Khok Sung Quarry (Pleistocene of Thailand)

Also known as Khok Sung sand pit

Where: Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand (15.0° N, 102.1° E: paleocoordinates 15.0° N, 102.1° E)

• coordinate estimated from map

• small collection-level geographic resolution

When: Middle Pleistocene (0.8 - 0.1 Ma)

• Stegodon fauna; late Middle Pleistocene, either 188 ka or 213 ka

• group of beds-level stratigraphic resolution

Environment/lithology: alluvial fan; unlithified gravel and unlithified sandstone

• Recent alluvial deposits of silts, sands, and gravels

Size class: macrofossils

Collected by Department of Mineral Resources in 2005

• DMR-KS, Khok Sung Collection, Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok, Thailand

Primary reference: J. E. Martin, E. Buffetaut, W. Naksri, K. Lauprasert, and J. Claude. 2012. Gavialis from the Pleistocene of Thailand and its relevance for drainage connections from India to Java. PLoS One 7(9):e44541 [P. Mannion/P. Mannion]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 143885: authorized by Philip Mannion, entered by Philip Mannion on 26.04.2013

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

unclassified
  -
Plantae indet. Haeckel 1866
"plant remains"
Mammalia
 Primates - Cercopithecidae
Macaca sp.2 Lacépède 1799 macaque
DMR-KS-05-04-04-1
 Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae
Rhinoceros sondaicus2 Desmarest 1822 Javan rhinoceros
DMR-KS-05-03-XX (multiple specimens)
Rhinoceros unicornis2 Linnaeus 1758 Indian rhinoceros
DMR-KS-05-03-XX (multiple specimens)
 Artiodactyla - Suidae
Sus barbatus2 Müller 1838 bearded pig
DMR-KS-05-03-XX (multiple specimens)
 Artiodactyla - Cervidae
Panolia eldii2, "Rusa unicolor" = Cervus unicolor2, Axis axis2
Panolia eldii2 deer
DMR-KS-05-03-XX (multiple specimens)
"Rusa unicolor" = Cervus unicolor2 Kerr 1792 sambar
DMR-KS-05-03-XX (multiple specimens)
Axis axis2 Erxleben 1777 chital
 Artiodactyla - Bovidae
Bubalus arnee2 water buffalo
DMR-KS-05-03-XX (multiple specimens)
Bos sauveli2 Urbain 1937 ox
Bos gaurus2 Smith 1827 ox
DMR-KS-05-03-XX (multiple specimens)
Capricornis sumatraensis2 Linnaeus 1758 antelope
DMR-KS-05-03-XX (multiple specimens)
 Carnivora - Hyaenidae
Crocuta crocuta2 Erxleben 1777 spotted hyaena
 Carnivora - Canidae
Cuon sp.2 Hodgson 1838 dhole
DMR-KS-05-04-11-34; DMRKS- 05-04-28-13
 Proboscidea - Elephantidae
"Stegodon cf. orientalis" = Stegodon insignis2, Elephas sp.2
"Stegodon cf. orientalis" = Stegodon insignis2 Falconer 1857 elephant
Elephas sp.2 Linnaeus 1758 elephant
DMR-KS-05-03-22-1; DMR-KS-05-03-17-12
Reptilia
 Testudines - Geoemydidae
Malayemys sp.1 Lindholm 1931 Malayan snail-eating turtles
Fifth costal plate (DMRKS201102- 1)
Heosemys cf. grandis1 Gray 1860 Giant Asian pond turtle
A few neural plates (DMR-KS201102-2) and some posterior peripheral plates (DMR-KS201102-3 and DMR-KS201102-4)
Heosemys annandalii1 Boulenger 1903 Yellow-headed temple turtle
Several complete shells (DMR-KS201102-05)
Batagur cf. trivittata1 Duméril and Bibron 1835 Burmese roofed turtle
 Testudines - Trionychidae
cf. Amyda sp.1 Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809 softshell turtle
A partial plastron consisting of the hypo- and hyoplastron (DMRKS0305-31-11, DMRKS0305- 31-12, DMRKS0305-31-13) and xiphiplastron (DMR KS05032645)
Chitra sp.1 Gray 1844 softshell turtle
Articulated nuchal, first costal and first neural plates of large size (DMR KS0506-22-2)
 Squamata - Boidae
Python sp.2 Daudin 1803 boa
Vertebra
 Squamata - Varanidae
Varanus sp.2 Merrem 1820 monitor lizard
DMR-KS-05-03-08-36 and DMR-KS- 05-03-29-36
 Crocodylia - Gavialidae
Gavialis cf. bengawanicus Dubois 1908 gharial
DMR-KS-201202-1, a complete skull and associated mandibles; DMR-KS-03-25-23, a skull missing the rostrum and much of the palate; DMR-KS-05-06-22-1, a pair of dentaries; DMR-KS-05-03-08-37, a jaw fragment with two teeth; DMR-KS-05-03-27-7, a right humerus; DMR-KS-05-03-26-7, DMR-KS-03-27-22, a right proximal portion of humerus; DMRKS- 05-03-27-6, a left distal portion of humerus; a left femur; DMR-KS-05-03-26-12, 05-03-26-40, 05-03-26-41; 05-03-27-23, 05-03-27-24, 05-03-27-25, six osteoderms; DMR-KS-12-03-05, three osteoderms
 Crocodylia - Crocodylidae
Crocodylus cf. siamensis2 Schneider 1801 Siamese crocodile
DMR-KS-05-03-30-30, DMR-KS-05-03-21-1, DMR-KS-05-03-00-19, DMR-KS-05-03-14-3, DMR-KS-05-03-22-22, DMR-KS-05-04-06-3, DMRKS- 05-04-29-10, DMR-KS-05-03-29-57, DMR-KS-05-03-29-58, and DMR-KS-05-03-27-25
Aves
 Carinatae -
Galliformes indet.2 fowl
DMR-KS-05-04-05-40
Actinopteri
 Siluriformes - Siluridae
Siluridae indet. Cuvier 1816 catfish
DMR-KS-05-03-22-76; DMR-KS-05-04-11-20; DMRKS- 05-04-05-25