Die Kelders: Pleistocene - Holocene, South Africa

List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
Mammalia
Mammalia indet. Linnaeus 1758
39 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Cetacea
Mammalia - Hyracoidea - Procaviidae
Procavia capensis (Pallas 1766)
1800 specimens
Mammalia - Proboscidea - Elephantidae
Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach 1797)
22 specimens
Mammalia - Primates - Cercopithecidae
Papio ursinus (Kerr 1792)
84 specimens
Mammalia - Primates - Hominidae
Homo sapiens Linnaeus 1758
Mammalia - Rodentia - Bathyergidae
Bathyergus suillus (Schreber 1787)
110947 specimens
Mammalia - Rodentia - Hystricidae
Hystrix africaeaustralis Peters 1852
20 specimens
Mammalia - Lagomorpha - Leporidae
Lepus capensis Linnaeus 1758
8633 specimens
Mammalia - Erinaceidae
Atelerix frontalis
17 specimens
Erinaceus frontalis
15 specimens
Mammalia - Carnivora - Mustelidae
Mellivora capensis (Schreber 1776)
57 specimens
Ictonyx striatus (Perry 1810)
37 specimens
Mammalia - Carnivora - Otariidae
Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber 1778)
7548 specimens
Mammalia - Carnivora - Phocidae
Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus 1758)
2 specimens
Mammalia - Carnivora - Herpestidae
Galerella pulverulenta (Wagner 1839)
168 specimens
Mammalia - Carnivora - Hyaenidae
Hyaena brunnea Thunberg 1820
3 specimens
    = Parahyaena brunnea Thunberg 1820
Werdelin and Turner 1996
Mammalia - Carnivora - Viverridae
Genetta sp. Cuvier 1816
40 specimens
Mammalia - Carnivora - Felidae
Felis libyca Forster 1780
29 specimens
Mammalia - Carnivora - Canidae
Canis mesomelas Schreber 1775
15 specimens
recombined as Lupulella mesomelas
Mammalia - Bovidae
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
1052 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae-large
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
14561 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae-small
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
1586 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae-small/medium
Bovidae indet. Gray 1821
578 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae-medium/large
Alcelaphus buselaphus Pallas 1766
10 specimens
Connochaetes gnou (Zimmermann 1780)
37 specimens
Damaliscus dorcas (Pallas 1766)
3 specimens
Antidorcas marsupialis Zimmerman 1780
14 specimens
Raphicerus sp. Smith 1827
263 specimens
Oreotragus oreotragus (Zimmermann 1783)
181 specimens
Ovis aries Linnaeus 1758
702 specimens
Redunca fulvorufula (Afzelius 1815)
2 specimens
Redunca arundinum (Boddaert 1785)
29 specimens
original and current combination Antilope arundinum
Pelea capreolus (Forster 1790)
110 specimens
original and current combination Antilopa capreolus
Pelorovis antiquus (Duvernoy 1851)
20 specimens
Syncerus caffer (Sparman 1779)
21 specimens
original and current combination Bos caffer
Mammalia - Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus 1758
113 specimens
Mammalia - Cetacea - Delphinidae
Delphinidae indet. Gray 1821
36 specimens
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Delphinidae
Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Equidae
Equus quagga Boddaert 1785
1 specimen
Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae
Diceros bicornis (Linnaeus 1758)
107 specimens
see common names

Geography
Country:South Africa
Coordinates: 34.5° South, 19.4° East (view map)
Paleocoordinates:34.6° South, 19.3° East
Basis of coordinate:stated in text
Time
Period:Quaternary
10 m.y. bin:Cenozoic 6
*Epoch:Middle - Late/Upper Pleistocene
*International age/stage:Holocene (minimum)
Key time interval:Pleistocene - Holocene
Age range of interval:2.58000 - 0.00000 m.y. ago
* legacy (obsolete) database fields
Stratigraphy
Stratigraphy comments: ETE dating method: absolute, ETE age comment: max age at least 40000 years, 40000 year based on fauna, artifacts and sediments, C14 on charcoal radiometric intage_max, radiometric intage_min
Lithology and environment
Primary lithology: sandstone
Lithology description: ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: limestone cave with quartzite deposits; between Table Mountain Sandstone and Bredasdorp Formation
Environment:cave
Geology comments: ETE sed env 1: karst, ETE sed env 2: cave ETE event: ., ETE env comment: coastal cave; formed by wave action and seepage
Taphonomy
Modes of preservation:body,original phosphate
Size of fossils:macrofossils
Collection methods and comments
Collection methods:selective quarrying
Collection size:4778 specimens
Reason for describing collection:archaeological analysis
Collection method comments: ETE Size: both; ETE reference list: 488, 487, 485, 483, 482, 481, 480, 479, 478, 477, 456, 454, 121, 81, ; ETE museum list:
Metadata
Also known as:ETE Locality 771, Die Kelders
Database number:21952
Authorizer:A. Behrensmeyer, A. Turner, R. Potts Enterer:A. Behrensmeyer, R. Potts, H. O'Regan, J. Damuth
Modifier:M. Uhen
Created:1997-05-19 00:00:00 Last modified:2017-05-23 16:34:15
Access level:the public Released:1997-05-19 00:00:00
Creative Commons license:CC BY
Reference information

Primary reference:
5251.ETE 963F. E. Grine, R. G. Klein, and T. P. Volman. 1991. Dating, Archaeology and Human Fossils from the Middle Stone Age Levels of Die Kelders, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution 21:363-395 [A. Behrensmeyer/A. Behrensmeyer/M. Uhen]

Secondary references:

10899PACED L. Werdelin and A. Turner. 1996. The fossil and living Hyaenidae of Africa: present status. in K. M. Stewart and K.L. Semour (eds.) Palaeoecology and palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic mammals: Tributes to the career of C.S. (Rufus) Churcher. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 637-659 [A. Turner/H. O'Regan/H. O'Regan]