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Amiiformes (bowfin)
Taxonomy
Amiiformes was named by Hay (1929) [also attributed to Linnaeus 1766]. It is extant.
It was assigned to Holostei by Gardiner (1967); to Holostei by Bryant (1989); to Actinopterygii by Weems (1999); to Osteichthyes by Estes (1964), Peng et al. (2001), Pearson et al. (2002), Sepkoski (2002); to Neopterygii by Meyer and Zardoya (2003); to Halecomorphi by Grande and Bemis (1998), Kriwet (2005); to Halecostomi by Bogan et al. (2010); to Neopterygii by Long (2011); to Holostei by Thurmond and Jones (1981), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Nelson (2006), Betancur et al. (2013); and to Halecomorphi by Patterson and Rosen (1977), Grande (1984), Forey and Grande (1998), Cartanyà (1999), Cavin et al. (2007), Brito et al. (2008), Chang et al. (2010), Nelson et al. (2016), Carnevale and Godfrey (2018), van der Laan (2019).
It was assigned to Holostei by Gardiner (1967); to Holostei by Bryant (1989); to Actinopterygii by Weems (1999); to Osteichthyes by Estes (1964), Peng et al. (2001), Pearson et al. (2002), Sepkoski (2002); to Neopterygii by Meyer and Zardoya (2003); to Halecomorphi by Grande and Bemis (1998), Kriwet (2005); to Halecostomi by Bogan et al. (2010); to Neopterygii by Long (2011); to Holostei by Thurmond and Jones (1981), Case and Schwimmer (1988), Nelson (2006), Betancur et al. (2013); and to Halecomorphi by Patterson and Rosen (1977), Grande (1984), Forey and Grande (1998), Cartanyà (1999), Cavin et al. (2007), Brito et al. (2008), Chang et al. (2010), Nelson et al. (2016), Carnevale and Godfrey (2018), van der Laan (2019).
Subtaxa
Entered
by J. Sepkoski on 2003-01-23; modified by G. Lloyd on 2013-04-30
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1929 | Amiiformes Hay |
| 1964 | Amiiformes Estes p. 29 |
| 1967 | Amiiformes Gardiner pp. 203-205 |
| 1977 | Amiiformes Patterson and Rosen p. 163 |
| 1981 | Amiiformes Thurmond and Jones p. 86 |
| 1984 | Amiiformes Grande p. 165 |
| 1988 | Amiiformes Case and Schwimmer p. 297 |
| 1989 | Amiiformes Bryant p. 22 |
| 1998 | Amiiformes Forey and Grande |
| 1998 | Amiiformes Grande and Bemis p. 31 |
| 1999 | Amiiformes Cartanyà p. 548 |
| 1999 | Amiiformes Weems p. 55 |
| 2001 | Amiiformes Peng et al. p. 14 |
| 2002 | Amiiformes Pearson et al. p. 154 |
| 2002 | Amiiformes Sepkoski |
| 2003 | Amiiformes Meyer and Zardoya |
| 2005 | Amiiformes Kriwet p. 101 |
| 2006 | Amiiformes Nelson |
| 2007 | Amiiformes Cavin et al. |
| 2008 | Amiiformes Brito et al. |
| 2010 | Amiiformes Bogan et al. p. 164 |
| 2010 | Amiiformes Chang et al. |
| 2011 | Amiiformes Long p. 242 |
| 2013 | Amiiformes Betancur et al. |
| 2016 | Amiiformes Nelson et al. p. 125 |
| 2018 | Amiiformes Carnevale and Godfrey p. 164 |
| 2019 | Amiiformes van der Laan p. 57 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Amiiformes Hay 1929 [bowfin]
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G. †Ainia Jordan 1918
Subor. Amioidei
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Fm. Amiidae Huxley 1861
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G. Amia Linnaeus 1766 [bowfin]
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†Amia efremovi Sytchevskaya 1981
†Amia fragosa Jordan 1927
†Amia hesperia Wilson 1982
†Amia pattersoni Grande and Bemis 1998
Invalid names: Amia robusta Priem 1901 [nomen dubium], Amiatus Rafinesque 1815 [synonym]
Subfm. Amiinae Bonaparte 1837
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G. †Cyclurus Agassiz 1839
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†Cyclurus efremovi Sytchevskaya 1981
†Cyclurus fragosus Jordan 1927
†Cyclurus gurleyi Russell and Fryxell 1928
†Cyclurus ignotus Blainville 1818
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Invalid names: Amia laticaudata Agassiz 1843 [synonym], Amia munieri Priem 1911 [synonym]
†Cyclurus kehreri Andreae 1893
†Cyclurus macrocephalus Reuss 1844
†Cyclurus minor Agassiz 1839
†Cyclurus valenciennesi Agassiz 1839
Invalid names: Amia chinzhalensis Sytchevskaya 1986 [nomen dubium], Amia russelli Janot 1966 [nomen dubium], Kindleia Jordan 1927 [synonym], Paramiatus Romer and Fryxell 1928 [synonym], Stylomyleodon Russell 1928 [synonym], Stylomyleodon lacus Russell 1928 [nomen dubium]
G. †Pseudamiatus Whitley
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†Pseudamiatus heintzi Whitley 1954
