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Dendrochirotida
Taxonomy
Dendrochirotida was named by Grube (1840). It is extant. It was considered paraphyletic by Kerr and Kim (2001).
It was assigned to Dendrochirotacea by Pawson (1966), Frizzell and Exline (1966) and Gilliland (1992); and to Holothuroidea by Gilliland (1993), Boczarowski (2001), Kerr and Kim (2001), Sepkoski (2002) and Jell (2010).
It was assigned to Dendrochirotacea by Pawson (1966), Frizzell and Exline (1966) and Gilliland (1992); and to Holothuroidea by Gilliland (1993), Boczarowski (2001), Kerr and Kim (2001), Sepkoski (2002) and Jell (2010).
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1840 | Dendrochirotida Grube |
1966 | Dendrochirotida Frizzell and Exline p. U645 |
1966 | Dendrochirotida Pawson p. U645 |
1992 | Dendrochirotida Gilliland p. 180 |
1993 | Dendrochirotida Gilliland p. 136 |
2001 | Dendrochirotida Boczarowski p. 119 |
2001 | Dendrochirotida Kerr and Kim p. 78 |
2002 | Dendrochirotida Sepkoski |
2010 | Dendrochirotida Jell p. 30 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Dendrochirotida Grube 1840
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G. †Andenothyone
G. Binoculites Deflandre-Rigaud 1952
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†Binoculites barnardi Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Binoculites inclinatus Mostler 1972
†Binoculites issleri Deflandre-Rigaud 1952
†Binoculites jurassica Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Binoculites multiperforata Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Binoculites perforatus Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Binoculites terquemi Deflandre-Rigaud 1952
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Invalid names: Binoculites irregularis Frizzell and Exline 1955 [synonym], Calclamna germanica Frizzell and Exline 1955 [synonym]
†Binoculites tornatus Mostler 1972
Invalid names: Cucumariopsis Frentzen 1964 [synonym]
Fm. †Calclamnidae Frizzell and Exline 1955
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G. †Calclamna Frizzell and Exline 1955
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†Calclamna bekanernsis Soodan 1980
†Calclamna britannica Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Calclamna fletcheri Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Calclamna intermedia Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Calclamna misiki Kozur and Mock 1972
†Calclamna norica Kozur and Mock 1972
†Calclamna nuda Mostler 1971
†Calclamna prebritannica Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Calclamna trettoensis Mostler 1980
†Calclamna triangularis Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Calclamna turoniansis Sadeddin and Saqqa 1997
†Calclamna wrighti Soodan and Whatley 1990
G. †Calclamnella Frizzell and Exline 1955
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†Calclamnella clavata Deflandre-Rigaud 1946
†Calclamnella consona Mostler and Parwin 1973
†Calclamnella elliptica Deflandre-Rigaud 1946
†Calclamnella elongata Al-Tamimi and Saqqa 2008
†Calclamnella foliosa Mostler 1971
†Calclamnella fragosa Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
†Calclamnella fusiformis Deflandre-Rigaud 1959
†Calclamnella irregularis Schlumberger 1890
†Calclamnella oweni Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Calclamnella permotriassica Mostler and Rahimi-Yazd 1976
†Calclamnella ramosa Mostler 1971
†Calclamnella robusta Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
†Calclamnella transversa Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
†Calclamnella triperforata Mostler 1971
†Calclamnella venusta Mostler 1972
Subfm. †Calclamninae Boczarowski 2001
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G. †Calclamnoidea Frizzell and Exline 1955
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†Calclamnoidea ausini Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Calclamnoidea canalifera Kristan-Tollmann 1963
†Calclamnoidea collaris Deflandre-Rigaud 1946
†Calclamnoidea crassomarginata Kristan-Tollmann 1972
G. †Elgerius Deflandre-Rigaud 1959
