Dmanisi: Early/Lower Pleistocene, Georgia
collected 1991, 1999, 2000, 2002 - 2004
List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
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unclassified
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Boiga cf. trigonata
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Kharabadze 1997 | |||||||||
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Parameriones cf. obeidiensis
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Dmanisibos georgicus
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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cf. Arvenoceros sp.
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Paleotraginae indet.
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Tcharinomys (Pusillomimus) sp.
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Vekua et al. 2002 | |||||||||
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Amphibia
- Temnospondyli
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Anura indet.
(Fischer von Waldheim 1813)
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Blain et al. 2014 | |||||||||
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Amphibia
- Temnospondyli
- Bufonidae
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Bufo cf. viridis
Laurenti 1768
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Blain et al. 2014 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Proboscidea
- Elephantidae
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Archidiskodon meridionalis
(Nesti 1825)
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= Mammuthus meridionalis
Nesti 1825
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Mustelidae
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Martes sp.
Frisch 1775
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Meles sp.
Brisson 1762
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Pannonictis sp.
Kormos 1931
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Lutra sp.
Brisson 1762
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Ursidae
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Ursus etruscus
Cuvier 1823
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Canidae
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Xenocyon lycaonoides
Kretzoi 1938
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Canis etruscus
Forsyth Major 1877
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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= Canis borjgali n. sp.
Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2020
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Vulpes alopecoides
Forsyth Major 1877
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Felidae
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Lynx issiodorensis
(Croizet and Jobert 1828)
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Acinonyx pardinensis
Croizet and Jobert 1828
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Panthera gombaszoegensis
(Kretzoi 1938)
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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= Panthera onca
Linnaeus 1758
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
| subsp. georgica | ||||||||||
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Homotherium crenatidens
Fabrini 1890
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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= Homotherium latidens
Owen 1846
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Megantereon cultridens
(Cuvier 1824)
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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= Megantereon whitei
Broom 1937
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Hyaenidae
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Pachycrocuta cf. perrieri
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= Pachycrocuta perrieri
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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= Pachycrocuta brevirostris
Gervais 1850
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Cervidae
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Praemegaceros obscurus
(Azzaroli 1953)
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
| original and current combination Cervus obscurus | ||||||||||
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Dama nestii
Azzaroli 1947
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
| recombined as Cervus nestii | ||||||||||
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Eucladoceros aff. senezensis
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
| "Eucladocerus aff. senezensis" | ||||||||||
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Cervus perrieri
Croizet and Jobert 1828
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| recombined as Praeelaphus perrieri | ||||||||||
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Mammalia
- Bovidae
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Gazella borbonica
|
Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Bison georgicus
|
Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Soergelia sp.
Schaub 1951
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Gallogoral meneghinii
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Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2022 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Equidae
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Equus cf. stenonis
Cocchi 1867
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= Equus stenonis
Cocchi 1867
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
| recombined as Allohippus stenonis | ||||||||||
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Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Rhinocerotidae
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Dicerorhinus etruscus
(Falconer 1868)
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| subspecies etruscus | ||||||||||
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= Stephanorhinus etruscus
Falconer 1868
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Vekua et al. 2002 | |||||||||
| subspecies etruscus | ||||||||||
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Mammalia
- Lagomorpha
- Ochotonidae
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Ochotona cf. largerli
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Lagomorpha
- Leporidae
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Hypolagus brachygnathus
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Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Cricetidae
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Kowalskia sp.
Fahlbusch 1969
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| synonym of Neocricetodon | ||||||||||
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Cricetus sp.
Leske 1779
|
Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Allocricetus bursae
|
Vekua et al. 2002 | |||||||||
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Mimomys informal reidi-pitymyoides group
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= Mimomys tornensis
|
Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Mimomys ostramosensis
|
Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Mimomys aff. pliocaenicus
(Forsyth Major 1889)
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Vekua et al. 2002 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Muridae
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Gerbillus sp.
