Khok Pha Suam: Aptian - Albian, Thailand
collected by S. Chandharukkha 1997–1999, 2005, 2021

List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
Reptilia
Shachemys sp. Kuznetsov 1976
Tong et al. 2009
    = Trionychoidae indet. Hay 1930
Manitkoon et al. 2021
Reptilia - Testudines
Kizylkumemys khoratensis Tong et al. 2005
Joyce 2014
Chelonia indet. (Latreille 1800)
Amiot et al. 2009 1 specimen
synonym of Testudines
Reptilia
Crocodilia indet. Owen 1842
Amiot et al. 2009 2 specimens
    = Neosuchia indet. Clark 1988
Manitkoon et al. 2021
Osteoderms and teeth
Reptilia - Goniopholididae
Goniopholididae indet. Cope 1875
Manitkoon et al. 2021
SM2021-1-112
Reptilia
Iguanodontidae indet. Bonaparte 1850
2 individuals
"teeth and postcranial bones"
    = Styracosterna indet. Sereno 1986
Samathi and Suteethorn 2022
UB1-A, partial adult skeleton; UBA-B, juvenile specimen
    = Iguanodontia indet. Baur 1891
Manitkoon et al. 2023
teeth and postcranial: cervical vertebra (PRC 155); dorsal vertebra (SM2021-1-113); proximal caudal vertebra (SM2021-1-114); distal caudal vertebrae (PRC 156, SM2021-1-115); chevron (PRC 157); metacarpal (SM2021-1-116); L femur (SM2021-1-117) (Fig. 3H); R femur (SM2021-1-118); tibia (SM2021-1-119); fibula (PRC 158); phalanx (SM2021-1-120)
Theropoda indet. (Marsh 1881)
Buffetaut et al. 2005 3 specimens
Reptilia - Spinosauridae
? Spinosauridae indet. Stromer 1915
3 specimens
teeth
    = Spinosauridae indet. Stromer 1915
Wongko et al. 2019
PM2016–1–003, PM2016–1– 004, and PM2016–1–005
Reptilia
Nemegtosauridae indet. Upchurch 1995
Buffetaut et al. 2002 1 specimen
teeth
    = Macronaria indet. Sereno 1997
Manitkoon et al. 2021
PRCMR315
Pterosauria indet. (Kaup 1834)
Manitkoon et al. 2021
PRCMR317 (Tooth)
Actinopteri - Semionotiformes - Semionotidae
Semionotidae indet. Woodward 1890
Cavin et al. 2009
thousands of scales
Actinopteri - Lepisosteiformes
Lepidotes sp. Agassiz 1832
Amiot et al. 2009 2 specimens
    = Lepisosteiformes indet. Hay 1929
Manitkoon et al. 2021
Lanxangichthys sp. Cavin et al. 2019
Cavin et al. 2019 2 specimens
An isolated infraorbital belonging to the seriesanterior to the orbit (PRC 65), and an indeterminate skullroof bone (PRC 66)
Sinamiidae
Sinamiidae indet. Berg 1940
Cavin et al. 2009 9 specimens
TF 8029-8032
    = cf. Siamamia sp. Cavin et al. 2007
Manitkoon et al. 2021
Chondrichthyes - Hybodontiformes - Hybodontidae
Heteroptychodus aff. steinmanni Yabe and Obata 1930
Cappetta et al. 2006
    = Heteroptychodus steinmanni Yabe and Obata 1930
Manitkoon et al. 2021
RCMR304
Heteroptychodus steinmanni Yabe and Obata 1930
Cuny et al. 2008
170 partial teeth: TF 7647-50, TF 7679,
Hybodus sp. Agassiz 1834
Cappetta et al. 2006
    = Hybodus aequitridentatus Cuny et al. 2008
Cuny et al. 2008
"Hybodus” aequitridentatus; TF 7645; PRCMR303
Thaiodus ruchae Cappetta et al. 1990
Cappetta et al. 2006
PRCMR301
Chondrichthyes - Hybodontiformes
Acrorhizodus khoratensis n. gen., n. sp. Cappetta et al. 2006
Cappetta et al. 2006
Holotype: SDRC 17; PRCMR305
unclassified
Khoratodus foreyi Cuny et al. 2008
Cuny et al. 2008
Holotype: TF 7680; PRCMR302
see common names