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Elgerius indicus Soodan 1991
†Elgerius inniensis Deflandre-Rigaud 1959
†Elgerius ostrea Deflandre-Rigaud 1959
Subfm. †Eocaudiniinae Boczarowski 2001
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G. †Eocaudina Martin 1952
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†Eocaudina acanthica Mostler 1972
Eocaudina angulata Soodan 1977
Eocaudina bombayensis Soodan 1977
†Eocaudina cassianensis Frizzell and Exline 1955
Eocaudina circularia Soodan 1991
†Eocaudina columcanthus Gutschick et al. 1967
†Eocaudina concentrica Langer 1991
†Eocaudina crassa Mostler 1972
†Eocaudina gornensis Matyja et al. 1973
Eocaudina gowdai Soodan 1977
†Eocaudina gutschicki Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Eocaudina hexagona Kristan-Tollmann 1963
Eocaudina hexagona Soodan 1977
Eocaudina indica Soodan 1977
†Eocaudina insolica Al-Tamimi and Saqqa 2008
Eocaudina jaffari Soodan 1977
†Eocaudina liassica Mostler 1972
†Eocaudina liptovskaensis Gazdzicki et al. 1978
†Eocaudina longa Kozur and Mock 1972
†Eocaudina marginata Langenheim and Epis 1957
†Eocaudina mccormacki Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Eocaudina mostleri Kozur and Mock 1972
†Eocaudina ovalis Matyja et al. 1973
†Eocaudina patella Boczarowski 2001
Eocaudina pentagona Soodan 1991
†Eocaudina plaga Boczarowski 2001
†Eocaudina ramosa Kozur and Mostler 1971
†Eocaudina rimosa Boczarowski 2001
†Eocaudina septaforaminalis Martin 1952
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Invalid names: Protocaudina hexagonaria Martin 1952 [synonym]
†Eocaudina subhexagona Gutschick et al. 1967
†Eocaudina subquadrata Mostler 1971
†Eocaudina subrotunda Krainer and Mostler 1997
G. †Fissobractites Kristan-Tollmann 1963
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†Fissobactrites inusitata Kozur and Mostler 1971
†Fissobractites subsymmetrica Kristan-Tollmann 1963
G. †Hodsonina Soodan and Whatley 1990
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†Hodsonina intermedia Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Hodsonina spathi Soodan and Whatley 1990
G. †Mortensenites Deflandre-Rigaud 1952
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†Mortensenites circularis Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Mortensenites cuneus Frizzell and Exline 1955
†Mortensenites elongatus Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
†Mortensenites liasicus Terquem 1866
†Mortensenites sievertsi Deflandre-Rigaud 1952
G. †Pachopsites Kristan-Tollmann 1964
G. †Paracucumarites Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
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†Paracucumarites anceps Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
†Paracucumarites hamptoni Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
†Paracucumarites porosus Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
†Paracucumarites similis Górka and Luszczewska 1969
G. †Petropegia Summerson and Campbell 1958
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†Petropegia radiata Summerson and Campbell 1958
†Petropegia spinosa Summerson and Campbell 1958
G. †Praecaudina Mostler 1970
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†Praecaudina hexagona Mostler 1970
†Praecaudina mostleri Gazdzicki et al. 1978
†Praecaudina rigaudae Mostler 1970
G. †Thuroholia Gutschick 1954
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†Thuroholia cribriformis Gutschick 1954
†Thuroholia crinerensis Reso and Wegner 1964
†Thuroholia croneisi Gutschick 1954
†Thuroholia floydensis Summerson and Campbell 1958
†Thuroholia irregularis Summerson and Campbell 1958
†Thuroholia overbrookensis Reso and Wegner 1964
†Thuroholia spicatus Gutschick 1959
†Thuroholia wanlessi Summerson and Campbell 1958
G. †Yorkshirella Soodan and Whatley 1990
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†Yorkshirella adamsi Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Yorkshirella ageri Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Yorkshirella arkelli Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Yorkshirella bifurcata Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Yorkshirella etheridgei Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Yorkshirella lordi Soodan and Whatley 1990
