Akhalkalaki 1: Pleistocene, Georgia

List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
unclassified
Xeropicta derbentina
Hemmer et al. 2001
Multidentula pupoides
Hemmer et al. 2001
Buglossoides arvense
Hemmer et al. 2001
fruit present.
Mammalia - Erinaceidae
Erinaceus sp. Linnaeus 1758
Hemmer et al. 2001
Mammalia - Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamus georgicus
    = Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758
Hemmer et al. 2001
Hippopotamus amphibius antiquus
Mammalia - Bovidae
Sinoreas sp. Teilhard de Jardin and Trassaert 1938
1 specimen
proc. cornualis
    = ? Sinoreas sp. Teilhard de Jardin and Trassaert 1938
Hemmer et al. 2001
Capra sp. Linnaeus 1758
Bison sp. Hamilton-Smith 1827
Hemmer et al. 2001 8.5 %-specimens
MNI = 12
Bos sp. Linnaeus 1758
Mammalia - Cervidae
Orthogonoceros sp. Kahlke 1956
29.1 %-specimens
MNI = 51
    = Praemegaceros aff. verticornis
Hemmer et al. 2001
Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae
Dicerorhinus etruscus (Falconer 1868)
0.2 %-specimens
MNI = 2
    = Stephanorhinus etruscus Falconer 1868
Hemmer et al. 2001
Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Equidae
Equus hipparionoides
Hemmer et al. 2001
Equus (both together) make up 27.0% of specimens (MNI = 50)
Equus suessenbornensis Wüst 1901
recombined as Equus (Sussemionus) suessenbornensis
Equus (both together) make up 27.0% of specimens (MNI = 50)
Mammalia - Carnivora - Mustelidae
Lutra sp. Brisson 1762
Hemmer et al. 2001
Vormela cf. peregusna (Güldenstädt 1770)
Hemmer et al. 2001
Meles sp. Brisson 1762
Hemmer et al. 2001
Mammalia - Carnivora - Ursidae
Ursus sp. Linnaeus 1758
Mammalia - Carnivora - Canidae
Canis sp. Linnaeus 1758
    = Canis tengisii
Hemmer et al. 2001
? Xenocyon lycaonoides Kretzoi 1938
Hemmer et al. 2001 1 specimen
1 corroded distal lower m1 fragment.
Mammalia - Carnivora - Felidae
Panthera cf. tigris (Linnaeus 1758)
1 specimen
1 right mandible
    = Panthera onca Linnaeus 1758
Hemmer et al. 2001
Panthera onca gombaszoegensis
    = Panthera gombaszoegensis Kretzoi 1938
O'Regan 2003
Felis sylvestris
Hemmer et al. 2001
Homotherium crenatidens Fabrini 1890
Hemmer et al. 2001
Mammalia - Carnivora - Hyaenidae
Crocuta cf. sinensis
    = Pachycrocuta brevirostris Gervais 1850
Hemmer et al. 2001
Pachycrocuta brevirostris sinensis
Mammalia - Rodentia - Hystricidae
Hystrix sp. Linnaeus 1758
Hemmer et al. 2001
based on gnaw marks
Mammalia - Rodentia - Sciuridae
Marmota sp. Frisch 1775
Hemmer et al. 2001 2.0 %-specimens
MNI = 9
Spermophilus sp. Cuvier 1825
Hemmer et al. 2001
Mammalia - Lagomorpha - Leporidae
Lepus sp. Linnaeus 1758
Mammalia - Proboscidea - Elephantidae
Mammuthus cf. trogontherii (Pohlig 1885)
Mammuthus (both together) make up 1.9% of specimens (MNI 13)
    = Mammuthus (Mammuthus) aff. trogontherii Pohlig 1885
Hemmer et al. 2001
Archidiskodon cf. meridionalis (Nesti 1825)
evolved form. Mammuthus (both together) make up 1.9% of specimens (MNI 13)
    = Mammuthus (Archidiskodon) sp. Pohling 1888
Hemmer et al. 2001
synonym of Mammuthus
Angiospermae - Rosales - Ulmaceae
Celtis glabrata
Hemmer et al. 2001
fruit present.
see common names

Geography
Country:Georgia
Coordinates: 42.0° North, 44.1° East (view map)
Paleocoordinates:42.0° North, 44.2° East
Basis of coordinate:based on nearby landmark
Time
Period:Quaternary Epoch:Pleistocene
10 m.y. bin:Cenozoic 6
Key time interval:Pleistocene
Age range of interval:2.58000 - 0.01170 m.y. ago
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy comments: The bones occur in lenses that include articulated bones and occasional partial skeletons. They are found in a 3-4m thick reworked volcanic ash overlain by clays.
Lithology and environment
Primary lithology: ash
Lithology description: 3-4m thick reworked volcanic ash overlain by clays.
Environment:lacustrine indet.
Taphonomy
Collection methods and comments
Collection size:2469 specimens
Reason for describing collection:general faunal/floral analysis
Collection method comments: This material was collected by A.K. Vekua between 1957 and 1960.
Collection total is NISP.
Metadata
Also known as:Achalkalaki 1
Database number:40398
Authorizer:A. Turner Enterer:H. O'Regan
Modifier:H. O'Regan Research group:PACED
Created:2004-06-23 07:59:01 Last modified:2004-06-24 10:20:18
Access level:the public Released:2004-06-23 07:59:01
Creative Commons license:CC BY
Reference information

Primary reference:
10898.PACED L. Gabounia. 1974. A propos du Villafranchian du Caucase. Memoires du Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres 78(1):145-148 [A. Turner/H. O'Regan/H. O'Regan]

Secondary references:

109045%,PACED 55080H. Hemmer, R.-D. Kahlke, and A. K. Vekua. 2001. The jaguar - Panthera onca gombaszoegensis (Kretzoi, 1938) (Carnivora: Felidae) in the late Lower Pleistocene Akhalkalaki (South Georgia: Transcaucasia) and its evolutionary and ecological significance. Géobios 34(4):475-486 [A. Turner/H. O'Regan/J. Alroy]
9147 H. J. O'Regan. 2003. Reidentifications and synonymies of Eurasian faunas. [A. Turner/H. O'Regan/H. O'Regan]