Invalid names: Pseudamia Lehman 1951 [replaced]
Invalid names: Amia (Protamia) gracilis Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium], Amia (Protamia) media Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium], Amia (Protamia) uintaensis Leidy 1873 [nomen dubium], Amia anglica Newton 1899 [nomen dubium], Amia colenutti Newton 1899 [nomen dubium], Amia depressus Marsh 1871 [nomen dubium], Amia eocena Owen 1884 [nomen dubium], Amia exilis Lambe 1908 [nomen dubium], Amia furiosa Sytchevskaya 1986 [nomen dubium], Amia lemoinei Leriche 1900 [nomen dubium], Amia limosa Nessov 1985 [nomen dubium], Amia macrospondyla Cope 1891 [nomen dubium], Amia morini Priem 1911 [nomen dubium], Amia newberrianus Marsh 1871 [nomen dubium], Amia semimarina Nessov 1985 [nomen dubium], Amia strigasa Sytchevskaya 1986 [nomen dubium], Amia whiteavesiana Cope 1891 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys barroisi Leriche 1900 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys corsonii Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys laevis Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys mongoliensis Hussakof 1932 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys plicatus Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys sclerops Cope 1873 [nomen dubium], Pappichthys symphysis Cope 1873 [nomen dubium]
Subfm. †Amiopsinae Grande and Bemis 1998
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G. †Amiopsis Kner 1863
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†Amiopsis lepidota Agassiz 1833
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Invalid names: Megalurus brevicostatus Agassiz 1834 [synonym], Megalurus grandis Wagner 1863 [synonym]
†Amiopsis prisca Kner 1863
†Amiopsis woodwardi Sauvage 1903
Invalid names: Urocles Jordan 1918 [synonym]
G. †Hispanamia MartÍn-Abad and Poyato-Ariza 2017
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†Hispanamia newbreyi MartÍn-Abad and Poyato-Ariza 2017
G. †Notaeus Agassiz 1843
G. †Pappichthys
G. †Protamia Leidy 1873
Subfm. †Solnhofenamiinae Grande and Bemis 1998
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G. †Solnhofenamia Grande and Bemis 1998
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†Solnhofenamia elongata Agassiz 1839
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Invalid names: Urocles altivelis Wagner 1863 [synonym], Urocles elegantissimus Wagner 1863 [synonym], Urocles polyspondylus Wagner 1851 [synonym]
Subfm. †Vidalamiinae Grande and Bemis 1998
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Tr. †Vidalamiini Grande and Bemis 1998
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G. †Cratoamia Brito et al. 2008
G. †Pachyamia Chalifa and Tchernov 1982
Invalid names: Amiatidae Jordan 1923 [synonym], Paleamia Jonet 1981 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Sinamiidae Berg 1940
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G. †Ikechaoamia Liu 1961
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†Ikechaoamia meridionalis Zhang and Zhang 1980
†Ikechaoamia orientalis Liu 1961
G. †Sinamia
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†Sinamia chinhuaensis Wei 1976
†Sinamia huananensis Su 1973
†Sinamia kukurihime Yabumoto 2014
†Sinamia lanzhouensis Peng et al. 2015
†Sinamia luozigouensis Li 1984
†Sinamia poyangica Su and Li 1990
†Sinamia zdanskyi Stensiö 1935
†Sinamiidae naga Cavin et al. 2007
Invalid names: Liodesmidae [empty]
Subor. †Caturoidei Owen 1860
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Fm. Caturidae Owen 1860
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G. †Caturus Agassiz 1834
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†Caturus agassizi Egerton 1858
†Caturus angustus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus branchiostegus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus bucklandi Agassiz 1843
†Caturus chaperi Sauvage 1883
†Caturus chirotes Agassiz 1842
†Caturus contractus Wagner 1863
†Caturus cyprinoides Wagner 1863
†Caturus dartoni Eastman 1899
†Caturus deani Gregory 1923
†Caturus elongatus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus ferox Agassiz 1844
†Caturus furcatus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus grannulatus Münster 1842
†Caturus heterurus Agassiz 1839
†Caturus latidens Woodward 1918