Geography
Country:Thailand State/province:Ubon Ratchathani County:Si Muang Mai
Coordinates: 15.2° North, 104.9° East (view map)
Paleocoordinates:16.0° North, 113.0° East
Basis of coordinate:based on nearby landmark
Altitude:123 meters
Geographic resolution:small collection
Time
Period:Cretaceous Epoch:Early/Lower Cretaceous
Key time interval:Aptian - Albian
Age range of interval:121.40000 - 100.50000 m.y. ago
Stratigraphy
Geological group:Khorat Formation:Khok Kruat
Stratigraphic resolution:bed
Lithology and environment
Primary lithology:brown,red claystone
Secondary lithology:"cross stratification",fine,medium,brown,red sandstone
Lithology description: "The deposits exposed at Khok Pha Suam locality are of reddish brown color, very thin to thin bedded claystone grading up to thin bedded siltstone interbedded with fine- to medium- grained sandstone. Sandstone beds are micro-crossbedded. A calcrete horizon (paleosol) has been found at the top of the succession."
Environment:fluvial indet.
Geology comments: "a meandering system deposit"
Taphonomy
Modes of preservation:body
Size of fossils:macrofossils,mesofossils
Disassociated major elements:some
Collection methods and comments
Collection methods:surface (in situ),field collection
Reason for describing collection:general faunal/floral analysis
Collectors:S. Chandharukkha Collection dates:1997–1999, 2005, 2021
Collection method comments: "The site was discovered by a local teacher, Mr. Skolwathn Chandharukkha, and has been explored between 1997 and 1999 by a Thai-French expedition led by the Department of Mineral Resources Thailand and Centre national de la recherche scientifique, France"
Metadata
Also known as:Khok Pa Suam
Database number:52346
Authorizer:M. Carrano, M. Bell, P. Mannion Enterer:M. Carrano, M. Bell, P. Mannion
Modifier:M. Carrano Research group:vertebrate
Created:2005-08-03 13:44:30 Last modified:2023-01-13 09:52:05
Access level:the public Released:2005-08-03 13:44:30
Creative Commons license:CC BY
Reference information

Primary reference:
31086.ETE E. Buffetaut, V. Suteethorn, H. Tong, Y. Chaimanee, and S. Khansubha. 1997. New dinosaur discoveries in the Jurassic and Cretaceous of northeastern Thailand. Proceedings of the International Conference on Stratigraphy and Tectonic Evolution of Southeast Asia and the South Pacific, 19-24 August 1997, Bangkok 177-187 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano]

Secondary references:

30939ETE R. Amiot, E. Buffetaut, C. Lécuyer, V. Fernandez, F. Fourel, F. Martineau, and V. Suteethorn. 2009. Oxygen isotope composition of continental vertebrate apatites from Mesozoic formations of Thailand; environmental and ecological significance. In E. Buffetaut, G. Cuny, J. Le Loeuff, V. Suteethorn (eds.), Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. The Geological Society of London, Special Publication 315:271-283 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
43669 R. Amiot, X. Wang, Z. Zhou, X. Wang, E. Buffetaut, C. Lécuyer, Z. Ding, F. Fluteau, T. Hibino, N. Kusuhashi, J. Mo, V. Suteethorn, Y. Wang, X. Xu, and F. Zhang. 2011. Oxygen isotopes of East Asian dinosaurs reveal exceptionally cold Early Cretaceous climates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(13):5179-5183 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
36763ETE E. Buffetaut. 1998. The succession of dinosaur assemblages in Thailand. In A. M. G. de Carvalho, A. M. Andrade, V. F. dos Santos, J. Cascalho, R. Taborda, (eds.), I Encontro Internacional sobre Paleobiologia dos Dinossáurios. Museu Nacional de História Natural, Lisboa 89-97 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
14080ETE E. Buffetaut and V. Suteethorn. 1998. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from Thailand and their bearing on the early evolution and biostratigraphical history of some groups of Cretaceous dinosaurs. In S. G. Lucas, J. I. Kirkland, and J. W. Estep (eds.), Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 14:205-210 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
31132ETE E. Buffetaut, V. Suteethorn, J. Le Loeuff, G. Cuny, H. Tong and S. Khansubha. 2002. A review of the sauropod dinosaurs of Thailand. The Symposium on Geology of Thailand, Bangkok, 26-31 August 2002 95-101 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
31069ETE E. Buffetaut, V. Suteethorn, J. Le Loeuff, S. Khansubha, H. Tong and K. Wongko. 2005. The dinosaur fauna from the Khok Kruat Formation (Early Cretaceous) of Thailand. International Conference on Geology, Geotechnology and Mineral Resources of Indochina (GEOINDO 2005), 28-30 November 2005, Khon Kaen, Thailand 575-581 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
45597 H. Cappetta, E. Buffetaut, G. Cuny and V. Suteethorn. 2006. A new elasmobranch assemblage from the Lower Cretaceous of Thailand. Palaeontology 49(3):547-555 [M. Bell/M. Bell]
30931ETE L. Cavin, U. Deesri, and V. Suteethorn. 2009. The Jurassic and Cretaceous bony fish record (Actinopterygii, Dipnoi) from Thailand. In E. Buffetaut, G. Cuny, J. Le Loeuff, V. Suteethorn (eds.), Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. The Geological Society of London, Special Publication 315:125-139 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
83630 L. Cavin, U. Deesri, M. Veran, B. Khentavonge, P. Jintasakulf, P. Chanthasitg, and R. Allain. 2019. A new Lepisosteiformes (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi) from the Early Cretaceous of Laos and Thailand, SE Asia. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17(5):593-407 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
30537 G. Cuny, V. Suteethorn, S. Kamha and E. Buffetaut. 2008. Hybodont sharks from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation of Thailand, and hybodont diversity during the Early Cretaceous. Geological Society Special Publications 295:93-107 [J. Alroy/J. Alroy/J. Alroy]
63405 W. G. Joyce. 2014. A Review of the Fossil Record of Turtles of the Clade Pan-Carettochelys. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 55(1):3-33 [P. Mannion/P. Mannion]
80952 S. Manitkoon, U. Deesri, K. Lauprasert, P. Warapeang, T. Nonsrirach, A. Nilpanapan, K. Wongko and P. Chanthasit. 2021. Fossil assemblage from the Khok Pha Suam locality of northeastern, Thailand: an overview of vertebrate diversity from the Early Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation (Aptian-Albian). Fossil Record 25(1):83-98 [P. Mannion/P. Mannion]
83628 S. Manitkoon, U. Deesri, P. Warapeang, T. Nonsrirach, and P. Chanthasit. 2023. Ornithischian dinosaurs in Southeast Asia: a review with palaeobiogeographic implications. Fossil Record 26(1):1-25 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
80583 A. Samathi and S. Suteethorn. 2022. New materials of iguanodontians (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Lower Cretaceous Khok Kruat Formation, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. Zootaxa 5094(2):301-320 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
30932ETE H. Tong, J. Claude, V. Suteethorn, W. Naksri, and E. Buffetaut. 2009. Turtle assemblages of the Khorat Group (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) of NE Thailand and their palaeobiogeographical significance. In E. Buffetaut, G. Cuny, J. Le Loeuff, V. Suteethorn (eds.), Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. The Geological Society of London, Special Publication 315:141-152 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
80817 K. Wongko, E. Buffetaut, S. Khamha and K. Lauprasert. 2019. Spinosaurid theropod teeth from the red beds of the Khok Kruat Formation (Early Cretaceous) in northeastern Thailand. Tropical Natural History 19(1):8-20 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano]
83328 K. Wongko, K. Lauprasert, E. Buffetaut, S. Suteethorn, and V. Suteethorn. 2011. The palaeoenvironment of the spinosaurid‐bearing strata in the Khok Kruat Formation from northeastern Thailand. In A. van der Geer & A. Athanassiou (ed.), European Association of Vertebrate Palaeontologists, 9th Annual Meeting, Program and Abstracts 62 [M. Carrano/M. Carrano/M. Carrano]