Swartkrans - Member 3: Pleistocene, South Africa
List of taxa
Where & when
Geology
Taphonomy & methods
Metadata & references
Taxonomic list
Amphibia
|
||||||||||
Amphibia indet.
Linnaeus 1758
|
9 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: frog/toad | ||||||||||
Mammalia
|
||||||||||
Mammalia indet.
Linnaeus 1758
|
117 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Mammalia | ||||||||||
Mammalia indet.
Linnaeus 1758
|
191 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Carnivora | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Hystricidae
|
||||||||||
Hystrix africaeaustralis
Peters 1852
|
5 specimens | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Rodentia
- Pedetidae
|
||||||||||
Pedetes sp.
Illiger 1811
|
3 specimens | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Lagomorpha
|
||||||||||
Lagomorpha indet.
Brandt 1885
|
71 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Lagomorpha | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Primates
- Cercopithecidae
|
||||||||||
Cercopithecidae indet.
Gray 1821
|
244 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Cercopithecidae | ||||||||||
Theropithecus oswaldi
(Andrews 1916)
|
4 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: danieli | ||||||||||
Papio robinsoni
Freedman 1957
|
||||||||||
Mammalia
- Primates
- Hominidae
|
||||||||||
Hominidae indet.
Gray 1825
|
11 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hominidae | ||||||||||
Australopithecus robustus
Broom 1938
|
12 specimens | |||||||||
recombined as Paranthropus robustus | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Perissodactyla
- Equidae
|
||||||||||
Equidae indet.
Gray 1821
|
21 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Equidae | ||||||||||
Hipparion lybicum
|
13 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Steytleri | ||||||||||
Equus burchelli
Gray 1824
|
4 specimens | |||||||||
recombined as Equus quagga burchelli | ||||||||||
Equus capensis
Broom 1909
|
36 specimens | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Suidae
|
||||||||||
Suidae indet.
Gray 1821
|
23 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Suidae | ||||||||||
cf. Tapinochoerus meadowsi
|
6 specimens | |||||||||
synonym of Metridiochoerus | ||||||||||
Phacochoerus sp.
Cuvier 1826
|
12 specimens | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Hippopotamidae
|
||||||||||
Hippopotamus sp.
Linnaeus 1758
|
1 specimen | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Bovidae
|
||||||||||
Bovidae indet.
Gray 1821
|
146 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size I | ||||||||||
Bovidae informal indet. size II
Gray 1821
|
731 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size II | ||||||||||
Bovidae informal indet. size III
Gray 1821
|
520 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size III | ||||||||||
Bovidae informal indet.size IV
Gray 1821
|
57 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae size IV | ||||||||||
Bovidae informal indet. Hippo./Reduncini
Gray 1821
|
5 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hippo./Reduncini | ||||||||||
Bovidae indet.
Gray 1821
|
2125 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Bovidae | ||||||||||
cf. Gazella sp.
Blaineville 1816
|
25 specimens | |||||||||
Raphicerus campestris
(Thunberg 1811)
|
9 specimens | |||||||||
original and current combination Antilope campestris | ||||||||||
Oreotragus oreotragus
(Zimmermann 1783)
|
4 specimens | |||||||||
Antilopini indet.
Gray 1821
|
8 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Antilopini | ||||||||||
Antidorcas australis
(Hendey and Hendey 1968)
|
83 specimens | |||||||||
original and current combination Antidorcas marsupialis australis | ||||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or marsupialis | ||||||||||
Hippotragus cf. niger
Harris 1838
|
5 specimens | |||||||||
Alcelaphini indet.
Brookes 1876
|
||||||||||
ETE occurrence; species: Alcelaphini | ||||||||||
Beatragus sp.
Heller 1912
|
54 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: or Alcelaphus | ||||||||||
Damaliscus sp.
Sclater and Thomas 1894
|
80 specimens | |||||||||
Megalotragus sp.
van Hoepen 1932
|
7 specimens | |||||||||
Connochaetes sp.
(Lichtenstein 1812)
|
197 specimens | |||||||||
Pelea sp.
Gray 1851
|
6 specimens | |||||||||
Tragelaphus strepsiceros
(Pallas 1766)
|
2 specimens | |||||||||
Taurotragus oryx
(Pallas 1766)
|
8 specimens | |||||||||
Syncerus sp.
Hodgson 1847
|
9 specimens | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Giraffidae
|
||||||||||
Giraffidae indet.
Gray 1821
|
2 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Giraffidae | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Felidae
|
||||||||||
Megantereon cultridens
(Cuvier 1824)
|
2 specimens | |||||||||
Acinonyx jubatus
(Schreber 1775)
|
1 specimen | |||||||||
Panthera pardus
(Linnaeus 1758)
|
53 specimens | |||||||||
Felis cf. libyca
Forster 1780
|
2 specimens | |||||||||
originally entered as "Felis cf. lybica" | ||||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Hyaenidae
|
||||||||||
Hyaenidae indet.
Gray 1821
|
67 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Hyaenidae | ||||||||||
Hyaena brunnea
Thunberg 1820
|
15 specimens | |||||||||
= Parahyaena brunnea
Thunberg 1820
|
Werdelin and Turner 1996 | |||||||||
Chasmaporthetes nitidula
Ewer 1955
|
4 specimens | |||||||||
Crocuta crocuta
(Erxleben 1777)
|
3 specimens | |||||||||
Proteles sp.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1824
|
1 specimen | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Herpestidae
|
||||||||||
Herpestidae indet.