†Caturus latipennis Agassiz 1843
†Caturus latus Muenster 1834
†Caturus macrodus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus macrurus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus maximus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus meyeri Agassiz 1843
†Caturus microchirus Agassiz 1834
†Caturus obovatus Münster 1842
†Caturus pachyurus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus pleiodus Agassiz 1843
†Caturus porteri Rayner 1948
†Caturus purbeckensis Woodward 1890
†Caturus retrodorsalis Sauvage 1891
†Caturus similis Agassiz 1837
†Caturus stenospondylus Sauvage 1875
†Caturus stenoura Sauvage 1875
†Caturus tarraconensis Sauvage 1903
†Caturus tenuidens Woodward 1895
Invalid names: Conodus Agassiz 1843 [synonym], Ditaxiodus Owen 1866 [synonym], Endactis Egerton 1858 [synonym], Strobilodus Wagner 1851 [synonym], Thlattodus Owen 1866 [synonym], Uraeus Agassiz 1832 [replaced]
G. †Eusemius Vetter 1881
Fm. †Ionoscopidae Lehman 1966
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G. †Quetzalichthys Alvarado-Ortega and Espinosa-Arrubarrena 2008
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†Quetzalichthys perrilliatae Alvarado-Ortega and Espinosa-Arrubarrena 2008
G. †Otomitla Felix 1891
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| B. G. Gardiner 1967 | The Amiiformes, unlike the Semionotiformes, were derived from the chondrostean order Parasemionotiformes (see Text-fig. 8). Tee earliest amiiform family is the Paracentrophoridae which is represented by the single genus Paracentrophorus (Text-fig. 6A) from the basal Trias of Madagascar. Within the Parasemionotiformes the preoperculum, which had already lost its connection with the maxilla, shows several different patterns of fragmentation. Thus in Ospia (Stensio, 1932) and Watsonulus (Piveteau, 1935) the entire preoperculum is still intact while in Parasemionotus (Lehman, 1952) only the dorsal portion of the preoperculum is undergoing fragmentation (Text-fig. 2 A) How ever, the preoperculum in Thomasinotus (Lehman, Chateau, Laurain & Nauche, 1959) had fragmented more completely to give a narrow, crescentic posterior portion containing the sensory canal and an anterior series of three large suborbitals (Text-fig. 2B). This is almost identical in arrangement to that condition seen in Paracentrophorus (Text-fig 6A) and it would seem that the Paracentrophoridae was derived from a parasemionotid such as Thomasinotus. In Paracentrophorus the preoperculum braces the palate posteriorly having an intimate connection with the quadrate, symplectic and metapterygoid ventrally and with the opercular series posteriorly. Further the preoperculum abuts against the skull roofing bones dorsally. Thus as in the Semionotidae the adductor mandibulae and the arcus palatini muscles were able to increase in mass and complexity and spread widely over the hyomandibular, metapterygoid, endopteiygoid, quadrate and symplectic. The suborbitals fitted against the supramaxilla ventrally and closely contacted the preoperculum posteriorly. From the Paracentrophoridae the later Jurassic family Catervariolidae u as derived ;this family shows little change from that condition seen in the Paracentrophoridae. Another early amiiform family which shared a common ancestry with the Paracentrophoridae is the Promecosominidae. The Promecosominidae is represented by the single genus Promecosomina from the Middle ( 2 ) Trias of New South Wales and apart from the suborbital series consisting of two elements only (Gardiner, 1960), it is fairly close to Paracentrophorus. The central family of the Amiiformes is the Caturidae, and from this family all the remaining Amiiformes arose as well as the rather aberrant Pachycormiformes (Text-fig. 8).The earliest caturid is Eoeugnathus from the Middle Trias (Ladinian), of Italy. Unfortunately the cheek region of this genus is poorly known. In the better known members of this family the preoperculum and suborbitals are much as in the Paracentrophoridae. The preoperculum is somewhat broader than in the Paracentrophidae but it has the same intimate connection with the palate ventrally and the opercular series posteriorly. The suborbitals primitively consist of two or three units, but these are more extensive than in the earlier Amiiformes. In some genera the suborbitals grow back to cover the dorsal extremity