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Ficus
Taxonomy
Ficus was named by Röding (1798) [Sepkoski's age data: T Than R Sepkoski's reference number: 122]. It is extant.
It was assigned to Taenioglossa by Olsson (1931); to Tonnidae by Mukerjee (1939); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Ficidae by Durham (1944), Gardner (1947), Harris and Palmer (1947), Gardner (1948), Woodring (1959), MacNeil (1960), Abbass (1967), Addicott (1970), Marasti (1973), Ladd (1977), Hickman (1980), Ladd (1982), Perrilliat (1987), Petuch (1988), Chiesa et al. (1995), DeVries (1997), Frassinetti and Covacevich (1999), Todd (2001), Harzhauser and Mandic (2001), Wienrich (2001), Harzhauser (2002), Harzhauser (2004), Landau and Marques da Silva (2010) and Squires (2014).
It was assigned to Taenioglossa by Olsson (1931); to Tonnidae by Mukerjee (1939); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Ficidae by Durham (1944), Gardner (1947), Harris and Palmer (1947), Gardner (1948), Woodring (1959), MacNeil (1960), Abbass (1967), Addicott (1970), Marasti (1973), Ladd (1977), Hickman (1980), Ladd (1982), Perrilliat (1987), Petuch (1988), Chiesa et al. (1995), DeVries (1997), Frassinetti and Covacevich (1999), Todd (2001), Harzhauser and Mandic (2001), Wienrich (2001), Harzhauser (2002), Harzhauser (2004), Landau and Marques da Silva (2010) and Squires (2014).
Species
Ficopsis (Fulguroficus), Ficopsis cooperii, Ficopsis furlongi, Ficopsis hornii, Ficopsis meganosensis, Ficopsis moharrami, Ficopsis otaria, Ficopsis remondii (syn. Ficopsis angulatus), Ficopsis tuberculata, Ficopsis viejoensis, F. (Ficus), F. (Trophosycon), F. affinis, F. aligera, F. allenmanae, F. angustata, F. bernardi, F. carbasea (syn. Pyrula trinitaria), F. carolina, F. carriacouensis, F. chehalisensis, F. chinguensis, F. chiraensis, F. colombiana, F. communis, F. concinnus (syn. Pyrula imbricata, Pyrula simplex), F. condita, F. conditus, F. decussata, F. distans, F. gayana, F. gesteri, F. gibsonsmithi, F. greenwoodi, F. harrisi, F. huzayeni, F. kachhensis, F. knowltoni, F. lanceolata, F. lanzi, F. lindae, F. lisselonga, F. lisselongata, F. lucidus, F. macrophylla, F. mamillata, F. maxima, F. membranacea, F. merita, F. microphylla, F. mississippiensis, F. modesta (syn. F. restorationensis, F. pyriformis), F. montana, F. multiformis, F. multinervis, F. myricoides, F. nervosa, F. nexilis, F. ovalis, F. pamotanensis, F. papyratia, F. paraensis, F. pilsbryi, F. posadasensis, F. remondii, F. rodeoensis, F. sinuosa, F. spectabilis, F. tricarinatus, F. variegata, F. woodringi, Fusoficula angelinensis, Fusoficula juvenis, Gonysycon epomis, Pirula (Protopirula), Pirula ficus, Pirula menengtengana, Pirula promensis, Pyrula cancellata, Pyrula clathrata, Pyrula cochlidium, Pyrula dussumieri, Pyrula elegans, Pyrula ficoides, Pyrula jamesi, Pyrula laevigata, Pyrula micronematica, Pyrula microtricha, Pyrula nexilis, Pyrula penita, Pyrula peruviana, Pyrula pondicherriensis, Pyrula reticulata, Pyrula subcarinata
Species lacking formal opinion data
F. americanafolia, F. andrewsi, F. aramaryensis, F. australis, F. austrinus, F. betijoquensis, F. carbesea, F. carica, F. eopapyratia, F. geometra, F. imperfectus, F. mamilliferafolia, F. meridionalis, F. meridonalis, F. papyratium, F. patagonica, F. perplexa, F. peruviana, F. potentilloides, F. subintermedia, F. talamanca, F. texana, F. tricostatus, F. ventricosus, F. winslowiana
