PBDB Collection

Spinagallo Cave (Pleistocene of Italy)

Where: Siracusa, Italy (37.0° N, 15.2° E: paleocoordinates 37.0° N, 15.2° E)

• coordinate estimated from map

• hand sample-level geographic resolution

When: Middle Pleistocene (0.8 - 0.1 Ma)

Environment/lithology: cave; unlithified, sandy breccia

Size classes: macrofossils, mesofossils

Collection methods: bulk, mechanical,

• The specimens are preserved in the Museo di Paleontologia dell'Università di Roma (MPUR) and in the Museo di Geologia e Paleontologia of the Torino University (MGPT), both in Italy

Primary reference: M. Pavia. 1999. The Middle Pleistocene avifauna of Spinagallo Cave (Sicily, Italy): preliminary report. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 89:125-127 [M. Clapham/M. Clapham]more details

Purpose of describing collection: taxonomic analysis

PaleoDB collection 175900: authorized by Marco Pavia, entered by Marco Pavia on 17.01.2016, edited by Matthew Clapham and Evangelos Vlachos

Creative Commons license: CC BY (attribution)

Taxonomic list

Show authors, comments, and common names

Reptilia
Testudines - Testudinidae	Testudo hermanni¹ Testudo hermanni¹ Gmelin 1789 Hermann's tortoise
Aves
Accipitriformes - Accipitridae	Accipiter gentilis, Accipiter nisus Accipiter gentilis Linnaeus 1758 northern goshawk Accipiter nisus Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian sparrowhawk
Pelecaniformes - Threskiornithidae	Geronticus eremita Geronticus eremita Linnaeus 1758 northern bald ibis
Passeriformes -	Passeriformes indet. Passeriformes indet. Linnaeus 1758 perching bird
Passeriformes - Corvidae	Corvidae indet., Pica pica, Pyrrhocorax graculus Corvidae indet. Vigors 1825 perching bird Pica pica Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian magpie Pyrrhocorax graculus Linnaeus 1766 yellow-billed chough
Passeriformes - Laniidae	Lanius senator Lanius senator Linnaeus 1758 woodchat shrike
Passeriformes - Turdidae	Turdus "sp. 1", Turdus "sp. 2" Turdus "sp. 1" Linnaeus 1758 true thrush Turdus "sp. 2" Linnaeus 1758 true thrush
Passeriformes - Prunellidae	Prunella modularis Prunella modularis Linnaeus 1758 hedge accentor
Passeriformes - Motacillidae	Anthus sp. Anthus sp. Bechstein 1805 perching bird
Passeriformes - Hirundinidae	Hirundo sp. Hirundo sp. Linnaeus 1758 swallow
Passeriformes - Alaudidae	Lullula arborea, Calandrella brachydactyla Lullula arborea Linnaeus 1758 wood lark Calandrella brachydactyla Leisler 1814 greater short-toed lark
Passeriformes - Fringillidae	Coccothraustes coccothraustes, Fringilla sp., Serinus sp., Carduelis sp., "Carduelis chloris" = Chloris chloris, Pyrrhula pyrrhula Coccothraustes coccothraustes Linnaeus 1758 hawfinch Fringilla sp. Linnaeus 1758 finch Fringilla coelebs/montifringilla Serinus sp. Koch 1816 finch Carduelis sp. Brisson 1760 finch "Carduelis chloris" = Chloris chloris Linnaeus 1758 European greenfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian bullfinch
Passeriformes - Muscicapidae	Oenanthe cf. hispanica, Monticola solitarius, Erithacus rubecula Oenanthe cf. hispanica Linnaeus 1758 black-eared wheatear Monticola solitarius Linnaeus 1758 blue rock-thrush Erithacus rubecula Linnaeus 1758 European robin
Passeriformes - Sylviidae	Sylvia sp. Sylvia sp. Scopoli 1769 perching bird
Passeriformes - Phylloscopidae	Phylloscopus sp. Phylloscopus sp. Boie 1826 leaf warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix/collybita
Passeriformes - Emberizidae	Emberiza "sp. 1", Emberiza "sp. 2", Emberiza "sp. 3" Emberiza "sp. 1" Linnaeus 1758 old world bunting Emberiza "sp. 2" Linnaeus 1758 old world bunting Emberiza "sp. 3" Linnaeus 1758 old world bunting