of the preoperculum (Furo, Osteorachis). In Oenoscopus (Saint-Seine, 1949) the suborbitals have themselves undergone further fragmentation to give a more extensive series than is normally seen in the Amiiformes. A family which arose contemporaneously with the caturids is the Macrosemiidae. The macrosemiids and caturids are undoubtedly related and probably derived from the same ancestral stock. In the earliest macrosemiid genus Ophiopsis (Saint-Seine, 1949) the preoperculum and suborbitals are very similar to that condition seen in the caturids. The preoperculum is firmly attached to the palate and the opercular series and in later members there is a tendency to reduction and loss of the suborbitals. This reduction and loss of the suborbital series (also seen in the Pycnodontiformes) presumably increased the flexibility of the cheek region and allowed further dilatation of the bucco-pharyngeal cavity. The last amiiform family, the Amiidae, arose directly from the Caturidae and contains the recent, Arnia. One characteristic of the Amiidae is the great reduction of the suborbital series from that condition seen in the Caturidae. Throughout the Amiiformes, with the exception of Amia, the preoperculum, as in all other holosteans (except Lepisosteus), is covered by enamel. In Amia the enamel has been lost not only from the membrane bones but also from the scales. Again as in Lepisosteus the main portion of the adductor mandibulae shifted its origin from the palate on to the preoperculum (in the ontogeny of Amia and Lepisosteus (Edgeworth, 1935) the adductor mandibulae first attaches to the palatoquadrate, then later grows back to the hyomandibular and finally stems from the preoperculum and palate). With this increase in the available area for muscle attachment the adductor mandibulae in Amia became more completely subdivided and closely parallels that condition seen in the teleosts. Parth of the adductor still originate from the hyomandibular, quadrate and symplectic while other portions are attached to the postorbital part of the braincase and the adjacent ventral surface of the skull roof. Unfortunately, as in the Semionotiformes. this shift in the origin of the adductor mandibulae within the Amiiformes came too late to be of any real consequence; however it is interesting to note that the only holostean survivors today are those in which the adductor mandibulae had shifted its origin on to the preoperculum. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Changhsingian to the top of the Holocene or 254.14000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 251.902 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 251.902 Ma
Collections (591 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Changhsingian | China (Jiangxi) | Caturus indet. (119495) | |
| Pelsonian | China (Yunnan) | Gymnoichthys inopinatus (97946 146382) | |
| Ladinian | Spain | Caturus sp. (148734 149852) | |
| Longobardian | Spain (Tarragona) | Caturus sp. (109710) | |
| Longobardian | China (Guizhou) | Guizhouamia bellula (146379) | |
| Late/Upper Triassic | USA (Texas) | Caturus sp. (39671) | |
| Rhaetian | Austria | Caturus sp. (195673) | |
| Sinemurian | United Kingdom (England) | Endactis agassizi, Pachycormus heterurus, Conodus ferox (122154) Pachycormus latipennis, Endactis agassizi, Pachycormus heterurus (122153) Pachycormus latipennis, Pachycormus heterurus, Conodus ferox (122155) | |
| Early/Lower Toarcian | France | Caturus sp. (122733) | |
| Falciferum | United Kingdom (England) | Caturus sp. (130759 132646) | |
| Falciferum | France | Caturus stenospondylus, Caturus stenoura, Caturus chaperi, Caturus retrodorsalis (122734) | |
| Bathonian | Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk) | Sinamiidae indet. (61891) | |
| Bathonian | USA (South Dakota) | Amiopsis dartoni (122622) | |
| Early/Lower Bathonian | France | Caturus sp. (61378) | |
| Early/Lower Bathonian | France (Midi-Pyrénées) | Caturus sp. (61377) | |
| Late/Upper Bathonian | United Kingdom (England) | Caturus sp. (39075) | |
| Callovian | United Kingdom (England) | Caturus porteri (130656) | |
| Middle Oxfordian | Portugal (Leiria) | Caturus sp. (69698) | |
| Oxfordian - Kimmeridgian | Cuba (Pinar del Rio) | Caturus deani (278859) | |
| Late/Upper Jurassic | China (Inner Mongolia) | Ikechaoamia orientalis (278855) | |