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1798 | Ficus Röding p. 140 |
1799 | Pyrula Lamarck |
1823 | Pirula Brongniart p. 75 |
1840 | Ficula Swainson |
1866 | Ficopsis Conrad |
1867 | Sycotypus Gill |
1890 | Pyrula (Ficula) Hörnes and Auinger p. 245 |
1890 | Fusoficula Sacco |
1904 | Pyrula Martin p. 226 |
1921 | Pirula Vredenburg p. 290 |
1923 | Ficopsis Palmer p. 295 |
1931 | Ficus Olsson p. 97 |
1938 | Ficopsis Turner p. 92 |
1939 | Ficus Mukerjee p. 52 |
1939 | Melongena (Pyrula) Stchepinsky p. 38 |
1944 | Ficus Durham p. 166 |
1947 | Busycon (Sycotypus) Gardner p. 457 |
1947 | Ficus Gardner p. 539 |
1947 | Ficus Harris and Palmer p. 231 |
1947 | Fusoficula Harris and Palmer p. 327 |
1948 | Ficus Gardner p. 217 |
1948 | Busycon (Sycotypus) Gardner p. 241 |
1959 | Ficus Woodring p. 210 |
1959 | Gonysycon Woodring p. 213 |
1960 | Ficus MacNeil p. 61 |
1967 | Ficus Abbass p. 86 |
1967 | Ficopsis Abbass p. 87 |
1970 | Ficus Addicott p. 73 |
1973 | Ficus Marasti p. 92 |
1977 | Ficus Ladd p. 37 |
1980 | Ficus (Diconoficus) Covacevich and Frassinnetti |
1980 | Ficus Hickman p. 49 |
1982 | Ficus Ladd p. 41 |
1983 | Ficus (Diconoficus) Covacevich and Frassinnetti |
1984 | Ficopsis Squires p. 29 |
1987 | Ficus Perrilliat p. 16 |
1987 | Ficopsis Squires p. 40 |
1988 | Ficus Petuch p. 158 |
1988 | Ficopsis Squires p. 14 |
1995 | Ficus Chiesa et al. p. 54 |
1995 | Ficus (Ficopsis) Le Renard and Pacaud p. 113 |
1997 | Ficus DeVries p. 12 |
1999 | Ficus Frassinetti and Covacevich p. 48 |
2001 | Ficus Harzhauser and Mandic p. 706 |
2001 | Ficus Todd |
2001 | Ficus Wienrich p. 439 |
2002 | Ficopsis Harzhauser p. 90 |
2002 | Ficus Harzhauser p. 90 |
2002 | Ficopsis Sepkoski |
2002 | Ficus Sepkoski |
2002 | Fusoficula Sepkoski |
2002 | Gonysycon Sepkoski |
2002 | Sycotypus Sepkoski |
2004 | Ficus Harzhauser p. 135 |
2008 | Fusoficula Hendy et al. |
2010 | Ficus Landau and Marques da Silva p. 60 |
2014 | Ficus Squires p. 10 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Ficus Röding 1798
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Subg. †Ficus (Trophosycon) Cooper 1894
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†Trophosycon clallamense Weaver 1912
†Trophosycon ocoyanum Conrad 1855
†Ficus affinis Van Winkle 1919
†Ficus aligera Lesquereux 1892
†Ficus allenmanae DeVries 1997
Ficus angustata Miquel 1848
†Ficus bernardi Beu 2010
†Ficus carolina d'Orbigny 1847
†Ficus carriacouensis Trechmann 1935
†Ficus chehalisensis Weaver 1916
†Ficus chinguensis Clark and Durham 1946
†Ficus chiraensis Olsson 1931
†Ficus colombiana Anderson 1929
Ficus communis Röding 1798
†Ficus concinnus Beyrich 1854
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Invalid names: Pyrula imbricata Sandberger 1860 [synonym], Pyrula simplex Beyrich 1854 [synonym]
†Ficus condita Brongniart 1823
†Ficus conditus Brongniart 1823
Ficus decussata Wood 1828
†Ficus distans Sowerby 1846
†Ficus gayana Covacevich and Frassinnetti 1980
†Ficus gesteri Wagner and Schilling 1923
†Ficus gibsonsmithi Beu 2010
†Ficus greenwoodi Sowerby 1825
†Ficus harrisi Martin 1904
†Ficus huzayeni Abbass 1967
†Ficus kachhensis Vredenburg 1925
†Ficus knowltoni Campbell 1961
Ficus lanceolata Buch 1814
†Ficus lanzi Olsson 1964
Ficus lindae Petuch 1988
†Ficus lisselonga Beu 2010
†Ficus lisselongata Beu 2010
†Ficus lucidus Chandler 1962
Ficus macrophylla Kunth and Bouché 1846
†Ficus mamillata Gabb 1864
Ficus maxima Miller 1768
Ficus membranacea Wright 1873
