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Holasteroida
Taxonomy
Holasteroida was named by Durham and Melville (1957). It is extant.
It was assigned to Irregularia by Smith (1991) and Smith (1995); to Echinoidea by Sepkoski (2002); and to Atelostomata by Kroh and Smith (2010).
It was assigned to Irregularia by Smith (1991) and Smith (1995); to Echinoidea by Sepkoski (2002); and to Atelostomata by Kroh and Smith (2010).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1957 | Holasteroida Durham and Melville |
| 1991 | Holasteroida Smith p. 48 |
| 1995 | Holasteroida Smith p. 222 |
| 2002 | Holasteroida Sepkoski |
| 2010 | Holasteroida Kroh and Smith p. 172 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Holasteroida Durham and Melville 1957
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G. †Coraster
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†Coraster vilanovae Cotteau 1886
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Invalid names: Coraster frechi Boehm 1927 [synonym], Coraster marsooi Seunes 1888 [synonym], Coraster munieri Seunes 1888 [synonym], Coraster sphaericus Seunes 1888 [synonym], Coraster urmaensis Moskvin 1982 [synonym]
G. †Corechinus
G. †Coryslus
G. †Eoholaster Solovjev 1989
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†Eoholaster laffittei Devries 1960
†Eoholaster poslavskae Solovjev 1989
G. †Menuthiaster
Subor. †Meridosternata Lovèn 1883
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Infraor. †Cardiasterina Pomel 1883
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Invalid names: Stegasteridae Lambert 1917 [empty], Stegasterina Lambert 1917 [invalid subgroup]
Fm. †Holasteridae Pictet 1857
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G. †Aurelianaster Lambert and Thiéry 1925
G. †Basseaster
G. †Cardiaster Forbes 1850
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†Cardiaster batnensis Peron and Gauthier 1879
†Cardiaster bolschechetensis Shmidt 1976
†Cardiaster cubensis Jackson 1922
†Cardiaster curtus Clark and Twitchell 1915
†Cardiaster deciper Cooke 1953
†Cardiaster granulosus Goldfuss 1826
†Cardiaster jugatus Schluter 1869
†Cardiaster leonensis Stephenson 1941
†Cardiaster marylandicus Clark 1916
†Cardiaster palmeri Sanchez Roig 1949
†Cardiaster smocki Clark 1907
G. †Cardiotaxis
G. †Cibaster Pomel 1883
G. †Duncaniaster
G. †Echinocorys Leske 1778
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†Echinocorys arnaudi Seunes 1888
†Echinocorys australis Foster and Philip 1978
†Echinocorys ciplyensis Lambert 1903
†Echinocorys elatodepressus Grateloup 1836
†Echinocorys elatus Arnaud 1903
†Echinocorys gibbus Lamarck 1816
†Echinocorys gravesi Desor 1847
†Echinocorys gravesi moskvini Djabarov 1964
†Echinocorys obliquus Ravn 1927
†Echinocorys ovalis Clark 1893
†Echinocorys ovatus villarensis Sanchez Roig 1949
†Echinocorys perconicus Hagenow 1840
†Echinocorys pyramidatus Portlock 1843
†Echinocorys scutata Leske 1778
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†Echinocorys scutata ovata Leske 1778
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Invalid names: Echinocorys schafferi Kuehn 1930 [synonym], Echinocorys sulcatus Stuermer 1991 [synonym]
†Echinocorys scutata pyrenaica Seunes 1888
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Invalid names: Garumnaster lamberti Kuehn 1930 [synonym]
†Echinocorys scutatus Brydone 1912
†Echinocorys sphaericus Schluter 1869
†Echinocorys sulcatus Goldfuss 1826
†Echinocorys sumbaricus Djabarov 1964
†Echinocorys texanus Cragin 1893
†Echinocorys turritus Lambert 1903
†Echinocorys vulgaris Leske 1778
†Echinocorys yoloensis Anderson 1958
Invalid names: Ananchytes Lamarck 1816 [synonym], Galeola [synonym], Spatagoides [objective synonym]
G. †Entomaster
G. †Galeaster
G. †Ganbirretia
G. †Garumnaster
G. †Giraliaster Foster and Philip 1978
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†Giraliaster bellissae Foster and Philip 1978
†Giraliaster jubileensis Foster and Philip 1978
†Giraliaster tertiarius Gregory 1890
G. †Hemipneustes
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†Hemipneustes arabicus Ali 1989
†Hemipneustes compressus Noetling 1897
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Invalid names: Hemipneustes arnaudi Cotteau 1892 [synonym], Hemipneustes indicus Aziz and Badve 1990 [synonym], Spatagoides martellii Checchia-Rispoli 1931 [synonym]
†Hemipneustes delettrei Coquand 1862
†Hemipneustes persicus Cotteau and Gauthier 1895
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Invalid names: Hemipneustes batheri Lambert 1906 [synonym], Hemipneustes minor Cotteau and Gauthier 1895 [synonym], Hemipneustes nicklesi Vidal 1921 [synonym], Hemipneustes sardanyolae Vidal 1921 [synonym], Spatagoides aichinoi Checchia-Rispoli 1931 [synonym]
