PBDB Taxon

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Paraceratheriidae

Osteichthyes - Perissodactyla - Paraceratheriidae

Taxonomy

Paraceratheriidae was named by Osborn (1923).

It was assigned to Rhinocerotoidea by Qiu and Wang (2007), Wang et al. (2016).

Subtaxa

Forstercooperia ergiliinensis, Forstercooperia jigniensis, Forstercooperiinae, Paraceratheriinae (syn. Indricotheriinae)

Entered

by P. Mannion on 2016-11-28; modified by P. Mannion on 2016-12-22

Synonyms

Forstercooperia ergiliinensis was named by Gabunia and Dashzeveg (1974). Its type specimen is PSS 17-1, a maxilla, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Bayan Tsav Obo (Ergilin Dzo sublocality), which is in an Eocene terrestrial sandstone in the Ergilin Dzo Formation of Mongolia.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Wang et al. (2018).
Forstercooperia jigniensis was named by Sahni and Khare (1973). Its type specimen is LUVP 15009, a maxilla (P4-M1), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is LU 1006, which is in a Lutetian terrestrial sandstone in the Subathu Formation of India.

It was considered a nomen dubium by Lucas et al. (1981).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1923	Paraceratheriidae Osborn
1973	Forstercooperia jigniensis Sahni and Khare
1974	Forstercooperia ergiliinensis Gabunia and Dashzeveg
1987	Forstercooperia jigniensis Thewissen et al. p. 269
2007	Paraceratheriidae Qiu and Wang
2016	Paraceratheriidae Wang et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
class	Osteichthyes
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha

Rank	Name	Author
—	Mammaliaformes
class	Mammalia
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Panperissodactyla
superorder	Perissodactylamorpha
order	Perissodactyla	()
—	Tapiromorpha	(Haeckel 1873)
—	Ceratomorpha	(Wood 1937)
superfamily	Rhinocerotoidea
family	Paraceratheriidae	Osborn 1923
family	Paraceratheriidae	Osborn 1923

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. †Paraceratheriidae Osborn 1923

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Subfm. †Forstercooperiinae Wood 1963

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G. †Forstercooperia Wood 1939

†Forstercooperia mazhuangensis Wang 1976

†Forstercooperia totadentata Wood 1938

Invalid names: Forstercooperia shiwopuensis Chow et al. 1974 [synonym]

†Forstercooperia ulanshirehensis Wang et al. 2018

Invalid names: Cooperia Wood 1938 [replaced]

G. †Pappaceras Wood 1963

†Pappaceras confluens Wood 1963

Invalid names: Forstercooperia huhebulakensis Qi 1987 [synonym]

†Pappaceras meiomenus Wang et al. 2016

†Pappaceras minuta Lucas et al. 1981

Invalid names: Hyrachyus grandis Peterson 1919 [nomen dubium]

Subfm. †Paraceratheriinae Osborn 1923

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G. †Aralotherium Borissiak 1939

†Aralotherium sui Ye et al. 2003

G. †Dzungariotherium Chiu 1973

†Dzungariotherium orgosensis Chiu 1973

†Dzungariotherium tienshanense Chiu 1962

†Dzungariotherium turfanensis Xu and Wang 1978

G. †Juxia Chow and Chiu 1964

†Juxia micracis Wang 1976

†Juxia sharamurenensis Chow and Chiu 1964

†Juxia shoui Qi and Zhou 1989

Invalid names: Imequincisoria Wang 1976 [synonym]

G. †Paraceratherium Forster Cooper 1911

†Paraceratherium asiaticum Borissiak 1923

Invalid names: Paraceratherium transouralicum Pavlova 1922 [synonym]

†Paraceratherium bugtiense Forster Cooper 1911

†Paraceratherium grangeri Osborn 1923

†Paraceratherium huangheense Li et al. 2017

†Paraceratherium lepidum Xu and Wang 1978

Invalid names: Paraceratherium zhajremensis Bayshashov 1988 [synonym]

†Paraceratherium linxiaense Deng et al. 2021

†Paraceratherium prohoroui Borissiak 1939

Invalid names: Baluchitherium Forster Cooper 1913 [synonym], Indricotherium Borissiak 1916 [synonym]

G. †Pristinotherium Biriukov 1953

G. †Turpanotherium Qiu and Wang 2007

†Turpanotherium elegans Qiu and Wang 2007

†Turpanotherium yagouense Qiu et al. 2004

G. †Urtinotherium Chow and Chiu 1963

†Urtinotherium intermedium Chiu 1962

Invalid names: Dzungariotherium erdenensis Qi 1989 [synonym], Urtinotherium incisivum Chow and Chiu 1963 [synonym]

†Urtinotherium parvum Chow 1958

Invalid names: Indricotherium qujingensis Tang 1978 [synonym]

Invalid names: Indricotheriinae Borissiak 1923 [synonym]

Invalid names: Forstercooperia ergiliinensis Gabunia and Dashzeveg 1974 [nomen dubium], Forstercooperia jigniensis Sahni and Khare 1973 [nomen dubium]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingsubo

Diet:

browsersubo

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-08-31 15:03:12

Modified:

2005-08-31 17:03:12

Source: subo = suborder, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Colbert and Schoch 1998

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Early/Lower Eocene to the top of the Burdigalian or 56.00000 to 15.98000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 48.07 Ma

