Sohl and Koch OFR # 46: Late/Upper Maastrichtian, Mississippi

List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
Demospongiae - Clavulina - Clionaidae
Cliona sp.
Clione sp.
Anthozoa - Scleractinia - Micrabaciidae
Micrabacia sp. Milne-Edwards 1849
Micrabacia spp.
unclassified
Vertebrata indet. Lamarck 1801
Otolith
Echinoidea - Cassiduloida
Hardouinia mortoni
corrected as Harduinia
Hardouinea mortoni (Michelin)
Echinoidea - Spatangoida - Schizasteridae
Linthia variabilis Slocom 1909
Linthia variabilis Slocum
Echinoidea - Spatangoida - Hemiasteridae
Hemiaster sp. Agassiz and Desor 1847
Hemiaster sp.
Bivalvia - Nuculanida - Nuculanidae
Nuculana whitfieldi
25 specimens
Nuculana whitfieldi (Gardner)
Bivalvia - Nuculanida - Malletiidae
Malletia longfrons
3 specimens
Malletia longfrons (Conrad)
Bivalvia - Nuculida - Nuculidae
Nucula percrassa
186 specimens
Nucula percrassa Conrad
Nucula amica Gardner 1916
1 specimen
Nucula amica Gardner
Nucula cuneifrons (Conrad 1860)
10 specimens
original and current combination Nucula cunifrons
Nucula cunifrons Conrad
Bivalvia - Trigoniida - Megatrigoniidae
Pterotrigonia (Scabrotrigonia) angulicostata
9 specimens
Pterotrigonia (Scabrotrigonia) ang
Pterotrigonia (Scabrotrigonia) eufaulensis (Gabb 1860)
11 specimens
Pterotrigonia (Scabrotrigonia) euf
Bivalvia - Carditida - Carditidae
Vetericardiella crenalirata
1 specimen
Vetericardiella crenalirata (Conra
Bivalvia - Carditida - Crassatellidae
Crassatella vadosa Morton 1834
323 specimens
Crassatella vadosa vadosa Morton
Bathytormus pteropsis (Conrad 1860)
2 specimens
Bathytormus pteropsis (Conrad)
Scambula perplana Conrad 1869
2 specimens
Scambula perplana Conrad
Bivalvia - Hiatellida - Hiatellidae
Panopea monmouthensis
11 specimens
Panopea monmouthensis Gardner
Bivalvia - Solenida - Pharidae
Leptosolen biplicata (Conrad 1858)
64 specimens
Leptosolen biplicata (Conrad)
Bivalvia - Pholadida - Pholadidae
Clavipholas pectorosa
14 specimens
Claripholas pectorosa (Conrad)
Bivalvia - Pholadida - Corbulidae
Corbula torta
11 specimens
Corbula torta Stephenson
Caestocorbula (Parmicorbula) sp. Vincent 1910
45 specimens
Caesticorbula (Parmicorbula) sp. - originally entered as "Caesticorbula sp."
Caestocorbula (Parmicorbula) suffalciata
59 specimens
Caesticorbula (Parmicorbula) suffa - originally entered as "Caesticorbula suffalciata"
Caestocorbula (Caesticorbula) crassaplica Vincent 1910
2 specimens
Caesticorbula (Caesticorbula) cras - originally entered as "Caesticorbula crassaplica"
Bivalvia - Cardiida - Glossidae
Glossus sp. Poli 1795
1 specimen
Glossus sp.
Bivalvia - Cardiida - Arcticidae
Tenea parilis
55 specimens
Tenea parilis Conrad
Veniella conradi Morton 1833
57 specimens
Veniella conradi (Morton)
Bivalvia - Cardiida - Mactridae
Cymbophora ? lintea
10 specimens
Cymbophora lintea Conrad? - originally entered as "Cymbophora lintea ?"