†Yorkshirella rectangularia Soodan and Whatley 1990
Fm. †Cucumariidae
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G. Cucumaria de Blainville 1830
Subfm. †Devonothyoninae Boczarowski 2001
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G. †Devonothyonites Langer 1991
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†Devonothyonites accipitris Boczarowski 2001
†Devonothyonites avis Boczarowski 2001
†Devonothyonites exporrigus Boczarowski 2001
†Devonothyonites polymorphus Boczarowski 2001
†Devonothyonites spiritus Boczarowski 2001
†Devonothyonites triangularis Langer 1991
†Devonothyonites tudorowiensis Boczarowski 2001
Subfm. †Palaeohemioedemiinae Boczarowski 2001
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Subfm. †Staurocaudininae Boczarowski 2001
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G. †Mercedescaudina Schallreuter 1975
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†Mercedescaudina langeri Boczarowski 2001
†Mercedescaudina mostleri Schallreuter 1975
†Mercedescaudina triperforata Schallreuter 1968
G. †Staurocaudina Boczarowski 2001
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†Staurocaudina canina Boczarowski 2001
†Staurocaudina dombrowiana Boczarowski 2001
Fm. Heterothyonidae Pawson 1970
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G. †Priscoligula
G. †Priscopedatoides
Fm. Psolidae Perrier 1902
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G. †Ceto Gistel 1848
Subfm. †Monilipsolinae Smith and Gallemi 1991
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G. †Psolidum Ludwig 1886
G. †Psolus Oken 1815
Fm. †Schlumbergeritidae Deflandre-Rigaud 1962
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Invalid names: Placothuriidae Pawson and Fell 1965 [empty], Sclerodactylidae [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: o = order, c = class, p = phylum | |||||
References: Aberhan et al. 2004, Aberhan 1992 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Blackriveran to the top of the Sarmatian or 457.30000 to 11.60800 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 449.6 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 449.6 Ma
Collections (155 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Blackriveran | USA (illinois) | Thuroholia croneisi, Thuroholia cribriformis (97881) | |
Blackriveran | USA (Oklahoma) | Thuroholia croneisi, Thuroholia crinerensis, Thuroholia overbrookensis (24097 94792) | |
Blackriveran - Rocklandian | USA (Minnesota) | Thuroholia croneisi, Thuroholia cribriformis (23400) | |
Ashgill | Sweden | Mercedescaudina mostleri (94803) | |
Ludlow | Australia (New South Wales) | Porosothyone picketti (201150) | |
Pridoli | Australia (New South Wales) | Porosothyone picketti (201152) | |
Early/Lower Devonian | Argentina (Jachal) | Andenothyone gondwanensis (39230) | |
Emsian | Poland (Kielecki) | Devonothyonites avis, Palaeohemioedema cognata, Mercedescaudina langeri, Eocaudina septaforminalis (94469) Mercedescaudina langeri (94468) | |
Late/Upper Emsian | Poland (Swietokrzyskie) | Ballistocucumis bimembris, Eocaudina plaga (94470) | |
Eifelian | Poland (Swietokrzyskie) | Ballistocucumis bimembris, Devonothyonites accipitris, Staurocaudina dombrowiana, Eocaudina plaga (94471) Devonothyonites exporrigus, Eocaudina rimosa, Propinquoohshimella remigia (94509) Devonothyonites polymorphus (94477 94478) | |
Eifelian | Poland | Ballistocucumis bimembris, Devonothyonites accipitris, Staurocaudina dombrowiana, Mercedescaudina langeri (99470) | |
Early/Lower Givetian | Germany | Staurocaudina dombrowiana, Eocaudina ovalis, Eocaudina patella (227413) | |
Taghanican | USA (Iowa) | Protocaudina hexagonaria, Eocaudina septaforaminalis (93779) | |
Givetian | Germany (Nordrhein-Westfalen) | Devonothyonites sp., Eocaudina septaforminalis (101679) | |
Givetian | Poland (Swietokrzyskie) | Devonothyonites exporrigus (94482 94483 94484) | |
Middle Givetian | Poland | Devonothyonites avis (99434) | |
