Parent taxon: Percomorpharia according to R. Betancur et al. 2013
See also Nelson et al. 2016
Sister taxa: Acanthuriformes, Acropomatidae, Caesionidae, Caproidae, Centrarchiformes, Centrogenyidae, Chaetodontidae, Cirrhitiformes, Emmelichthyidae, Enoplosidae, Ephippiformes, Epigonidae, Gerreidae, Haemulidae, Howellidae, Kuhliidae, Kyphosidae, Labriformes, Lateolabracidae, Leiognathidae, Lobotidae, Lophiiformes, Lutjanidae, Malacanthidae, Monodactylidae, Moronidae, Oplegnathidae, Pempheriformes, Percichthyidae, Perciformes, Polyprionidae, Pomacanthidae, Priacanthidae, Scatophagidae, Sciaenidae, Siganidae, Sillaginidae, Sinipercidae, Terapontidae, Tetraodontiformes, Uranoscopiformes
Subtaxa: Callanthiidae Centracanthidae Lethrinidae Nemipteridae Sparidae
Ecology: nektonic omnivore
Distribution:
• Quaternary of Greece (7 collections), Italy (3), the Marshall Islands (3), Spain (1)
• Pliocene of Greece (2), Morocco (1), United States (1: Florida)
• Miocene of Algeria (5), Argentina (4), Austria (1), Colombia (1), Costa Rica (2), the Czech Republic (3), France (5), Germany (2), Greece (5), Hungary (1), Indonesia (1), Italy (3), Japan (1), Kazakhstan (1), New Zealand (5), Panama (1), Poland (1), Portugal (2), Saudi Arabia (1), Slovakia (1), South Africa (1), Spain (3), Sri Lanka (2), Turkey (1), United States (4: California)
• Neogene of Indonesia (3)
• Oligocene to Miocene of Greece (1), New Zealand (1)
• Oligocene of Belgium (1), France (1), Germany (2), Hungary (2), New Zealand (1), Oman (2), United States (3: Louisiana, South Carolina)
• Eocene of Antarctica (2), Belgium (1), France (2), Germany (1), Italy (1), Libya (1), Namibia (1), New Zealand (2), the United Kingdom (5), United States (2: Louisiana, Virginia)
• Paleocene of Denmark (2), Greenland (1), Ukraine (1), United States (1: Alabama)
• Cretaceous of Argentina (1), Brazil (1), France (6)
Total: 123 collections including 156 occurrences