Kanapoi (Pliocene of Kenya)

Also known as ETE Locality 1057, Kanapoi,

Where: Kenya (2.3° N, 36.1° E: paleocoordinates 2.1° N, 35.6° E)

When: Kanapoi Formation, Zanclean (5.3 - 3.6 Ma)

• ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: "Max age=4.17+/-.03 my,lower pumiceous tuff;Min age=3.26+/-.04 my,Kalokwanya basalt" radiometric intage_max, radiometric intage_min

•The fossil fauna of Kanapoi was dated between 4.19 Ma and 4.11 Ma (Feibel, 2003; McDougall and Brown, 2008),

Environment/lithology: fluvial-lacustrine; claystone

• ETE sed env 1: fluv_lacustr, ETE sed env 2: . ETE event: ., ETE env comment: "base:fluv,mid:lacus, top:fluv"
• ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: Basal:chan ss&floodplain paleosols;Mid:lacus clayst&deltiac ss;Top:fluv conglom

Size class: macrofossils

Collection methods: ETE Size: macro; ETE reference list: 924, ; ETE museum list: KNM

Primary reference: B. Patterson, A. K. Behrensmeyer, and W.D. Sill. 1970. Geology and Fauna of a New Pliocene Locality in North- western Kenya. Nature 226:918-921 [A. Behrensmeyer/A. Behrensmeyer/M. Kosnik]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 22234: authorized by Anna Behrensmeyer, entered by Anna Behrensmeyer on 30.06.1999, edited by Mark Uhen, Grace Varnham and Philip Mannion