Bivalvia - Cardiida - Anatinellidae
Anatina cf. jerseyensis
4 specimens
Anatina cf. jerseyensis Weller - originally entered as "Anatina cf. jerseyensis"
Bivalvia - Cardiida - Veneridae
Cyprimeria alta
34 specimens
Cyprimeria alta Conrad
Cyprimeria depressa
55 specimens
Cyprimeria depressa Conrad
Aphrodina (Aphrodina) tippana
1 specimen
Aphrodina (Aphrodina) tippana (Con
Legumen ellipticum
68 specimens
Legumen ellipticum Conrad
Cyclorisma parva
16 specimens
Cyclorisma parva (Gardner)
Bivalvia - Cardiida - Tellinidae
Aenona eufaulensis Conrad 1860
38 specimens
Aenona eufaulensis (Conrad)
Linearia metastriata
15 specimens
original and current combination Linearis
Linearia metastriata Conrad
Linearia pectinis
3 specimens
original and current combination Linearis
Linearia pectinis Stephenson
Solyma sp. Conrad 1870
15 specimens
Solyma ? sp.
Liothyris cf. carolinensis Conrad 1875
2 specimens
Liothyris cf. L. carolinensis (Con - originally entered as "Liothyris cf. carolinensis"
Bivalvia - Cardiida - Cardiidae
Trachycardium eufaulensis (Conrad 1860)
1 specimen
Trachycardium eufaulensis (Conrad)
Granocardium (Granocardium) sp. (Gabb 1869)
10 specimens
synonym of Trachycardium
Granocardium (Granocardium) sp.
Granocardium (Granocardium) tippananum
18 specimens
synonym of Trachycardium
Granocardium (Granocardium) tippan
Protocardia (Brevicardium) fragile (Stephenson 1941)
9 specimens
Protocardium (Brevicardium) fragil - originally entered as "Protocardium fragile"
Protocardia (Pachycardium) spillmani
45 specimens
Protocardium (Pachycardium) spillm - originally entered as "Protocardium spillmani"
Bivalvia - Pholadomyida - Pholadomyidae
Pholadomya (Pholadomya) occidentalis Morton
19 specimens
Pholadomya (Pholadomya) occidental
Pholadomya (Pholadomya) sp. Sowerby 1823
3 specimens
Pholadomya (Pholadomya) sp.
Bivalvia - Poromyida - Poromyidae
Cymella bella
1 specimen
Cymella bella Conrad
Liopistha protexta Conrad 1853
88 specimens
Liopistha protexta Conrad
Bivalvia - Pandorida - Laternulidae
Periplomya applicata
2 specimens
Periplomya applicata Conrad
Anatimya postsulcata
1 specimen
Anatymya postsulcata Conrad - originally entered as "Anatymya postsulcata"
Anatimya anteradiata (Conrad 1860)
8 specimens
Anatymya anteradiata Conrad - originally entered as "Anatymya anteradiata"
Plectomya sp. Loriol 1868
3 specimens
Plectomya sp.
Laternula ? robusta
Laternula ? robusta Stephenson - originally entered as "Laternula ? robusta"
Bivalvia - Thraciida - Thraciidae
? Thracia sp. Blainville 1824
1 specimen
Thracia ? sp. - originally entered as "Thracia ? sp."
Bivalvia - Lucinida - Mactromyidae
Unicardium concentricum
1 specimen
Unicardium concentricum (Conrad)
Bivalvia - Myoida
Eufistulina ripleyana
50 specimens
original and current combination Eufistulana
Eufistulana ripleyana (Stephenson) - originally entered as "Eufistulana ripleyana"
Bivalvia - Mytilida - Crenellidae
Crenella elegantula Meek and Hayden 1862
10 specimens
Crenella elegantula Meek & Hayden
Crenella serica Conrad 1860
3 specimens
Crenella serica Conrad
Bivalvia - Mytilida - Mytilidae
Modiolus sedesclaris
1 specimen
Modiolus sedesclaris Gardner
Lycettia tippanus
10 specimens
Lycettia tippanus (Conrad)
Inoperna sp. Conrad 1873
1 specimen
Inoperna sp.
Brachidontes sp. n. sp. Swainson 1840
3 specimens
Brachidontes n. sp. - originally entered as "Brachidontes n. sp."
