headed blackbird Quiscalus mexicanus³ Gmelin 1788 great-tailed grackle Icterus spurius³ Linnaeus 1766 orchard oriole Euphagus cyanocephalus³ Wagler 1829 Brewer's blackbird Molothrus aeneus³ Wagler 1829 bronzed cowbird Molothrus ater³ Boddaert 1783 brown-headed cowbird
Anseriformes - Anatidae	Oxyura jamaicensis⁵, Aythya collaris⁵, Anabernicula cf. oregonensis⁵, Anas sp., Anas acuta, Anas crecca⁵, "Anas strepera" = Mareca strepera⁵, "Anas clypeata" = Spatula clypeata, Branta canadensis, Anser sp. Oxyura jamaicensis⁵ Gmelin 1789 Ruddy duck Aythya collaris⁵ Donovan 1809 ring-necked duck Anabernicula cf. oregonensis⁵ Howard 1964 dabbling duck Anas sp. Linnaeus 1758 dabbling duck 16 as Anas platyrhynchos/diazi; 7 as Anas discors/cyanoptera; 6 as Anas sp. crecca/discors/cyanoptera Anas acuta Linnaeus 1758 northern pintail Anas crecca⁵ Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian teal "Anas strepera" = Mareca strepera⁵ Linnaeus 1758 gadwall "Anas clypeata" = Spatula clypeata Linnaeus 1758 northern shoveler Branta canadensis Linnaeus 1758 Canada goose Anser sp. Linnaeus 1758 goose "snow or white-fronted goose"
Podicipediformes - Podicipedidae	Podiceps nigricollis, Podilymbus podiceps⁵ Podiceps nigricollis Brehm 1831 black-necked grebe Podilymbus podiceps⁵ Linnaeus 1758 pied-billed grebe
Gruiformes - Rallidae	Porphyrio martinicus, Gallinula chloropus⁵, Fulica cf. americana, Porzana carolina Porphyrio martinicus Linnaeus 1766 purple gallinule Gallinula chloropus⁵ Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian moorhen Fulica cf. americana Gmelin 1789 American coot Porzana carolina Linnaeus 1758 sora
Strigiformes - Strigidae	"Strix brea" = Oraristrix brea "Strix brea" = Oraristrix brea Howard 1933 Brea owl
Ciconiiformes - Ciconiidae	Ciconiidae indet. Ciconiidae indet. Sundevall 1836 stork
Suliformes - Phalacrocoracidae	Phalacrocorax auritus Phalacrocorax auritus Lesson 1831 double-crested cormorant
Pelecaniformes - Threskiornithidae	Plegadis cf. chihi⁵ Plegadis cf. chihi⁵ Vieillot 1817 white-faced ibis
Pelecaniformes - Ardeidae	Ardea alba, Ardea herodias Ardea alba Linnaeus 1758 great egret Ardea herodias Linnaeus 1758 great blue heron
Pelecaniformes - Pelecanidae	"Pelecanus erythrorhynchus" = Pelecanus erythrorhynchos "Pelecanus erythrorhynchus" = Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Gmelin 1789 American white pelican
Accipitriformes - Accipitridae	Ictinia sp., Circus hudsonius, Aquila chrysaetos, Buteogallus (Wetmoregyps) daggetti⁵ Ictinia sp. Vieillot 1816 kite "undescribed species" Circus hudsonius Linnaeus 1766 Northern harrier listed as Circus cyaneus but described as northern harrier Aquila chrysaetos Linnaeus 1758 golden eagle Buteogallus (Wetmoregyps) daggetti⁵ Miller 1915 black-hawks "Unknown A: eagle"
Falconiformes - Falconidae	Caracara cheriway Caracara cheriway Jacquin 1784 crested caracara
Mammalia
Theriamorpha - Soricidae	Soricidae indet. Soricidae indet. Fischer 1814 shrew