Passeriformes - Passeridae	Petronia petronia Petronia petronia Linnaeus 1766 rock petronia
Passeriformes - Sturnidae	Sturnus sp. Sturnus sp. Linnaeus 1756 starling
Anseriformes - Anatidae	Branta sp., Anser erythropus, Marmaronetta angustirostris, "Anas querquedula" = Spatula querquedula, "Anas penelope" = Mareca penelope Branta sp. Scopoli 1769 goose Anser erythropus Linnaeus 1758 lesser white-fronted goose Marmaronetta angustirostris Ménétriés 1832 marbled teal "Anas querquedula" = Spatula querquedula Linnaeus 1758 garganey "Anas penelope" = Mareca penelope Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian wigeon
Caprimulgiformes - Caprimulgidae	Caprimulgus cf. europaeus Caprimulgus cf. europaeus Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian nightjar
Caprimulgiformes - Apodidae	Apus sp., Apus melba Apus sp. Scopoli 1777 swift Apus apus/pallidus Apus melba Linnaeus 1758 alpine swift
Gruiformes - Gruidae	Grus sp. Grus sp. Brisson 1760 crane
Gruiformes - Rallidae	Rallus aquaticus Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus 1758 water rail
Piciformes - Picidae	Picus viridis, Dendrocopos leucotos Picus viridis Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian green woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos Bechstein 1802 white-backed woodpecker
Columbiformes - Columbidae	Columba livia, Columba palumbus, Streptopelia turtur Columba livia Gmelin 1789 rock pigeon Columba palumbus Linnaeus 1758 common wood-pigeon Streptopelia turtur Linnaeus 1758 European turtle-dove
Cuculiformes - Cuculidae	Cuculus canorus Cuculus canorus Linnaeus 1758 common cuckoo
Strigiformes - Tytonidae	Tyto mourerchauvireae n. sp.² Tyto mourerchauvireae n. sp.² Pavia 2004 barn owl
Strigiformes - Strigidae	cf. Surnia ulula, Asio otus, Otus scops, Aegolius martae³ cf. Surnia ulula Linnaeus 1758 northern hawk owl Asio otus Linnaeus 1758 long-eared owl Otus scops Linnaeus 1758 European scops-owl Aegolius martae³ Pavia 2008 true owl
Galliformes - Phasianidae	Coturnix coturnix Coturnix coturnix Linnaeus 1758 common quail
Charadriiformes - Scolopacidae	Scolopax rusticola Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian woodcock
Charadriiformes - Laridae	"Larus ridibundus" = Chroicocephalus ridibundus, "Larus minutus" = Hydrocoloeus minutus "Larus ridibundus" = Chroicocephalus ridibundus Linnaeus 1758 black-headed gull "Larus minutus" = Hydrocoloeus minutus Pallas 1776 little gull
Charadriiformes - Recurvirostridae	Recurvirostra avosetta Recurvirostra avosetta Linnaeus 1758 pied avocet
Falconiformes - Falconidae	Falco eleonorae, Falco subbuteo, Falco tinnunculus, Falco columbarius Falco eleonorae Gené 1839 Eleonora's falcon Falco subbuteo Linnaeus 1758 Eurasian hobby Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus 1758 Common kestrel Falco columbarius Linnaeus 1758 merlin
Reptilia
Squamata - Colubridae	Natrix sp.¹, Coluber cf. viridiflavus¹ Natrix sp.¹ Laurenti 1768 water snake Coluber cf. viridiflavus¹ Lacépède 1789 racer
Squamata - Lacertidae	Lacerta siculimelitensis¹, Lacerta sp.¹, Lacerta viridis¹ Lacerta siculimelitensis¹ squamates Lacerta sp.¹ Linnaeus 1758 squamates Lacerta viridis¹ Laurenti 1768 European green lizard
Amphibia
Salientia - Discoglossidae	Discoglossus cf. pictus¹ Discoglossus cf. pictus¹ Otth 1837 Painted frog
Salientia - Hylidae	Hyla cf. arborea¹ Hyla cf. arborea¹ Linnaeus 1758 tree frog
Salientia - Bufonidae	Bufo cf. viridis¹ Bufo cf. viridis¹ Laurenti 1768 European green toad

¹Holman 1998; ²Pavia 2004; ³Pavia 2008