Botula carolinensis
4 specimens
Botula carolinensis (Conrad)
Bivalvia - Arcida - Glycymerididae
Glycymeris cf. rotundata
3 specimens
Glycymeris cf. G. rotundata (Gabb) - originally entered as "Glycymeris cf. rotundata"
Postligata wordeni
8 specimens
Postligata wordeni Gardner
Bivalvia - Arcida - Cucullaeidae
Cucullaea (Idonearca) capax Conrad 1858
52 specimens
recombined as Idonearca capax
Cucullaea (Idonearca) capax Conrad
Bivalvia - Arcida - Parallelodontidae
Nemodon eufaulensis
16 specimens
Nemodon eufaulensis (Gabb) [entered as Nemodon eufaulensis]
Bivalvia - Arcida - Arcidae
Striarca saffordi
27 specimens
Striarca saffordi (Gardner) non Gab
Bivalvia - Pectinida - Pectinidae
Pecten sp. Müller 1776
2 specimens
Pecten sp.
Camptonectes (Camptonectes) bubonis (Stephenson 1941)
38 specimens
Camptonectes (Camptonectes) bubonis (
Bivalvia - Pectinida - Entoliidae
Syncyclonema simplicius
90 specimens
Syncylonema simplicus (Conrad) - originally entered as "Syncylonema simplicius"
Bivalvia - Pectinida - Anomiidae
Anomia (Anomia) argentaria Morton 1833
97 specimens
Anomia (Anomia) argentaria Morton
Bivalvia - Pectinida - Limidae
Lima (Lima) reticulata Forbes 1845
3 specimens
recombined as Lima reticulata
Lima (Lima) reticulata Lyell & For
Lima (Lima) acutilineata Conrad 1858
15 specimens
recombined as Limatula acutilineata
Lima (Lima) acutilineata Conrad
Bivalvia - Ostreida - Pinnidae
Pinna (Pinna) laqueata Conrad 1858
20 specimens
Pinna (Pinna) laqueata Conrad
Bivalvia - Ostreida - Pteriidae
Pteria sp. Scopoli 1777
1 specimen
Pteria sp.
Bivalvia - Ostreida - Bakevelliidae
Gervillia sp. n. sp. Defrance 1820
14 specimens
Gervillia n. sp. (thin and elongat - originally entered as "Gervillia n. sp."
Gervillia ensiformis Conrad 1858
26 specimens
recombined as Gervilliopsis ensiformis
Gervillia ensiformis (Conrad)
Bivalvia - Ostreida - Ostreidae
Ostrea plumosa Morton 1833
25 specimens
Ostrea plumosa Morton
Cubitostrea tecticosta (Gabb 1860)
107 specimens
Cubitostrea tecticosta (Gabb)
Exogyra costata (Say 1820)
33 specimens
original and current combination Exogyra (Exogyra) costata
Exogyra costata Say
Bivalvia - Myalinida - Inoceramidae
Tenuipteria argenteus
79 specimens
Tenuiptereus argenteus (Conrad)
Inoceramus (Inoceramus) sp. Sowerby 1814
1 specimen
Inoceramus (Inoceramus) sp.
Scaphopoda - Gadilida - Gadilidae
Cadulus obnutus
1 specimen
Cadulus obnutus (Conrad)
Scaphopoda - Dentaliida - Dentaliidae
Dentalium sp. Linnaeus 1758
4 specimens
Dentalium sp. (ribbed)
Dentalium leve Stephenson 1923
8 specimens
Dentalium leve Stephenson
Dentalium leve Stephenson 1923
8 specimens
Dentalium leve Stephenson
Gastropoda - Siphonariidae
Anisomyon sp. Meek and Hayden 1860
3 specimens
Anisomyon? sp.
Gastropoda - Opisthobranchia - Scaphandridae
Ellipsoscapha mortoni Forbes 1845
1 specimen
Ellipsoscapha mortoni (Forbes)
Gastropoda - Opisthobranchia - Cylichnidae
Cylichna diversilirata Sohl 1964
5 specimens
Cylichna diversilirata Sohl
Cylichna incisa Stephenson 1941
1 specimen
Cylichna incisa Stephenson
Gastropoda - Opisthobranchia - Bullidae
? Bulla sp. Linnaeus 1758
2 specimens
Bulla? sp. - originally entered as "Bulla ? sp."
Bullopsis cretacea Conrad 1858
116 specimens
Bullopsis cretacea (Conrad)
Gastropoda - Neritidae
Neritina ? densata
1 specimen
Neritina ? densata Conrad - originally entered as "Neritina ? densata"
Gastropoda - Neotaenioglossa - Calyptraeidae
Thylacus cretaceus Conrad 1860
1 specimen
Thylacus cretaceus Conrad
Gastropoda - Neotaenioglossa
Anteglossia sp. (Vokes 1948)
1 specimen
original and current combination Anteglosia
Anteglosia sp. - originally entered as "Anteglosia sp."