Middle Frasnian | Poland | Devonothyonites avis (99445) Devonothyonites tudorowiensis, Eocaudina ovalis, Eocaudina gornensis (99442) | |
Late/Upper Givetian | Poland | Devonothyonites avis, Eocaudina septaforminalis (83086) Devonothyonites avis, Mercedescaudina langeri, Eocaudina patella, Eocaudina septaforminalis (82739) Mercedescaudina langeri, Eocaudina septaforminalis (83081 99435 99464 99471 99474) Palaeohemioedema cognata, Mercedescaudina langeri, Eocaudina septaforminalis (82667) | |
Late/Upper Givetian | Poland (Swietokrzyskie Voivodship) | Mercedescaudina langeri, Eocaudina septaforminalis (99449) | |
Late/Upper Frasnian | Poland | Devonothyonites spiritus, Eocaudina concentrica (99447) Devonothyonites tudorowiensis, Eocaudina ovalis, Priscocaudina crucensis (99430) Devonothyonites tudorowiensis, Staurocaudina canina, Eocaudina ovalis, Eocaudina subhexagona (99458) | |
Kinderhookian | USA (Missouri) | Eocaudina subhexagona (41448) Thuroholia croneisi, Eocaudina mccormacki, Eocaudina spicata, Eocaudina subhexagona (41445) | |
Kinderhookian | USA (Indiana) | Eocaudina sp. (6733) Thuroholia mccormacki, Thuroholia marginata, Thuroholia spicatus (69302) | |
Early/Lower Mississippian | USA (Arizona) | Thuroholia marginata (93776) | |
Kinderhookian - Osagean | USA (Montana) | Eocaudina marginata, Eocaudina spicata (41442) Eocaudina subhexagona (41444) Thuroholia cribriformis, Eocaudina columcanthus (41437) | |
Mississippian | Afghanistan | Eocaudina septaforaminalis, Calclamnella ramosa, Gutschickia porosa, Eocaudina gutschicki (99508) | |
Chadian | USA (Indiana) | Eocaudina sp. (2187 2202 2207 2251) | |
Middle Pennsylvanian | USA (Kentucky) | Thuroholia sp., Thuroholia croneisi, Thuroholia mccormacki, Thuroholia gutschicki, Thuroholia wanlessi, Thuroholia floydensis, Thuroholia irregularis, Petropegia radiata, Petropegia spinosa (97880) | |
Moscovian | USA (New Mexico) | Eocaudina sp. (49836 49838) | |
Virgilian | USA (Missouri) | Eocaudina gutschicki (217123) | |
Virgilian | USA (Nebraska) | Eocaudina sp. (94391) | |
Wordian | Italy | Eocaudina septaforaminalis (97875) | |
Capitanian | USA (Texas) | Eocaudina sp., Calclamnella sp., Thuroholia cribriformis, Eocaudina mccormacki, Eocaudina septaforaminalis, Eocaudina marginata, Eocaudina subhexagona (99860) | |
Wuchiapingian | Iran | Eocaudina septaforaminalis, Calclamnella permotriassica, Jolfacaudina iranica (75773) | |
Wuchiapingian | Germany | Eocaudina spp. (94445) | |
Anisian | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Eocaudina subquadrata (99768) | |
Anisian | Turkey | Eocaudina sp. (98012) | |
Anisian | Poland | Schlumbergerites sp., Calclamna germanica, Eocaudina subhexagona, Calclamnoidea canalifera (99844) | |
Anisian | Germany | Eocaudina sp., Calclamna germanica (99830) | |
Anisian | Austria | Eocaudina sp. (99832) | |
Illyrian | Turkey | Calclamna germanica (98002) | |
Illyrian | Slovakia | Eocaudina subhexagona (99566) | |
Pelsonian | Austria | Calclamna sp., Calclamnoidea sp., Calclamnella regularis, Eocaudina septaforaminalis (99797) | |
Ladinian | France | Calclamnoidea crassomarginata (100030) | |
Ladinian | Iran | Eocaudina guembeli, Eocaudina cassianensis (97874) | |
Ladinian | Hungary | Eocaudina marginata, Eocaudina subhexagona (99503) Eocaudina marginata, Eocaudina subhexagona, Eocaudina cassianensis, Eocaudina ramosa (99504) | |
Ladinian | Spain (Cataluna) | Strobilothyone rogenti (44261) Strobilothyone rogenti, Monilipsolus mirabilis (44260) | |
Longobardian | China (Guizhou) | Eocaudina sp., Calclamnella sp. (85165) | |
Carnian | Hungary | Eocaudina cassianensis, Fissobactrites inusiata (99502) | |
Carnian | Italy | Calclamnoidea canalifera (50975 50985) Eocaudina cassianensis (50981 50987) Eocaudina cassianensis, Calclamnoidea canalifera (50982 50984 50989) | |
Carnian - Norian | Slovenia | Calclamnella regularis, Calclamnella consona (57025) Eocaudina acanthocaudinoides, Calclamna norica, Eocaudina longa, Calclamna germanica, Eocaudina acanthica, Eocaudina crassa, Praecaudina hexagona, Calclamna nuda (57026) | |
Julian | Italy | Eocaudina cassianensis (50983) Eocaudina cassianensis, Calclamnoidea canalifera (50988) | |
