Montagnola Senese, near Siena, Tuscany: Early/Lower Pleistocene, Italy
List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
unclassified
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Chondrina similis
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Eobania vermiculata
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Gastropoda
- Pomatiidae
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Pomatias elegans
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Gastropoda
- Heterostropha
- Limacidae
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Limax sp.
Linnaeus 1758
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Gastropoda
- Heterostropha
- Achatinidae
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Rumina decollata
(Linnaeus 1758)
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Gastropoda
- Discidae
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Discus rotundatus
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Amphibia
- Temnospondyli
- Discoglossidae
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Discoglossidae indet.
Günther 1859
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predominante. | ||||||||||
= Discoglossus sp.
Otth 1837
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Holman 1998 | |||||||||
Amphibia
- Temnospondyli
- Hylidae
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Hyla sp.
Laurenti 1768
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Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Gliridae
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Muscardinus sp.
Kaup 1829
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1 specimen | |||||||||
1 incomplete mandible. | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Muridae
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Apodemus ex gr. alsomyoides
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15 specimens | |||||||||
Apodemus del gruppo alsomyoides-mystacinus. 15 incomplete mandibles. | ||||||||||
= Apodemus mystacinus
Danford and Alston 1877
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Kotsakis et al. 2003 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Cricetidae
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Mimomys savini
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39 specimens | |||||||||
1 mandible fragment, 10 lower M1, 7 lower M2, 7 upper M1, 6 upper M2, 3 upper M3, three proximal ulnae and 2 fragments of zygomatic arch. | ||||||||||
= Mimomys sp.
Forsyth-Major 1902
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Kotsakis et al. 2003 | |||||||||
large size. | ||||||||||
Mimomys pitymyoides
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Kotsakis et al. 2003 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Lagomorpha
- Leporidae
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Oryctolagus cuniculus
(Linnaeus 1758)
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46 specimens | |||||||||
5 lower incisors, 8 maxillae, 20 mandibles, 1 scapula, 1 proximal and 1 distal humerus, 2 proximal ulnae, 1 distal radius, 1 incomplete cervical vertebra, 1 pelvis, 1 distal femur, 1 incomplete calcaneum, plus metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges. | ||||||||||
= Oryctolagus lacosti
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Kotsakis et al. 2003 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Lagomorpha
- Ochotonidae
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Prolagus sardus
Wagner 1829
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37 specimens | |||||||||
5 mandibles, 1 cranium, 13 lower P3, 4 lower I1, 5 upper I1, 2 humerii, 3 radii, 2 ulnae, 1 femur plus metacarpals and metatarsals. | ||||||||||
= Prolagus sp.
Pomel 1853
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Kotsakis et al. 2003 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Soricidae
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Sorex minutus
Linnaeus 1766
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1 specimen | |||||||||
1 mandible. | ||||||||||
= Sorex bor
Reumer 1984
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Kotsakis et al. 2003 | |||||||||
Crocidura suaveolens
(Pallas 1811)
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1 specimen | |||||||||
1 mandible fragment with M1 and M3. | ||||||||||
= Crocidura kornfeldi
Kormos 1934
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Kotsakis et al. 2003 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Talpidae
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Talpa fossilis
Petenyi 1864
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11 specimens | |||||||||
4 humerii, 2 radii, 3 ulnae, 2 mandible fragments. | ||||||||||
= Talpa minor
Freudenberg 1914
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Kotsakis et al. 2003 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Chiroptera
- Vespertilionidae
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Myotis ex gr. schaubi
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4 specimens | |||||||||
Myotis del gruppo schaubi-rapax. 4 incomplete mandibles. | ||||||||||
Myotis sp.
Kaup 1829
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3 specimens | |||||||||
3 fragmentary mandibles. | ||||||||||
Myotis oxygnathus
Monticelli 1885
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7 specimens | |||||||||
1 maxilla with P4-P3, 4 mandible fragments, 1 upper canine, 1 lower canine. | ||||||||||
= Myotis blythi
Tomes 1857
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Kotsakis et al. 2003 | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Chiroptera
- Molossidae
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? Tadarida sp.
Rafinesque 1814
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1 specimen | |||||||||
1 mandible fragment with M2-M3. | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Rhinocerotidae
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Dicerorhinus etruscus
(Falconer 1868)
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7 specimens | |||||||||
recombined as Stephanorhinus etruscus | ||||||||||
1 lower P2, 1 upper P4 (both deciduous), 2 lower P3, and 2 lower M2. 1 incomplete tooth row. | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Equidae
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Equus caballus
Linnaeus 1758
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2 specimens | |||||||||
1 deciduous P3, 1 fragmentary upper P3. | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Cervidae
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Capreolus sp.