†Hemipneustes striatoradiatus Leske 1778
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Invalid names: Hemipneustes leymeriei Hebert 1875 [synonym], Hemipneustes oculatus Cotteau 1892 [synonym]
G. †Holaster Agassiz 1836
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†Holaster dombeensis de Loriol 1888
†Holaster feralis Cooke 1953
†Holaster indicus Forbes 1846
†Holaster marginalis Agassiz 1836
†Holaster nodulosus Goldfuss 1863
†Holaster simplex Shumard 1853
†Holaster tanamensis Shmidt 1976
G. †Infulaster Desor 1858
G. †Ismidaster
G. †Jeronia
G. †Labrotaxis
G. †Lampadaster
G. †Lampadocorys Pomel 1883
G. †Messaoudia
G. †Offaster
G. †Paronaster
G. †Pseudananchys Pomel 1883
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†Pseudananchys ludovici Fourtau 1912
†Pseudananchys stephensoni Cooke 1953
G. †Pseudoffaster
G. †Pseudoholaster Pomel 1883
G. †Rispolia
G. †Scagliaster
G. †Stegaster Pomel 1883
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†Stegaster palaeocenicus Smith et al. 1999
Invalid names: Seunaster [synonym]
G. †Taphraster Pomel 1883
G. †Tholaster
G. †Titanaster
G. †Toxopatagus Pomel 1883
G. †Zumoffenia
Infraor. Urechinina Clark 1946
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Fm. Urechinidae Duncan 1889
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G. Carnarechinus Mironov 1978
G. †Chelonechinus
G. Urechinus Agassiz 1879
Invalid names: Carnarechinidae Mironov 1993 [empty]
Invalid names: Echinocorythidae Wright 1857 [empty]
G. †Physaster Pomel 1883
G. †Pomaster
G. †Pseudholaster Pomel 1883
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†Pseudholaster barthouxi Fourtau 1921
†Pseudholaster bicarinatus Agassiz 1847
†Pseudholaster tricarinatus Lambert 1924
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Invalid names: Holaster lerichei Dartevelle 1953 [synonym], Pseudholaster androaviensis Lambert 1933 [synonym]
G. †Turanglaster
Invalid names: Hemipneustidae Lambert 1917 [empty], Pseudholasteridae Smith and Jeffery 2000 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, c = class, p = phylum | |||||
| References: Kiessling 2004, Aberhan 1992, Aberhan et al. 2004 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Berriasian to the top of the Waitakian or 145.00000 to 21.70000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 139.8 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 139.8 Ma
Collections (482 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Berriasian | Algeria | Eoholaster laffittei (196735) | |
| Berriasian | Ukraine | Eoholaster poslavskae (196732 196734) | |
| Cretaceous | Cuba | Cardiaster cubensis (91177 204369) Echinocorys ovatus, Cardiaster palmeri (91138) | |
| Valanginian | France | Holaster cordatus (2222) | |
| Valanginian | Portugal | Holaster sp. (64952) Holaster valanginiensis (65674) | |
| Valanginian | Switzerland | Holaster campichei (2213) | |
| Early/Lower Hauterivian | France | Holaster intermedius (68926 68928 68929 68930 68932 68933 68934 68936 68937 68939 68940 68942 68943 68944 68946 68947 68952 68963 68968 68969 68983 68984 68986 68987 68989 68990 68991 68992 68993 68994 68995 68996 68997 69004 69005 69007 69020 69021 69022 69063 69064 69065 69066 69067 69077 69078 69079 69080 69081 69082 69083 69490 69492 69494 69735 69736 69743 69744 69745 69746 69747 69748 69749 69750 69751 69752 69754 69757 69760 69762 69763 69764 69765 69776 69777 69778 69780 69781 69782 69785 69786 69793 69794 84870 84872 84873 84874 84875 84876 84877 84878 84879) | |
| Early/Lower Hauterivian | Spain | Holaster intermedius (55528) | |
| Hauterivian | France | Holaster l'hardyi (2199 2203 2206) Holaster l'hardyi, Holaster cordatus (2209) | |
| Hauterivian | Switzerland | Holaster l'hardyi (2198 2201) Holaster l'hardyi, Holaster cordatus (2200) | |
| Barremian | France | Holaster lardyi (2195 2212) | |
| Barremian | Switzerland | Holaster lardyi (2194 2196 2197) | |
| Aptian | Egypt | Pseudoholaster barthouxi (63979) | |
| Aptian | United Kingdom (England) | Holaster benstedi (1775 1838) Holaster cantianus (1815) Holaster sp. (1842) Holaster wrighti (1769) | |
| Aptian | Spain (Catalonia) | Holaster aptiensis (111535) | |
| Aptian - Albian | Antarctica | Holasteroida indet. (216893) | |
| Late/Upper Aptian | Mozambique | Holaster laevis (174616) | |
| Late/Upper Aptian | Egypt | Pseudholaster barthouxi (220856) | |
| Albian | Antarctica | Holasteridae indet. (216898) | |
| Albian | Mexico (Coahuila de Zaragoza) | Holaster nanus (88677 88679) Holaster sp. (88630) | |