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

unclassified
  -
Mollusca indet. Linnaeus 1758
ETE occurrence; species: mak - replaced genus name sp. with family name
Gastropoda
  -
Gastropoda indet. Cuvier 1795 snail
ETE occurrence; species: mak - replaced genus name sp. with family name
Bivalvia
  -
"Pelecypoda indet." = Bivalvia
"Pelecypoda indet." = Bivalvia Linnaeus 1758 clam
ETE occurrence; species: mak - replaced genus name sp. with family name
Gnathostomata
  -
Osteichthyes indet. bony fish
ETE occurrence; species: Osteichthyes
Mammalia
 Rodentia - Hystricidae
Hystrix sp. Linnaeus 1758 porcupine
 Rodentia - Muridae
Tatera sp. Lataste 1882 large naked-soled gerbil
 Lagomorpha - Leporidae
Lepus sp. Linnaeus 1758 hare
 Primates - Galagidae
Galago cf. senegalensis Geoffroy 1796 Senegal bushbaby
 Primates - Cercopithecidae
Colobinae indet. Blyth 1875 monkey
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Colobinae nov.
Papionini indet. monkey
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Papionini
Parapapio aff. ado Hopwood 1936 monkey
ETE occurrence; species: mak - species name from unique name
 Primates - Hominidae
Hominidae indet. Gray 1825 ape
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hominidae
Australopithecus anamensis Ward et al. 1999 australopithecine
 Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae
 Perissodactyla - Equidae
"Hipparion primigenium" = Hippotherium primigenium, Hipparion cf. sitifense, "Hipparion cf. turkanense" = Eurygnathohippus turkanense, "Hipparion turkanense" = Eurygnathohippus turkanense
"Hipparion primigenium" = Hippotherium primigenium von Meyer 1829 hipparionine horse
Hipparion cf. sitifense Pomel 1897 hipparionine horse
"Hipparion cf. turkanense" = Eurygnathohippus turkanense Hooijer and Maglio 1974 hipparionine horse
"Hipparion turkanense" = Eurygnathohippus turkanense Hooijer and Maglio 1974 hipparionine horse
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or primigenium
 Artiodactyla - Suidae
Nyanzachoerus sp. Leakey 1958 pig
"Notochoerus cf. euilus" = Hylochoerus euilus Hopwood 1926 giant forest hog
Notochoerus capensis Broom 1925 pig
 Artiodactyla - Hippopotamidae
aff. Hippopotamus "sp. Hadar"1 Linnaeus 1758 hippo
ETE occurrence; species: mak - species name from unique name;
 Artiodactyla - Bovidae
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821 antelope
ETE occurrence; species: Murinae
Gazella sp. Blaineville 1816 gazelle
Gazella sp.3 Blaineville 1816 gazelle
Raphicerus sp. Smith 1827 antelope
originally entered as "Raphiceras sp."
? Raphicerus sp.3 Smith 1827 antelope
Madoqua sp. Ogilby 1837 dikdik
Hippotragini indet. Sundevall 1845 antelope
ETE occurrence; species: Hippotragini
cf. Tchadotragus sp.3 Geraads et al. 2008 antelope
Alcelaphini indet.3 Brookes 1876 antelope
cf. Damalacra sp. Gentry 1980 antelope
Cephalophini indet.3 Blyth 1863 antelope
? Reduncini indet.3 Knottnerus-Meyer 1907 antelope
Kobus sp. Smith 1840 antelope
Aepyceros sp. Sundevall 1847 impala
Simatherium sp.3 Dietrich 1941 antelope
Tragelaphus kyaloae Harris 1991 antelope
Bovini indet. Gray 1821 antelope
ETE occurrence; species: Bovini
aff. Dytikodorcas sp.3 Bouvrain and de Bonis 2007 antelope
 Artiodactyla - Giraffidae
Giraffa jumae3 Leakey 1967 giraffe
ETE occurrence; species: mak - species name from unique name
Giraffa pygmaea3 Harris 1976 giraffe
ETE occurrence; species: mak - species name from unique name
Sivatherium cf. hendeyi3 Harris 1976 giraffe
KNM-KP 30449; KNM-KP 59920
 Carnivora - Felidae
Felidae indet. Gray 1821 cat
ETE occurrence; species: Machairodontinae
 Carnivora - Hyaenidae
Parahyaena sp. Hendey 1974 hyaena
 Carnivora - Viverridae
Viverridae indet. Gray 1821 civet
ETE occurrence; species: Viverridae
 Carnivora - Mustelidae
Sivaonyx ekecaman4 Werdelin 2003 otter
Enhydriodon sp. Falconer 1868 otter
originally entered as "Enhydrion sp."
 Macroscelidea - Rhynchocyonidae
Rhynchocyon sp. Peters 1847 elephant shrew
 Macroscelidea - Macroscelididae
Elephantulus sp. Thomas and Schwann 1906 elephant shrew
 Proboscidea - Deinotheriidae
Deinotherium bozasi Arambourg 1934 deinothere
KNM-KP 388, enamel fragments and postcranial elements; KNM-KP 393, axis (C2) vertebra; KNM-KP-401, l. M2e3 (Fig. 1a, b); KNM-KP 30152, l. m3 (Fig. 1c, d); KNM-KP 30557, partial molar (Harris et al., 2003); KNM-KP 58744, mandible; KNM-KP 59883, molar fragment