Gastropoda - Turritellidae
Turritella chalybeatensis
7 specimens
Turritella chalybeatensis Sohl
Turritella (Sohlitella) trilira (Conrad 1860)
3 specimens
original and current combination Turritella trilira
Turritella (Sohlitella) trilira (C
Turritella vertebroides Morton 1834
6 specimens
Turritella vertebroides Morton
Turritella tippana Conrad 1858
38 specimens
Turritella tippana Conrad
Trobus buboanus
1 specimen
Trobus buboanus Stephenson
Gastropoda - Pickworthiidae
Urceolabrum sp. Wade 1916
1 specimen
Urceolabrum sp.
Gastropoda - Potamididae
Dircella spillmani
4 specimens
Dircella spillmani (Conrad)
Gastropoda - Acteoninidae
Eoacteon linteus (Conrad 1858)
7 specimens
Ecoacteon linteus (Conrad) - originally entered as "Ecoacteon linteus"
Gastropoda - Aporrhaidae
Pterocerella sp. Meek 1864
1 specimen
Pterocerella sp.
Pterocerella tippana
15 specimens
Pterocerella tippana (Conrad)
Pugnellus (Pugnellus) densatus
48 specimens
Pugnellus (Pugnellus) densatus Con
Pugnellus (Pugnellus) goldmani
2 specimens
Pugnellus (Pugnellus) goldmani Gar
Helicaulax formosa
9 specimens
Helicaulax formosa Stephenson
Graciliala decemlirata Conrad 1858
2 specimens
Graciliala decemlirata Conrad
Arrhoges (Latiala) sp. (Gabb 1868)
1 specimen
Arrhoges (Latiala) sp.
Anchura sp. Conrad 1860
1 specimen
Anchura sp.
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda
Neogastropoda indet. Thiele 1929
1 specimen
Neogastropods indeterminate
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Pholidotomidae
Morea transenna Stephenson 1955
6 specimens
Morea transenna Stephenson
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Volutidae
Parafusus saffordi (Sohl 1964)
1 specimen
Parafus saffordi Sohl
Myobarbum laevigatum Sohl 1963
1 specimen
Myobarbum laevigatum Sohl
Liopeplum rugosum Stephenson 1955
7 specimens
Liopeplum rugosum Stephenson
Liopeplum cretaceum Conrad 1858
7 specimens
Liopeplum cretaceum (Conrad)
Liopeplum canalis Conrad 1858
9 specimens
Liopeplum canalis (Conrad)
Volutomorpha cf. retifera Dall 1907
2 specimens
Volutomorpha cf. V. retifera Dall - originally entered as "Volutomorpha cf. retifera"
Volutomorpha aspera Dall 1907
2 specimens
'Volutomorpha' aspera Dall
Longoconcha dalli Stephenson 1941
1 specimen
Longoconcha dalli Stephenson?
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Harpidae
Eoharpa sinuosa Stephenson 1955
1 specimen
Eoharpa sinuosa Stephenson
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Muricidae
Lowenstamia cucullata Sohl 1964
1 specimen
recombined as Sohliina cucullata
Lowenstamia cucullata Sohl
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Paladmetidae
Paladmete cancellaria Conrad 1858
14 specimens
Paladmete cancellaria (Conrad)
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Cancellariidae
Caveola acuta Wade 1926
5 specimens
Caveola acuta speciosa Sohl
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Turbinellidae
Napulus octoliratus Conrad 1858
7 specimens
Napulus octoliratus Conrad
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Moreidae
Hercorhynchus (Haplovoluta) quadriliratus
6 specimens
Hercorhyncus (Haplovoluta) quadril - originally entered as "Hercorhyncus quadriliratus"
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Turridae
Fusimilis novemcostatus Conrad 1858
4 specimens
Fusimilis novemcostatus (Conrad)
Gemmula cretacea Sohl 1964
2 specimens
Gemmula cretacea Sohl
Remnita anomalocostata Wade 1926
4 specimens
Remnita anomalocostata (Wade)
Beretra ripleyana Conrad 1858
4 specimens
Beretra ripleyana (Conrad)
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Pyropsidae
Pyropsis sp. (Conrad 1860)
2 specimens
Pyropsis spp.