Gray 1821
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2 specimens | |||||||||
1 second phalanx, 1 distal tibia. | ||||||||||
Cervus sp.
Linnaeus 1758
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8 specimens | |||||||||
6 teeth, 2 first phalanges. | ||||||||||
Dama sp.
Frisch 1775
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23 specimens | |||||||||
7 isolated teeth, 1 proximal radius, 1 distal ulna, 2 scaphoids, 2 trapezoids, 3 metapodial condyles, 1 second and 2 third phalanges, 1 distal femur and 1 distal tibia, 1 calcaneum and 1 incomplete astragalus. | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Bovidae
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Bovidae indet.
Gray 1821
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1 specimen | |||||||||
1 distal first phalanx. | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Felidae
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Panthera sp.
Oken 1816
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7 specimens | |||||||||
1 astragalus, 1 proximal 3rd metatarsal, 1 distal 4th metatarsal, 2 second phalanges, 1 proximal femur, 1 mandibular fragment. | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Ursidae
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Ursus ex gr. etruscus
Cuvier 1823
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3 specimens | |||||||||
Ursus del gruppo etruscus-arctos. 1 lower M1, 1 distal epiphysis of a 4th metacarpal, 1 mandibular canine. | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Canidae
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Canis sp.
Linnaeus 1758
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2 specimens | |||||||||
lower I2 and I3. | ||||||||||
Reptilia
- Testudines
- Testudinidae
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Testudo sp.
Linnaeus 1758
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carapace fragments. | ||||||||||
Reptilia
- Colubridae
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Colubridae indet.
Oppel 1811
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numerous vertebrae. | ||||||||||
Reptilia
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Aves indet.
Linnaeus 1758
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numerous examples of indeterminate small and medium birds. | ||||||||||
Reptilia
- Sauria
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Sauria indet.
MacCartney 1802
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4 specimens | |||||||||
2 types, Sauri gen. e sp. indet. 1 maxilla fragment and 3 incomplete mandibles. | ||||||||||
see common names |
Geography
Country: | Italy | State/province: | Tuscany |
Coordinates: | 43.3° North, 11.3° East (view map) | ||
Paleocoordinates: | 43.3° North, 11.3° East | ||
Basis of coordinate: | based on nearby landmark | ||
Altitude: | 600 meters |
Time
Period: | Quaternary | Epoch: | Pleistocene |
10 m.y. bin: | Cenozoic 6 | ||
Key time interval: | Early/Lower Pleistocene | ||
Age range of interval: | 2.58800 - 0.78100 m.y. ago |
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy comments: Late Villanyian, Early Pleistocene. |
Lithology and environment
Lithology description: Lower part of the cave contains terra rossa friabile. There is also some more compact breccia. | |
Environment: | cave |
Taphonomy
Size of fossils: | macrofossils,mesofossils |
Collection methods and comments
Collection methods: | sieve | ||
Minimum sieve size: | 1.000 | Maximum sieve size: | 0.500 |
Reason for describing collection: | taxonomic analysis | ||
Collection method comments: Friable Terra rossa sieved through 1 to 0.5mm sieves. Hardened breccia dissolved using 85% 'acido formico'. Material held in the Instituto di Geologia e Paleontologia di Siena, with some in the private collections of F. Filippini and G. Maccherini. |
Metadata
Database number: | 51778 | ||
Authorizer: | A. Turner, E. Vlachos | Enterer: | H. O'Regan, E. Vlachos |
Modifier: | H. O'Regan | Research group: | PACED |
Created: | 2005-06-17 04:04:19 | Last modified: | 2005-06-17 07:09:32 |
Access level: | the public | Released: | 2005-06-17 04:04:19 |
Creative Commons license: | CC BY |
Reference information
Primary reference:
13786. | PACED | R. Fondi. 1972. Fauna Cromeriana della Montagnola Senese. Palaeontographia Italica 68:1-27 [A. Turner/H. O'Regan/H. O'Regan] |
Secondary references:
66368 | J. A. Holman. 1998. Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in Britain and Europe. Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 1-265 [E. Vlachos/E. Vlachos/E. Vlachos] | |
13182 | PACED | T. Kotsakis, L. Abbazzi, C. Angelone, P. Argenti, G. Barisone, F. Fanfari, F. Marcolini and F. Masini. 2003. Plio-Pleistocene biogeography of Italian mainland micromammals. Deinsea 10:313-342 [A. Turner/H. O'Regan/H. O'Regan] |