†Ficus merita Harris and Palmer 1947
Ficus microphylla Salzmann 1853
†Ficus mississippiensis Conrad 1848
†Ficus modesta Conrad 1848
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Invalid names: Ficus pyriformis Gabb 1869 [synonym], Ficus restorationensis Winkle 1918 [synonym]
Ficus montana Burmeister 1768
†Ficus multiformis Wrigley 1929
†Ficus multinervis Heer 1856
†Ficus myricoides Hollick 1895
Ficus nervosa Heyne 1821
†Ficus nexilis Solander and Brander 1766
Ficus ovalis Miquel 1867
†Ficus pamotanensis Martin 1899
†Ficus pamotanensis kachhensis Vredenburg 1925
†Ficus papyratia Say 1822
†Ficus paraensis White 1887
†Ficus pilsbryi Smith 1907
†Ficus posadasensis Chiesa et al. 1995
†Ficus remondii Gabb 1864
†Ficus rodeoensis English 1914
Ficus sinuosa Miquel 1848
Ficus spectabilis Kunth and Bouché 1847
†Ficus tricarinatus Lamarck 1803
Ficus variegata Röding 1798
†Ficus woodringi Olsson 1931
†Pirula condita singuensis Vredenburg 1921
Invalid names: Diconoficus Covacevich and Frassinnetti 1983 [synonym], Ficopsis Conrad 1866 [synonym], Ficula Swainson 1840 [synonym], Fusoficula Sacco 1890 [synonym], Gonysycon Woodring 1959 [synonym], Pyrula Lamarck 1799 [synonym], Sycotypus Gill 1867 [synonym]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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R. L. Squires 2014 | Shell size up to height 160 mm, fusiform topyriform, spire very low (barely perceptible) to moderately low(approximately 25 percent of shell height), spire angle 68°-140°, whorls rounded (except for geologically earliest forms having no carinae or up to three carinae without nodes),reticulate ornament prominent, interspaces variable in width and in number of spiral riblets, growth line opisthocline(commonly very slightly), with parasigmoidal flexure presentnear suture. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: f = family, c = class | |||||
References: Kiessling 2004, Hendy et al. 2009 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Famennian to the top of the Holocene or 372.20000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 358.9 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 358.9 Ma
Collections (727 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Famennian | Germany | Pyrula microtricha (156553) | |
Danian | USA (Texas) | Ficopsis sp. (205466) | |
Danian | Poland | Ficopsis intermedia (27625) | |
Danian | Belgium | Ficopsis bicarinata (22931) | |
Danian | Colombia (Guajira) | Fulguroficus hoffstetteri (99141) | |
Danian | Greenland | F. sp., Fulguroficus sp. (22943) | |
Puercan - Torrejonian | USA (New Mexico) | F. affinis (52936 52940) | |
Paleocene | USA (Colorado) | F. affinis (39895 39899 43414 43415 43416 52822 52930 52948 52950 53075 53077 53079 53088) | |
Paleocene | USA (Wyoming) | F. affinis (57993) | |
Paleocene | USA (California) | Ficopsis remondii (190773) Ficopsis sp. (190772) | |
Paleocene | Germany | Pirula sp. (3111) | |
Paleocene | USA (New Mexico) | F. affinis (43161 43249) | |
Paleocene | USA (Montana) | F. affinis (40745) | |
Selandian | USA (California) | Ficopsis sp. (184016) | |
Selandian | Colombia | Fulguroficus hoffstetteri (180400) | |
Selandian | Greenland | F. sp., Fulguroficus sp. (22944 22945) | |
Thanetian | USA (California) | Ficopsis sp. (52595 52596) | |
Thanetian | Poland | F. tricostatus (27020) | |
Thanetian | Bulgaria (Varna) | F. bicarinata (102400) | |
Ypresian | USA (North Carolina) | F. affinis (98980) |