Classification of the order Plesiosauria
Or. †Plesiosauria de Blainville 1835 [plesiosaur]
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G. †Aptychodon Reuss 1855
G. †Crymocetus Romer 1966
G. †Embaphias Cope 1894
G. †Eretmosaurus Seeley 1874
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†Eretmosaurus dubius Tate and Blake 1876
†Eretmosaurus rugosus Owen 1840
G. †Hexatarsostinus Hawkins 1840
G. †Namuncurania Rusconi 1943
G. †Nothosaurops Leidy 1870
G. †Oligosimus Leidy 1872
G. †Orophosaurus Cope 1851
G. †Piptomerus Cope 1887
G. †Piratosaurus Leidy 1865
Superfm. †Plesiosauroidea Welles 1943
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Unr. †Cryptoclidia Ketchum and Benson 2010
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Invalid names: Cryptocleidoidea Williston 1925 [replaced]
Fm. †Cryptoclididae Williston 1925
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G. †Colymbosaurus Seeley 1874
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†Colymbosaurus sclerodirus Bogolubov 1911
†Colymbosaurus svalbardensis Persson 1962
†Colymbosaurus trochanterius Owen 1840
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Invalid names: Colymbosaurus megadeirus Seeley 1869 [synonym], Plesiosaurus manselii Hulke 1870 [synonym], Pliosaurus portlandicus Owen 1869 [synonym]
G. †Cryptoclidus Seeley 1892
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†Cryptocleidus cuervoi quesadai Torre and Rojas 1949
†Cryptoclidus eurymerus Phillips 1871
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Invalid names: Apractocleidus teretipes Smellie 1915 [synonym], Cryptoclidus platymerus Seeley 1892 [synonym], Plesiosaurus durobrivensis Seeley 1892 [synonym]
†Cryptoclidus richardsoni Lydekker 1889
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Invalid names: Plesiosaurus plicatus Mansel-Pleydell 1888 [synonym]
Invalid names: Apractocleidus Smellie 1915 [objective synonym], Cryptocleidus cuervoi Torre and Rojas 1949 [nomen dubium], Cryptoclidus vignalensis Torre and Cuervo 1939 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus oxfordiensis Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus oxoniensis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium]
G. †Muraenosaurus Seeley 1874
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†Muraenosaurus elasmosauroides Bogolubov 1911
†Muraenosaurus fahrenkohli Waldheim 1846
†Muraenosaurus leedsii Seeley 1874
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Invalid names: Cimoliosaurus plicatus Phillips 1871 [synonym], Muraenosaurus platyclis Seeley 1892 [synonym], Muraenosaurus plicatus Phillips 1871 [synonym], Tremamesacleis durobrivensis Lydekker 1889 [synonym]
†Muraenosaurus purbecki Bogolubov 1911
Invalid names: Tremamesacleis White 1940 [synonym]
G. †Spitrasaurus Knutsen et al. 2012
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†Spitrasaurus larseni Knutsen et al. 2012
†Spitrasaurus wensaasi Knutsen et al. 2012
Invalid names: Cryptoclidus aldingeri von Huene 1932 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Elasmosauridae Cope 1869 [elasmosaur]
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G. †Alexeyisaurus Sennikov and Arkhangelsky 2010
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†Alexeyisaurus karnoushenkoi Sennikov and Arkhangelsky 2010
Subfm. †Alzadasaurinae
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G. †Alzadasaurus Welles 1943
G. †Ogmodirus Williston and Moodie 1913
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Invalid names: Ogmodirus martinii Williston and Moodie 1917 [nomen dubium]
G. †Callowayosaurus
G. †Cimoliasaurus Leidy 1851
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†Cimoliasaurus magnus Leidy 1851
†Cimoliosaurus laramiensis Knight 1900
†Cimoliosaurus magnus Leidy 1851
†Cimoliosaurus snowii Williston 1890
Invalid names: Brimosaurus grandis Leidy 1855 [nomen dubium], Cimoliasaurus brevior Lydekker 1889 [nomen dubium], Cimoliasaurus maccoyi Etheridge 1904 [nomen dubium], Hunosaurus Fritsch 1905 [synonym], Iserosaurus Fritsch 1905 [synonym]
G. †Eromangasaurus Kear 2005
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†Eromangasaurus australis Sachs 2005
†Eromangasaurus carinognathus Kear 2005
Unr. †Euelasmosaurida O'Gorman 2019
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Unr. †Elasmosaurinae
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G. †Albertonectes Kubo et al. 2012
G. †Hydrotherosaurus Welles 1943
G. †Nakonanectes Serratos et al. 2017
G. †Terminonatator Sato 2003
Invalid names: Styxosaurinae Otero 2016 [synonym]
G. †Libonectes Carpenter 1997 [southwest diver]