Desmarest 1804
|
Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Apodemus dominans
|
Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Sciuridae
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Marmota sp.
Frisch 1775
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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Mammalia
- Primates
- Hominidae
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Homo erectus
(Dubois 1892)
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= Homo ex gr. ergaster
Groves and Mazak 1975
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Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
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= Homo cf. erectus
Dubois 1892
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Vekua et al. 2002 | |||||||||
| "provisionally" assigned to this species | ||||||||||
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= Homo georgicus n. sp.
Gabounia et al. 2002
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Gabounia et al. 2002 | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Lacertidae
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Lacerta cf. viridis
(Laurenti 1768)
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Blain et al. 2014 | |||||||||
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Reptilia
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Serpentes indet.
(Linnaeus 1758)
|
Blain et al. 2014 | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Colubridae
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Coluber najadum
|
Kharabadze 1997 | |||||||||
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Coluber schmidti
|
Kharabadze 1997 | |||||||||
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Coluber robertmertensi
Mlynarksi 1964
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Kharabadze 1997 | |||||||||
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Elaphe sp.
Wagler 1833
|
Kharabadze 1997 | |||||||||
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Natrix sp.
Laurenti 1768
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Blain et al. 2014 | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Crotalidae
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Daboia cf. raddei
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Kharabadze 1997 | |||||||||
| spelled with current rank as Vipera (Daboia) | ||||||||||
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Reptilia
- Testudines
- Testudinidae
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Testudo graeca
Linnaeus 1758
|
Blain et al. 2014 | |||||||||
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Reptilia
- Struthioniformes
- Struthionidae
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Struthio dmanisensis
|
Gabunia et al. 2000 | |||||||||
| see common names | ||||||||||
Geography
| Country: | Georgia |
| Coordinates: | 41.3° North, 44.2° East (view map) |
| Paleocoordinates: | 41.3° North, 45.0° East |
| Basis of coordinate: | based on political unit |
| Geographic resolution: | small collection |
Time
| Period: | Quaternary | Epoch: | Pleistocene |
| 10 m.y. bin: | Cenozoic 6 | ||
| Key time interval: | Early/Lower Pleistocene | ||
| Age range of interval: | 2.58000 - 0.77400 m.y. ago | ||
| Age estimate: | 1.805 ± 0.045 Ma (unknown)maximum 1.85 ± 0.01 Ma (K-Ar) |
Stratigraphy
| Stratigraphic resolution: | group of beds | ||||
| Stratigraphy comments: underlying Masavera Basalt was dated at 1.8 +/- 0.1 Ma (K-Ar) by Gabunia and Vekua 1995 and at 1.85 +/- 0.01 (40Ar/39Ar) by Gabunia et al. 2000 and is of normal polarity, so it correlates with the Olduvai Subchron; unit A also is normally polarized and assigned to the same subchron, whereas unit B and fossiliferous fissure fills in unit A are reversed and assigned to the following Matuyama Subchron (Gabunia et al. 2000) | |||||
Lithology and environment
| Primary lithology: | tuffaceous poorly lithified sandstone |