Carnivora - Felidae	Smilodon cf. fatalis⁴, Lynx rufus Smilodon cf. fatalis⁴ Leidy 1868 saber-toothed cat Lynx rufus Schreber 1777 bobcat
Carnivora - Canidae	"Canis dirus" = Aenocyon dirus "Canis dirus" = Aenocyon dirus Leidy 1858 dire wolf
Carnivora - Procyonidae	Procyon sp., Procyon lotor⁴ Procyon sp. Storr 1780 raccoon Procyon lotor⁴ Linnaeus 1758 raccoon
Artiodactyla - Camelidae	Camelidae indet., Camelops hesternus⁴, Palaeolama mirifica⁴ Camelidae indet. Gray 1821 camel two forms, one Camelops-sized and one Hemiauchenia-sized: one camelid reported by Mead et al. 2001 Camelops hesternus⁴ Leidy 1873 camel Palaeolama mirifica⁴ Simpson 1929 stout-legged llama
Artiodactyla - Tayassuidae	cf. Platygonus sp., Platygonus compressus⁴ cf. Platygonus sp. Leconte 1848 peccary Platygonus compressus⁴ Leconte 1848 peccary
Artiodactyla - Cervidae	cf. Odocoileus sp. cf. Odocoileus sp. Rafinesque 1832 New World deer two cervids reported by Mead et al. 2001
Artiodactyla - Antilocapridae	Capromeryx sp., Stockoceros sp. Capromeryx sp. Matthew 1902 pronghorn probably small antilocaprid of Mead et al. 2001 Stockoceros sp. Skinner 1942 pronghorn
Artiodactyla - Bovidae	Bison sp. Bison sp. Hamilton-Smith 1827 bison
Perissodactyla - Equidae	Equus sp., Equus sp.⁴, "Equus scotti" = Equus mexicanus⁴, "Equus cf. scotti" = Equus mexicanus⁴ Equus sp. Linnaeus 1758 horse Equus sp.⁴ Linnaeus 1758 horse "Equus scotti" = Equus mexicanus⁴ Hibbard 1955 horse "Equus cf. scotti" = Equus mexicanus⁴ Hibbard 1955 horse
Rodentia - Geomyidae	Geomyidae indet. Geomyidae indet. Bonaparte 1845 pocket gopher
Rodentia - Hydrochoeridae	Hydrochoeridae indet.¹ Hydrochoeridae indet.¹ Gill 1872 caviomorph omitted by Mead et al. 2006
Rodentia - Caviidae	Hydrochoerus sp. Hydrochoerus sp. Brisson 1762 capybara "Hydrochaeris"
Rodentia - Cricetidae	Sigmodon sp., Neotoma sp., Peromyscini indet. Sigmodon sp. Say and Ord 1825 cotton rat Neotoma sp. Say and Ord 1825 pack rat Peromyscini indet. mouse "Peromyscine"
Lagomorpha - Leporidae	cf. Sylvilagus sp. cf. Sylvilagus sp. Gray 1867 cottontail rabbit leporid reported by Mead et al. 2001
Chiroptera -	Chiroptera indet. Chiroptera indet. Blumenbach 1779 bat "various families"
Proboscidea - Gomphotheriidae	Cuvieronius sp. Cuvieronius sp. Osborn 1923 gomphothere
Proboscidea - Elephantidae	Mammuthus sp. Mammuthus sp. Brookes 1828 mammoth
- Mylodontidae	Paramylodon sp. Paramylodon sp. Brown 1903 edentate
Cingulata - Pampatheriidae	Pampatherium cf. mexicanum² Pampatherium cf. mexicanum² Edmund 1996 edentate probably Holmesina sp. of Mead et al. 2001
Cingulata - Glyptodontidae	Glyptotherium cylindricum² Glyptotherium cylindricum² Brown 1912 glyptodon
Actinopteri
Siluriformes - Ictaluridae	Ictaluridae indet. Ictaluridae indet. Gill 1861 catfish
Cypriniformes - Cyprinidae	Cyprinidae indet. Cyprinidae indet. Rafinesque 1815 carp-like fish
Cypriniformes - Catostomidae	Catostomidae indet. Catostomidae indet. carp-like fish

¹Mead et al. 2001; ²Mead et al. 2007; ³Oswald and Steadman 2011; ⁴Short et al. 2021; ⁵Steadman and Mead 2010