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G. †Thalassomedon Welles 1943
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G. †Jucha Fischer et al. 2020
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†Jucha squalea Fischer et al. 2020
†Jucha squalea Fischer et al. 2020
†Jucha squalea Fischer et al. 2020
G. †Scanisaurus Persson 1960
G. †Stereosaurus Seeley 1869
G. †Thalassiosaurus Welles 1943
G. †Thalassonomosaurus Welles 1943
G. †Wapuskanectes Druckenmiller and Russell 2006
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†Wapuskanectes betsynichollsae Druckenmiller and Russell 2006
Unr. †Weddellonectia O'Gorman and Coria 2017
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Subfm. †Aristonectinae Otero et al. 2012
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G. †Alexandronectes Otero et al. 2016
G. †Morturneria Chatterjee and Creisler 1994
G. †Wunyelfia Otero and Soto-Acuña 2021
Invalid names: Mauisaurus Hector 1874 [nomen dubium], Mauisaurus haasti Hector 1874 [nomen dubium], Tuarangisaurus cabazai Gasparini et al. 2003 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Alzadasaurus kansasensis Welles 1952 [nomen dubium], Alzadasaurus tropicus Colbert 1949 [nomen vanum], Cimoliasauridae Delair 1959 [synonym], Cimoliasaurus andium Deecke 1895 [nomen dubium], Cimoliasaurus cantabrigiensis Lydekker 1889 [nomen vanum], Cimoliasaurus caudalis Hutton 1894 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus amalitskii Pravoslavlev 1916 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus kurskensis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus orskensis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus serdobensis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus sternbergi Williston 1906 [nomen dubium], Mauisaurus gardneri Seeley 1878 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus constrictus Owen 1850 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus crassicostatus Owen 1870 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus gulo Cope 1872 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus gurgitis Renevier 1858 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus helmersenii Kiprijanoff 1882 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus holmesii Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus hoodii Owen 1870 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus mackayii Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus mauritanicus Arambourg 1952 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus sutherlandi McCoy 1867 [nomen dubium], Pliosaurus gigas Schröder 1885 [nomen vanum], Pliosaurus macrospondylus McCoy 1867 [nomen dubium], Thalassiosaurus ischiadicus Williston 1903 [nomen dubium], Thalassonomosaurus nobilis Williston 1906 [nomen dubium], Woolungasaurus Persson 1960 [nomen dubium], Woolungasaurus glendowerensis Persson 1960 [nomen dubium]
Unr. †Leptocleidia Ketchum and Benson 2010
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Fm. †Leptocleididae White 1940
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G. †Leptocleidus Andrews 1922
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†Leptocleidus capensis Andrews 1911
†Leptocleidus clemai Cruickshank and Long 1997
†Leptocleidus superstes Andrews 1922
Invalid names: Peyerus Stromer 1935 [synonym]
G. †Nichollssaura Druckenmiller and Russell 2009
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†Nichollssaura borealis Druckenmiller and Russell 2009
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Invalid names: Nichollsia borealis Druckenmiller and Russell 2008 [replaced]
Invalid names: Nichollsia Druckenmiller and Russell 2008 [replaced]
Invalid names: Leptocleidoidea Druckenmiller and Russell 2008 [replaced]
Fm. †Microcleididae Benson et al. 2012
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G. †Microcleidus Watson 1909
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†Microcleidus brachypterygius Huene 1923
†Microcleidus homalospondylus Owen 1865
†Microcleidus macropterus Seeley 1865
†Microcleidus melusinae Vincent et al. 2019
†Microcleidus tournemirensis Sciau et al. 1990
Invalid names: Occitanosaurus Bardet et al. 1999 [synonym]
G. †Seeleyosaurus White 1940
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†Seeleyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris Dames 1895
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Invalid names: Seeleyosaurus holzmadensis White 1940 [synonym]
G. †Plesiopharos Puértolas-Pascual et al. 2021
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†Plesiopharos moelensis Puértolas-Pascual et al. 2021
Fm. †Plesiosauridae Gray 1825