| Lithology description: "2.5 m of fossiliferous, volcaniclastic alluvium" consisting of units A (lower) and B (upper), with most fossils coming from fills in unit A that are "poorly lithified and distinctively different in color, texture, and primary structures from the surrounding unit A sediment" that consists of tuffaceous loamy sand (Gabunia et al. 2000) | |
| Environment: | fissure fill |
| Geology comments: "lens- to tunnel-shaped... intrusive fills within unit A strata that formed at the time of erosion of unit A deposits but before deposition of unit B... These structures probably formed by underground water movement or soil piping, which eroded subsurface tunnels and cavities" (Gabunia et al. 2000) | |
Taphonomy
| Modes of preservation: | body |
| Size of fossils: | macrofossils |
| Feeding/predation traces: | tooth marks |
Collection methods and comments
| Reason for describing collection: | taxonomic analysis | Collection dates: | 1991, 1999, 2000, 2002 - 2004 |
| Collection method comments: "over 2000 identifiable vertebrate fossils... and over 1000 stone artifacts" (Gabunia et al. 2000) | |
Metadata
| Also known as: | Dmanissi | ||
| Database number: | 56733 | ||
| Authorizer: | J. Head, E. Vlachos, J. Alroy, B. Allen | Enterer: | J. Head, E. Vlachos, J. Alroy, B. Allen |
| Modifier: | B. Allen | Research group: | vertebrate |
| Created: | 2005-11-23 13:36:51 | Last modified: | 2023-07-28 04:05:48 |
| Access level: | the public | Released: | 2005-11-23 13:36:51 |
| Creative Commons license: | CC BY | ||
Reference information
Primary reference:
| 25341. | L. Gabunia and A. Vekua. 1995. A Plio-Pleistocene hominid from Dmanisi, East Georgia, Caucasus. Nature 373:509-512 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy] |
Secondary references:
| 85450 | S. Bartolini-Lucenti, J. Madurell-Malapeira, B. Martínex-Navarro, O. Cirilli, L. Pandolfi, L. Rook, M. Bushkhianidze and D. Lordkipanidze. 2022. A comparative study of the Early Pleistocene carnivore guild from Dmanisi (Georgia). Journal of Human Evolution 162:103108 [B. Allen/B. Allen] | |
| 66565 | H.-A. Blain, J. Agusti, D. Lordkipanidze, L. Rook, and M. Delfino. 2014. Paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental context of the Early Pleistocene hominins from Dmanisi (Georgia, Lesser Caucasus) inferred from the herpetofaunal assemblage. Quaternary Science Reviews 105:136-150 [E. Vlachos/E. Vlachos] | |
| 25343 | L. Gabounia, M.-A. de Lumley, A. Vekua, D. Lordkipanidze, and H. Lumley. 2002. Découverte d'un nouvel hominidé à Dmanissi (Transcaucasie, Géorgie). Comptes Rendus Palevol 1(4):243-253 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
| 25340 | L. Gabunia, A. Vekua, D. Lordkipanidze, C. C. Swisher, III, R. Ferring, A. Justus, M. Nioradze, M. Tvalchrelidze, S. C. Antón, G. Bosinski, O. Jöris, M.-A. Lumley, Givi Majsuradze and Aleksander Mouskhelishvili. 2000. Earliest Pleistocene hominid cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: taxonomy, geological setting, and age. Science 288:1019-1025 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
| 15296 | E. Kharabadze. 1997. Fossil snake localities of the Caucasus. Bulletin of the Georgian Academy of Sciences 156(1):151-154 [J. Head/J. Head/J. Head] | |
| 25346 | D. Lordkipanidze, T. Jashashvili, A. Vekua, M. S. Ponce León, C. P. E. Zollikofer, G. P. Rightmire, H. Pontzer, R. Ferring, O. Oms, M. Tappen, M. Bukhsianidze, J. Agusti, R. Kahlke, G. Kiladze, B. Martinez-Navarro, A. Mouskhelishvili, M. Nioradze and L. Rook. 2007. Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Nature 449:305-310 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
| 25345 | D. Lordkipanidze, A. Vekua, R. Ferring, G. P. Rightmire, J. Agusti, G. Kiladze, A. Mouskhelishvili, M. Nioradze, M. S. Ponce León, M. Tappen, and C. P. E. Zollikofer. 2005. The earliest toothless hominin skull. Nature 434:717-718 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy] | |
| 25342 | A. Vekua, D. Lordkipanidze, G. P. Rightmire, J. Agusti, R. Ferring, G. Maisuradze, A. Mouskhelishvili, M. Nioradze, M. Ponce Leon, M. Tappen, M. Tvalchrelidze and C. Zollikofer. 2002. A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Science 297:85-89 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy] |