PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Onustus

Gastropoda - Xenophoridae

Taxonomy

Xenophora (Onustus) was named by Swainson (1840) [m. kosnik taxon no: 7855].

It was Stellaria (Onustus) by Okutaini (2000); it was reranked as Onustus by Todd (2001) and Bouchet (2015).

It was assigned to Xenophora by Ponder (1983) and Wilson (1993); to Stellaria by Okutaini (2000); and to Xenophoridae by Todd (2001) and Bouchet (2015).

Subtaxa

O. borsoni, O. indicus, Stellaria (Onustus) exutus, Tugurium nigeriense, Tugurium subextensum, Xenophora (Trochotugurium) gravesiana

Synonyms

Tugurium was named by Fischer (1880) [Sepkoski's age data: T Ol-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 614]. It is extant.

It was reranked as Xenophora (Tugurium) by Harris (1897); it was synonymized subjectively with Onustus by Bouchet (2015).

It was assigned to Xenophora by Harris (1897); to Xenophoridae by MacNeil (1960), Ladd (1972) and Ladd (1977); and to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002).
Tugurium (Trochotugurium) was named by Sacco (1896) [Sepkoski's age data: K u R Sepkoski's reference number: 614]. It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Xenophora (Onustus) by Ponder (1983); it was reranked as Trochotugurium by Sepkoski (2002); it was synonymized subjectively with Onustus by Bouchet (2015).

It was assigned to Tugurium by Sacco (1896) and Beu (1977); and to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1840	Xenophora (Onustus) Swainson
1880	Tugurium Fischer p. 450
1896	Tugurium (Trochotugurium) Sacco
1897	Xenophora (Tugurium) Harris
1960	Tugurium MacNeil p. 47
1972	Tugurium Ladd p. 55
1977	Tugurium (Trochotugurium) Beu p. 234
1977	Tugurium Ladd p. 17
1983	Xenophora (Onustus) Ponder pp. 58 - 59
1993	Xenophora (Onustus) Wilson p. 169
2000	Stellaria (Onustus) Okutaini p. 203
2001	Onustus Todd
2002	Trochotugurium Sepkoski
2002	Tugurium Sepkoski
2015	Onustus Bouchet

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Gastropoda

Rank	Name	Author
subclass	Caenogastropoda	(Cox 1959)
—	Sorbeoconcha	(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
—	Hypsogastropoda	(Ponder and Lindberg 1997)
superorder	Latrogastropoda	Riedel 2000
superfamily	Xenophoroidea	Troschel 1852
family	Xenophoridae	Troschel 1852
genus	Onustus	(Swainson 1840)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Onustus Swainson 1840

show all | hide all

Onustus borsoni Sismonda 1847

Onustus indicus Gmelin 1791

Stellaria (Onustus) exutus Reeve 1842

Invalid names: Trochotugurium Sacco 1896 [synonym], Tugurium Fischer 1880 [synonym], Xenophora (Trochotugurium) Sacco 1896 [synonym]

Diagnosis

Reference	Diagnosis
W. F. Ponder 1983	Shell thin, with wide peripheral flange simple or weakly digitate, porcellanous below. Umbilicus narrow to wide, sometimes plugged with callus. Foreign objects attached to periphery on few to all whorls, small and inconspicuous, leaving most of shell surface exposed. Foot lacks sole on metapodium, mantle edge smooth, ctenidial filaments very long. Operculum radially ridged externally or almost smooth, bearing only very fine radial striae.

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

aragonitec

Locomotion:

actively mobilesubg

Life habit:

epifaunalsubg

Diet:

grazersubg

Diet 2:

carnivoresubg

Vision:

limitedc

Comments:

LIFE HISTORY: Grazer on fine-grained substrates and predatory carnivores according to Todd (2001).subg

Created:

2009-09-10 08:06:37

Modified:

2009-09-10 10:06:37

Source: subg = subgenus, c = class

References: Kiessling 2004, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Aalenian to the top of the Early/Lower Pleistocene or 174.10000 to 0.78100 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 170.3 Ma

Collections (33 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Aalenian	174.1 - 170.3	United Kingdom (Yorkshire)	O. pyramidatus (220494)
Paleocene	66.0 - 56.0	Austria (Salzburg)	Xenophora gravesiana (84335)
Lutetian	47.8 - 41.3	Nigeria	Tugurium nigeriense (51239 51240 51241 51243 51246)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	USA (Florida)	Tugurium grayi (41477 61109 99194)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Germany (Bavaria)	Tugurium sp. (10703)
Rupelian	33.9 - 28.1	Pakistan	Tugurium subextensum (77159)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	Denmark (Jylland)	Tugurium scrutarium (9170)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	Denmark	O. scrutarium (234515)
Burdigalian	20.44 - 15.97	Italy	Tugurium borsoni (178110)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Dominican Republic	Tugurium imperforatum (84952 84956 93652 93716 131645 131657 131658 131659)
Early/Lower Pliocene	5.333 - 3.6	Japan (Okinawa)	Tugurium exutum (42318)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Panama (Bocas del Toro)	Tugurium sp. (79777)
Zanclean	5.333 - 3.6	Panama (Bocas)	O. sp. (135832)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.588	Fiji	Tugurium exutum (78073)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.588	India	Tugurium calculiferum (77658)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Panama (Bocas)	O. sp. (135885)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Panama (Bocas del Toro)	Tugurium sp. (79998)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Japan (Kochi)	Tugurium exutum (170023)
Early/Lower Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.781	Taiwan	Tugurium exutum (96256)
Pleistocene	2.588 - 0.0117	Japan	O. exutum (97028)