(Bonaparte 1845)
|
12 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: mongoose; originally entered as "Viverridae indet." | ||||||||||
Atilax sp.
Cuvier 1826
|
3 specimens | |||||||||
Suricata suricatta
(Schreber 1776)
|
6 specimens | |||||||||
Cynictis penicillata
(Cuvier 1829)
|
4 specimens | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Viverridae
|
||||||||||
Viverridae indet.
Gray 1821
|
3 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Viverridae | ||||||||||
cf. Genetta tigrina
(Schreber 1776)
|
1 specimen | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Mustelidae
|
||||||||||
Aonyx capensis
(Schinz 1821)
|
5 specimens | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Carnivora
- Canidae
|
||||||||||
Canidae informal indet. large
Fischer de Waldheim 1817
|
14 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Canidae-large | ||||||||||
Canidae indet.
Fischer de Waldheim 1817
|
1 specimen | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Canidae | ||||||||||
Canis cf. mesomelas
Schreber 1775
|
95 specimens | |||||||||
recombined as Lupulella mesomelas | ||||||||||
Vulpes chama
(Smith 1833)
|
17 specimens | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Pholidota
- Manidae
|
||||||||||
Manis sp.
Linnaeus 1758
|
1 specimen | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Hyracoidea
- Procaviidae
|
||||||||||
Procavia antiqua
Broom 1934
|
212 specimens | |||||||||
Procavia transvaalensis
Shaw 1937
|
31 specimens | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Tubulidentata
- Orycteropodidae
|
||||||||||
Orycteropus afer
(Pallas 1766)
|
1 specimen | |||||||||
Mammalia
- Proboscidea
- Elephantidae
|
||||||||||
cf. Elephas sp.
Linnaeus 1758
|
2 specimens | |||||||||
Reptilia
- Testudines
- Testudinidae
|
||||||||||
Testudinidae indet.
Batsch 1788
|
58 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Testudinidae | ||||||||||
Reptilia
|
||||||||||
Aves indet.
Linnaeus 1758
|
130 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves | ||||||||||
Aves indet.
Linnaeus 1758
|
283 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size II | ||||||||||
Aves informal indet. size I
Linnaeus 1758
|
40 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size I | ||||||||||
Aves informal indet. size III
Linnaeus 1758
|
50 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size III | ||||||||||
Aves informal indet. size IV
Linnaeus 1758
|
19 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: Aves size IV | ||||||||||
Reptilia
- Ciconiiformes
- Plataleidae
|
||||||||||
Plataleidae indet.
Bonaparte 1838
|
2 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: ibis | ||||||||||
Reptilia
- Phasianidae
|
||||||||||
Phasianidae indet.
Horsfield 1821
|
9 specimens | |||||||||
ETE number of identifiable specimens; species: francolin | ||||||||||
unclassified
|
||||||||||
Antidorcas recki
(Schwartz 1932)
|
1 specimen | |||||||||
original and current combination Adenota recki | ||||||||||
see common names |
Geography
Country: | South Africa |
Coordinates: | 26.0° South, 27.7° East (view map) |
Paleocoordinates: | 26.2° South, 27.6° East |
Geographic resolution: | outcrop |
Time
Period: | Quaternary | Epoch: | Pleistocene |
10 m.y. bin: | Cenozoic 6 | ||
*Period: | Quaternary - Quaternary | *Epoch: | Pleistocene - Pleistocene |
Key time interval: | Pleistocene | ||
Age range of interval: | 2.58800 - 0.01170 m.y. ago | ||
* legacy (obsolete) database fields |
Stratigraphy
Geological group: | Transvaal | Formation: | Swartkrans | Member: | 13 |
Stratigraphy comments: ETE dating method: time_unit, ETE age comment: age based on faunal evidence, approx. 1 mya |
Lithology and environment
Lithology description: ETE rock type adj: 0, ETE lithology comments: 0 |
Taphonomy
Collection methods and comments
Collection methods: | selective quarrying |
Collection size: | 6153 specimens |
Collection method comments: ETE Size: both; ETE reference list: 486, 485, 483, 482, 481, 479, 478, 454, ; ETE museum list: TM |
Metadata
Also known as: | ETE Locality 646, Fire Member, Swartkrans - Member 3, | ||
Database number: | 21828 | ||
Authorizer: | A. Behrensmeyer, R. Potts, A. Turner | Enterer: | A. Behrensmeyer, H. O'Regan, J. Damuth, R. Potts |
Modifier: | J. Alroy | ||
Created: | 1995-10-17 00:00:00 | Last modified: | 2017-05-23 16:34:15 |
Access level: | the public | Released: | 1995-10-17 00:00:00 |
Creative Commons license: | CC BY |
Reference information
Primary reference:
4888. | ETE 599 | T. C. Partridge. 1986. Palaeoecology of the Pliocene and lower Pleistocene hominids of southern Africa: how good is the chronological and paleoenvironmental evidence?. South African Journal of Science 82:80-83 [A. Behrensmeyer/A. Behrensmeyer/M. Kosnik] |
Secondary references:
10899 | PACED | L. Werdelin and A. Turner. 1996. The fossil and living Hyaenidae of Africa: present status. in K. M. Stewart and K.L. Semour (eds.) Palaeoecology and palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic mammals: Tributes to the career of C.S. (Rufus) Churcher. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 637-659 [A. Turner/H. O'Regan/H. O'Regan] |