Pyropsis prolixa Sohl 1964
8 specimens
Pyropsis prolixa Sohl
Gastropoda - Neogastropoda - Olividae
Ancilla (Ancillus) acutula (Stephenson 1941)
12 specimens
recombined as Ancillus acutula
Ancilla (Ancillus) acutula (Stephe
Gastropoda - Perissityidae
Ornopsis (Pornosis) modica Sohl 1964
1 specimen
Ornopsis (Pornosis) modica laevis
Buccinopsis crassicostata Gabb 1876
7 specimens
Buccinopsis crassicostata (Gabb)
Dolicholatirus torquatus
3 specimens
Dolicholatirus torquatus Sohl
Hercorhynchus (Hercorhyncus) pagodaformis Sohl 1964
11 specimens
Hercorhyncus (Hercorhyncus) pagoda - originally entered as "Hercorhyncus pagodaformis"
Piestochilus curviliratus Conrad 1858
1 specimen
Piestochilus curviliratus (Conrad)
Drilluta lemniscata Sohl 1964
3 specimens
Drilluta lemniscata Sohl
Drilluta buboanus Sohl 1964
6 specimens
Drilluta buboanus Sohl
Anomalofusus lemniscatus Sohl 1964
8 specimens
Anomalofusus lemniscatus Sohl
Remera flexicostata Sohl 1964
5 specimens
Remera flexicostata Sohl
Pyrifusus subdensatus Conrad 1858
8 specimens
Pyrifusus subdensatus Conrad
Deussenia cf. travisana
1 specimen
Deussenia cf. D. travisana Stephen - originally entered as "Deussenia cf. travisana"
Deussenia bellalirata Conrad 1858
8 specimens
Deussenia bellalirata (Conrad)
Deussenia bellalirata Conrad 1858
5 specimens
Deussenia bellalirata costata Sohl
Gastropoda - Fasciolariidae
Eulima monmouthensis
1 specimen
Eulima monmouthensis (Gardner)
Eulima gracilistylus Sohl 1964
corrected as Eulima gracilistylis
Eulima gracilistylus Sohl
Eulima clara Wade 1926
3 specimens
Eulima ? clara Wade
Euspira rectilabrum (Conrad 1858)
38 specimens
Euspira rectilabrum (Conrad)
Polinices kummeli Sohl 1960
4 specimens
Polinices kummeli Sohl
Gyrodes supraplicatus Conrad 1858
11 specimens
Gyrodes supraplicatus (Conrad)
Gyrodes spillmani Gabb 1861
5 specimens
recombined as Gyrodes (Sohlella) spillmani
Gyrodes spillmani Gabb
Gastropoda - Eucyclidae
Calliomphalus (Calliomphalus) americanus
2 specimens
Calliomphalus (Calliomphalus) amer
Gastropoda - Heterostropha - Acteonidae
Actaeon cicatricosus
2 specimens
replaced by Acteon
Acteon cicatricosus Sohl - originally entered as "Acteon cicatricosus"
Gastropoda - Heterostropha - Architectonicidae
Pseudomalaxis pateriformis Stephenson 1955
1 specimen
Pseudomalaxis pateriformis Stephen
Gastropoda - Heterostropha - Mathildidae
Mathilda (Echinimathilda) corona Sohl 1960
1 specimen
Mathilda (Echinimathilda) corona S
Cephalopoda - Ammonitida - Scaphitidae
Discoscaphites iris Conrad 1858
99 specimens
Discoscaphites iris Conrad
Cephalopoda - Ammonitida - Baculitidae
Baculites (Eubaculites) carinatus Morton 1834
125 specimens
recombined as Eubaculites carinatus
Baculites (Eubaculites) carinatus
Cephalopoda - Ammonitida - Sphenodiscidae
Sphenodiscus sp. Meek 1871
1 specimen
Sphenodiscus sp.