Collections (87 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Eocene	56.0 - 48.07	China (Nei Mongol)	Forstercooperia huhebulakensis (174920) Pappaceras meiomenus (176542)
Arshantan	56.0 - 37.71	China (Nei Mongol)	Urtinotherium intermedium, Pappaceras confluens (72184)
Irdinmanhan	56.0 - 37.71	Kazakhstan	Forstercooperia minuta (53657)
Irdinmanhan	56.0 - 37.71	China (Nei Mongol)	Urtinotherium intermedium (72183)
Lutetian	48.07 - 41.03	India	Forstercooperia jigniensis (93701)
Lutetian	48.07 - 41.03	Pakistan (North-West Frontier)	Forstercooperia jigniensis (28978)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Henan)	Forstercooperia sp. (46193) Imequincisoria sp., Pappaceras sp., Imequincisoria mazhuangensis, Imequincisoria micracis (180777)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Inner Mongolia)	Cooperia totadentata, Forstercooperia ulanshirehensis (178831)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Nei Mongol)	Forstercooperia grandis (28792) Indricotheriidae indet. (28790) Indricotheriidae indet., Urtinotherium incisivum (28789) Juxia sharamurenense (28786)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Beijing)	Imequincisoria sp. (174745)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Guangxi)	Forstercooperia sp. (190963 190964)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	Mongolia	Forstercooperia ulanshirehensis (127656 194389)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Yunnan)	Indricotherium parvum (36668)
Middle Eocene	48.07 - 37.71	China (Shanxi)	Juxia sharamurenense (175227)
Uintan	45.9 - 39.7	USA (Utah)	Hyrachyus grandis (16646)
Houldjinian	37.71 - 33.9	China (Nei Mongol)	Baluchitherium sp. (72147)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	China (Xinjiang)	Indricotheriinae indet. (174976 174977)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	India (Jammu and Kashmir)	Juxia sharamurenense (180527)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	China (Yunnan)	Indricotheriinae indet., Indricotherium intermedium (182894) Indricotherium qujingensis (182882) Indricotherium sp. (182580 182892)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	Mongolia (Dornogov)	Forstercooperia sp., Forstercooperia ergiliinensis (176016) Indricotheriinae indet., Indricotherium parvum (174716)
Late/Upper Eocene	37.71 - 33.9	China (Nei Mongol)	Aralotherium sp. (182574) Dzungariotherium erdenensis, Juxia shoui (176018) Indricotheriidae indet. (28780) Paraceratherium grangeri (180942) Urtinotherium parvus (174752) Urtinotherium parvus, Juxia shoui (174914)
Priabonian	37.71 - 33.9	Bulgaria	Prohyracodon meridionale (103932)
Ulangochuian	37.71 - 33.9	China (Nei Mongol)	Urtinotherium intermedium (73810)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	Mongolia	Baluchitherium grangeri (53979)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	Pakistan	Baluchitherium bugtiense, Baluchitherium osborni (77785)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	China (Ningxia)	Paraceratheriinae indet. (182887)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	China (Nei Mongol)	Paraceratheriinae indet. (175814) Paraceratherium grangeri, Paraceratherium transouralicum (176066) Paraceratherium lepidum, Dzungariotherium turfanensis (175255) Paraceratherium sp., Turpanotherium sp. (175386)
Early/Lower Oligocene	33.9 - 27.3	China (Gansu)	Paraceratherium sp. (182883 182884 182899)
Rupelian	33.9 - 27.3	Kazakhstan	Paraceratherium sp. (64415)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.04	Pakistan	Thaumastotherium osborni, Paraceratherium bugtiense (128387)
Oligocene	33.9 - 23.04	Bulgaria	Indricotherium transouralicum (193755)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	China (Nei Mongol)	Baluchitherium sp. (73807)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Georgia	Benaratherium callistrati (182744)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Mongolia	Benaratherium sp., Paraceratherium sp. 1 (181061)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	China (Gansu)	Dzungariotherium orgosensis (182885) Indricotherium sp. (175388) Paraceratherium linxiaense (227298) Paraceratherium yagouense, Dzungariotherium orgosense (71433)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Türkiye (Anatolia)	Paraceratherium sp. (182500 183978)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	China (Xinjiang)	Dzungariotherium orgosensis (182568) Indricotherium grangeri (182891) Paraceratherium lepidum, Dzungariotherium turfanensis, Turpanotherium elegans (182889) Paraceratherium lepidum, Turpanotherium elegans (182890) Paraceratherium lipidus, Dzungariotherium turfanensis, Turpanotherium elegans (182888) Paraceratherium sui (77943)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Pakistan (Baluchistan)	Indricotheriinae indet. (180575) Paraceratherium bugtiense (78362)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Kazakhstan (Kustanay)	Indricotherium transouralicum, Indricotherium asiaticum (73999)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Kazakhstan (Aktyubinskaya)	Indricotherium sp. (74001)
Late/Upper Oligocene	27.3 - 23.04	Kazakhstan	Aralotherium prohorvi (74900) Indricotherium sp. (74003 74899) Paraceratherium sp. (182747) Paraceratherium sp., Paraceratherium prohorovi (64413) Paraceratherium zhajremensis (182628)
MP 25	27.3 - 23.04	Spain (Cuenca)	Paraceratherium albigense (184097)
Late/Upper Oligocene - Burdigalian	27.3 - 15.98	China (Gansu)	Dzungariotherium orgosense (42066)
Late/Upper Oligocene - Early/Lower Miocene	27.3 - 15.98	Pakistan (Balochistan)	Paraceratherium bugtiense (227410)
Aquitanian	23.04 - 20.45	China (Xinjiang)	Dzungariotherium sp. (42063)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	China (Gansu)	Turpanotherium elegans (175341 175342)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	Pakistan (Baluchistan)	Indricotheriinae indet. (180594)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.04 - 15.98	China (Ningxia)	Turpanotherium sp. (182886)
Burdigalian	20.45 - 15.98	China (Gansu)	Indricotheriidae indet. (42065)