Julian | Slovakia | Calclamna germanica, Eocaudina cassianensis, Eocaudina ramosa, Calclamna nuda, Eocaudina liptovskaensis, Praecaudina mostleri (57037) | |
Norian | Austria | Calclamnella foliosa (94109) | |
Norian | Austria (Niederösterreich) | Binoculites inclinatus (94108) | |
Lacian | Germany | Calclamnella venusta, Eocaudina acanthica (99493) | |
Lacian | Slovakia | Praecaudina hexagona (99561) | |
Sevatian | Serbia and Montenegro | Calclamna germanica (221271) | |
Sevatian | Austria (Niederösterreich) | Binoculites tornatus, Curvatella spinosa, Calclamnella nuda (85008) | |
Sevatian | Slovakia | Calclamna misiki, Praecaudina hexagona (99563) Eocaudina longa, Eocaudina mostleri, Praecaudina hexagona (99562) Praecaudina hexagona (99558) | |
Rhaetian | Austria | Calclamna germanica, Fissobractites subsymmetrica (100105) Calclamnella rariperforata, Calclamnella sp. (36801 36807) | |
Rhaetian | Austria (Calcareous Alps) | Eocaudina crassa (38144) Fissobractites subsymmetrica, Eocaudina hexagona (38141) | |
Rhaetian | Australia (Western Australia) | Fissobractites subsymmetrica, Eocaudina hexagona (99843) | |
Rhaetian | Slovakia | Calclamna germanica (100088) | |
Early/Lower Jurassic | Austria | Eocaudina liassica (100118) | |
Hettangian | Germany | Binoculites terquemi, Binoculites jurassicus (93290) | |
Liasicus | Austria | Calclamna sp., Eocaudina subrotunda (227858) | |
Hettangian - Sinemurian | United Kingdom (England) | Binoculites terquemi, Binoculites jurassica (41623 41624 41625 41626) | |
Sinemurian | France (Basse-Normandie) | Thuroholia sp., Calclamna germanica, Binoculites terquemi, Binoculites irregularis (93454) | |
Pliensbachian | France (Basse-Normandie) | Thuroholia sp., Binoculites terquemi, Binoculites irregularis, Binoculites perforatus (93533) | |
Pliensbachian | France | Binoculites jurassica (106348) | |
Early/Lower Toarcian | France (Basse-Normandie) | Binoculites sp., Thuroholia sp. (93534) | |
Late/Upper Bajocian | Poland | Paracucumarites sp. (97972) | |
Bajocian | Egypt | Calclamna sp., Eocaudina sp. (99485) | |
Bathonian | Egypt | Calclamna sp., Eocaudina sp. (99487) | |
Early/Lower Bathonian | Poland | Paracucumarites similis (97976) | |
Late/Upper Bathonian | Poland | Calclamna sp. (141287 141292) Paracucumarites similis (97978) | |
Middle Bathonian | Poland | Calclamna sp. (141269 141272 141273 141279 141280 141295 141299 141302) Calclamna sp., Eocaudina sp. (141271 141275 141278 141298 141301) Paracucumarites sp., Paracucumarites similis (97977) | |
Middle Bathonian - Late/Upper Bathonian | Poland | Calclamna sp. (141283) Calclamna sp., Eocaudina sp., Calclamnella sp., Staurocaudina sp. (141284) | |
Callovian | Egypt | Eocaudina sp. (99486) | |
Callovian | India | Calclamnella sp. (133248) Eocaudina sp. (133245 133246) Eocaudina sp., Calclamnella sp. (133247) | |
Oxfordian | France (Basse Normandie) | Calclamnoidea collaris, Schlumbergerites sievertsae, Calclamnella clavata, Calclamnella elliptica, Calclamnella fragosa, Calclamnella robusta, Parvioctoidus spinosus, Mortensenites elongatus, Paracucumarites hamptoni, Paracucumarites porosus, Paracucumarites anceps, Amphitriodites insignis (94628) | |
Kimmeridgian | Egypt | Eocaudina sp. (99488) | |
Middle Albian - Late/Upper Albian | Mexico (Puebla) | Parapsolus tlayuensis (138747) | |
Late/Upper Albian | Mexico (Puebla) | Paleopentacta alencasterae (146357) | |
Late/Upper Cenomanian | Jordan | Calclamna sp. (97883) | |
Early/Lower Turonian | Jordan | Calclamna sp. (97884) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Germany (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) | Dendrochirotida indet., Eocaudina inaequipora, Eocaudina lobata, Eocaudina multipora, Calclamnella sp., Calclamna nuda (32022) | |
Lutetian | France | Priscopedatus irregularis (94590) | |
Rupelian | Germany (Holstein) | Elgerius ostrea, Elgerius inniensis, Calclamnella fusiformis (93722) | |
Rupelian | Poland | Calclamnella sp. (97980) | |
Rupelian | Germany | Elgerius ostrea, Calclamnella fusiformis (91095) | |
Rupelian | Germany (Brandenburg) | Elgerius ostrea (91096) | |
Sarmatian | Poland | Calclamna sp. (97982) |