Sphenodiscus pleurisepta (Conrad 1857)
19 specimens
Sphenodiscus pleurisepta (Conrad)
Sphenodiscus beecheri Hyatt 1903
2 specimens
Sphenodiscus beecheri Hyatt
Sphenodiscus lenticularis (Owen 1852)
1 specimen
replaced by Sphenodiscus lobatus
Sphenodiscus lenticularis mississi
Cephalopoda - Nautilida - Nautilidae
Eutrephoceras perlata (Morton 1834)
6 specimens
recombined as Eutrephoceras perlatus
Eutrephoceras perlata Morton
Polychaeta - Serpulimorpha
Hamulus ripleyanus
Hamulus ripleyanus Harbison
Longitubus sp.
Longitubus sp.
Polychaeta - Sabellida - Serpulidae
Serpula sp. Linnaeus 1758
Serpula sp.
unclassified
Bryozoa indet. Ehrenberg 1831
Bryozoa (encrusting)
Bryozoa indet. Ehrenberg 1831
Reptilian tooth
Malacostraca
Malacostraca indet. (Latreille 1802)
Crab parts
Malacostraca - Decapoda - Raninidae
Carinatus galebishopi Nyborg et al. 2017
Nyborg et al. 2017
Malacostraca - Decapoda - Carcinidae
Ophthalmoplax brasiliana (Maury 1930)
Fedorov et al. 2017
original and current combination Zanthopsis brasiliana
see common names

Geography
Country:United States State/province:Mississippi County:Tippah
Coordinates: 34.8° North, 88.9° West (view map)
Paleocoordinates:38.3° North, 66.2° West
Geographic resolution:small collection
Time
Period:Cretaceous Epoch:Late/Upper Cretaceous
Stage:Maastrichtian 10 m.y. bin:Cretaceous 8
*Period:Late/Upper Cretaceous *Epoch:Late/Upper Senonian
*International age/stage:Middle - Late/Upper Maastrichtian
Key time interval:Late/Upper Maastrichtian Ammonoid zone: Discoscaphites iris
Age range of interval:72.10000 - 66.00000 m.y. ago
* legacy (obsolete) database fields
Stratigraphy
Formation:Owl Creek Member:upper
Stratigraphic resolution:member
Stratigraphy comments: Haustator bilira assemblage zone
Lithology and environment
Primary lithology:glauconitic,gray argillaceous,calcareous sandstone
Environment:marine indet. Tectonic setting:passive margin
Taphonomy
Modes of preservation:body,original aragonite,original calcite
Size of fossils:mesofossils
Collection methods and comments
Collection excludes:some macrofossils
Collection methods:bulk,field collection
Reason for describing collection:paleoecologic analysis
Museum repositories:USGS
Collection method comments: Sohl collection
Metadata
Also known as:NE Ripley; USGS # 25423
Database number:4127
Authorizer:M. Kosnik, W. Kiessling Enterer:M. Kosnik, M. Krause
Modifier:J. Fearon Research group:GCP,marine invertebrate
Created:1999-08-14 13:00:00 Last modified:2024-02-20 19:15:55
Access level:the public Released:1999-08-14 13:00:00
Creative Commons license:CC BY
Reference information

Primary reference:
283. N. F. Sohl and C. F. Koch. 1983. Upper Cretaceous (Maestrichtian) Mollusca from the Haustator bilira Assemblage Zone in the East Gulf Coastal Plain. USGS Open File Report 83-451:1-239 [M. Kosnik/M. Kosnik/M. Uhen]

Secondary references:

63728 P. V. Fedorov, A. V. Koromyslova, and S. O. Martha. 2017. The oldest bryozoans of Baltoscandia from the lowermost Floian (Ordovician) of north-western Russia: two new rare, small and simple species of Revalotrypidae. PalZ 91:353-373 [W. Kiessling/M. Krause/M. Uhen]
63727 T. Nyborg, G. E. Phillips, B. V. Bakel and F. J. Vega. 2017. A new genus and species of raninoid crab from the Upper Cretaceous of Mississippi. 91:291-298 [W. Kiessling/M. Krause]
29915 J. A. Sessa, T. J. Bralower, M. E. Patzkowsky, J. C. Handley, and L. C. Ivany. 2012. Environmental and biological controls on the diversity and ecology of Late Cretaceous through early Paleogene marine ecosystems in the US Gulf Coastal Plain. Paleobiology 38(2):218-239 [M. Patzkowsky/J. Sessa/J. Sessa]