 Proboscidea - Gomphotheriidae
Anancus ultimus5 gomphothere
 Proboscidea - Elephantidae
Elephantidae indet.5 Gray 1821 elephant
KNM-KP 50801 (juvenile molar fragment), 56954 (molar fragment), 57008 (r. m1 distal fragment), 58647 (juvenile molar fragment), 58716 (molar fragment), 58741 (molar fragment), 58750 (molar fragment), 59927 (Half plate with three conelets), 59928 (middle phalanx), 59954 (molar fragmment), no number (partial molar)
Elephas ekorensis Maglio 1970 elephant
KNM-KP 382, r. dP4 fragment [Harris et al., 2003] or r. dP3 [Maglio, 1970]; KNM-KP 387, r. m3 [Harris et al., 2003] or partial r. M3 and M2 [Maglio, 1970]; KNM-KP 392, dp2 [Harris et al., 2003] or dP2 of L. adaurora [Maglio, 1970]; KNM-KP 395, m3 fragment [Harris et al., 2003] or partial l. M3 [Maglio, 1970]; KNM-KP 400, dentary with dp2 [Harris et al., 2003] or dp2 of L. adaurora [Maglio, 1970]; KNM-KP 409, l., r. dentary fragments and m2; KNM-KP 412, r. M2; KNM-KP 452, r. dP3; KNM-KP 452, r. dP3; KNM-KP 26956, l., r. dentary fragments with l., r. m1 and roots of dp4 (Fig. 4gei); KNM-KP 28442, l., r. dp3 fragments; KNM-KP 30169, l. dentary with dp2e3; KNM-KP 30170, l. dentary with symphysis and dp3; KNM- KP 30173, l. dentary with dp3 and fragments of unerupted dp4; KNM-KP 30175, mandible with l., r. dp3e4; KNM-KP 30197, juvenile cranium with l., r. dP2e4; KNM-KP 30198, l. dentary with m1e2; KNM-KP 30236, incomplete r. M3 (Fig. 8def); KNM-KP 30270, l., r. dP2e4 and tusk fragment eaten by a hyaena; KNM-KP 30404, l., r. dP3e4, cranial fragments; KNM-KP 30471, l. dentary with sym- physis, m2e3 (Fig. 8a, b); KNM-KP 30625, m1 fragment and partial unerupted m2; KNM-KP 32575, l. dentary with dp3e4; KNM-KP 38975, r. m3; KNM-KP 59930, two molar plates.
Loxodonta adaurora Maglio 1970 African elephant
KNM-KP 381, l., r. dentaries with partial l., r. m1 (Fig. 4d); KNM- KP 383, l., r. M3 (Fig. 4a, b), l. m3; KNM-KP 385 (type specimen), cranium with l., r. M3, mandible with l., r. m3 (Fig. 5def), and nearly complete skeleton; KNM-KP 386, l. M2; KNM-KP 389, M3 frag- ments (Harris et al., 2003) or incomplete r. M2 (Maglio, 1970); KNM-KP 390, r. M3; KNM-KP 391, r. dP4 (Maglio, 1970) or frag- mentary m1 (Harris et al., 2003); KNM-KP 394, radius and ulna; KNM-KP 396, r. dP3 (Maglio, 1970) or r. m2 (Harris et al., 2003); KNM-KP 397, femur, tibia, and fibula (Maglio and Ricca, 1977); KNM-KP 403, dentary with l. m2e3, pelvis and femur (Harris et al., 2003) or dentary with incomplete m2 (Maglio, 1970); KNM-KP 407, r. m3; KNM-KP 548, l. m3 fragments; KNM-KP 411, posterior r. M3 fragment and dP4 fragment; KNM-KP 28441, M2 fragment; KNM- KP 30150, p2 [almost certainly dp2], m2 or 3 talonid (Harris et al., 2003); KNM-KP 30188, r. maxilla with worn M3; KNM-KP 30189, l. M3 posterior fragment; KNM-KP 30191, left maxillary fragment with M3 (Fig. 4c); KNM-KP 30193, l. r. dentaries with r. m3 and fragments; KNM-KP 30204, cranium heavily damaged with l., r. M3; KNM-KP 30269, mandible with l., r. m2e3; KNM-KP 30436, p2 [almost certainly dp2] (Harris et al., 2003); KNM-KP 30596, dentary with ?m3; KNM-KP 30616, juvenile mandible in nearly perfect condition with l., r. p3, dp4 (not dp3e4 contra Harris et al., 2003) (Fig. 6aec); KNM-KP 30654, r. m3; KNM-KP 32542, adult mandible in good condition with l., r. partial m2 (Fig. 5aec), complete m3s with anterior ends emergent
Loxodonta exoptata5 Dietrich 1941 African elephant
KNM-KP 406, r. dentary fragment with partial m1e2 (Fig. 7a); KNM-KP 30611, r. dentary fragment with m2 (Fig. 7b); ?KNM-KP 30639, partial mandible with r. m1e2 and l. m2 in crypt; KNM-KP 59923, partial l. m1
Reptilia
 Testudines - Testudinidae
"Testudo cf. ammon" = Gigantochersina ammon, Geochelone sp.
"Testudo cf. ammon" = Gigantochersina ammon Andrews 1903 turtle
Geochelone sp. Fitzinger 1835 turtle
 Testudines - Trionychidae
Trionychidae indet. Gray 1825 softshell turtle
ETE occurrence; species: Trionychidae
 Testudines - Podocnemididae
Podocnemis sp. Wagler 1830 river turtle
 Crocodylia - Crocodylidae
Euthecodon sp. Fortau 1920 crocodile
Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni2 Brochu and Storrs 2012 crocodile