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G. †Hydrorion Grossmann 2007
G. †Thaumatosaurus Meyer 1841
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†Thaumatosaurus oolithicus Meyer 1841
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Invalid names: Liopleurodon bucklandi Sauvage 1873 [synonym]
Invalid names: Brancasauridae White 1940 [synonym], Muraenosauridae White 1940 [synonym], Plesiosaurus neogaeus Burmeister 1861 [nomen vanum], Tremamesacleididae White 1940 [synonym]
G. †Plesiosaurus de la Beche and Conybeare 1821
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†Plesiosaurus bavaricus Dames 1895
†Plesiosaurus bitractensis Sauvage 1883
†Plesiosaurus carinatus Cuvier 1824
†Plesiosaurus cliduchus Seeley 1865
†Plesiosaurus coelospondylus Owen 1865
†Plesiosaurus costatus Owen 1840
†Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus Conybeare 1824
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Invalid names: Plesiosaurus homei Gray 1831 [synonym], Plesiosaurus macromus Owen 1840 [synonym]
†Plesiosaurus exarsostinus Hawkins 1834
†Plesiosaurus grandis Owen 1840
†Plesiosaurus hesternus Welles 1953
†Plesiosaurus houzeaui Dollo 1909
†Plesiosaurus macrocephalus Owen 1840
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Invalid names: Plesiosaurus brachycephalus Owen 1840 [synonym]
†Plesiosaurus macrodeirus Seeley 1869
†Plesiosaurus mexicanus Wieland 1910
†Plesiosaurus nitidus Phillips 1871
†Plesiosaurus platydeirus Owen 1854
†Plesiosaurus rostratus Owen 1865
†Plesiosaurus subconcavus Duff 1842
†Plesiosaurus subtrigonus Owen 1840
†Plesiosaurus tessarestarsostinus Hawkins 1834
†Plesiosaurus trigonus Cuvier 1824
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus elasmosaurus Finzel 1964 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus priscus Parkinson 1822 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Polycotylidae Williston 1908
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G. †Ceraunosaurus Thurmond 1968
Subfm. †Palmulainae Albright et al. 2007
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G. †Palmulasaurus Albright et al. 2007
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†Palmulasaurus quadratus Albright et al. 2007
Invalid names: Palmula Albright et al. 2007 [replaced]
Subfm. †Polycotylinae Albright et al. 2007
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Unr. †Dolichorhynchia Clark et al. 2024
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G. †Dolichorhynchops Williston 1902
G. †Martinectes Clark et al. 2024
G. †Unktaheela Clark et al. 2024
G. †Georgiasaurus Ochev 1977
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†Georgiasaurus penzensis Otschev 1976
Invalid names: Georgia Otschev 1976 [replaced]
G. †Polycotylus Cope 1869
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†Polycotylus sopozkoi Efimov et al. 2016
†Polycotylus suprajurensis Sauvage 1876
G. †Trinacromerum Cragin 1888
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†Trinacromerum bentonianum Cragin 1888
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Invalid names: Ceraunosaurus brownorum Thurmond 1968 [synonym], Trinacromerum anonymum Williston 1903 [synonym], Trinacromerum willistoni Riggs 1944 [synonym]
†Trinacromerum kirki Russell 1935
Invalid names: Cimoliasaurus leucoscopelus Etheridge, Jr. 1897 [nomen dubium], Dolichorhynchopidae Welles 1962 [synonym], Palmulasaurinae Albright et al. 2007 [empty], Polycotyilnae Albright et al. 2007 [empty]
G. †Westphaliasaurus Schwermann and Sander 2011
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†Westphaliasaurus simonsensii Schwermann and Sander 2011
Invalid names: Cimoliosaurus limnophilus Koken 1887 [nomen dubium], Dolichodeira Seeley 1892 [synonym], Euplesiosauria O'Keefe 2001 [empty]
Superfm. †Pliosauroidea Welles 1943
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Fm. †Pliosauridae Seeley 1874
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G. †Attenborosaurus Bakker 1993
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G. †Hauffiosaurus O'Keefe 2001
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†Hauffiosaurus longirostris Tate and Blake 1876
†Hauffiosaurus tomistomimus Benson et al. 2011
†Hauffiosaurus zanoni O'Keefe 2001
G. †Stenorhynchosaurus Páramo-Fonseca et al. 2016
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†Stenorhynchosaurus munozi Páramo-Fonseca et al. 2016
G. †Strongylokrotaphus Novozhilov 1964
G. †Thalassiodracon Storrs and Taylor 1996
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†Thalassiodracon hawkinsii Owen 1840
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Invalid names: Plesiosaurus eleutheraxon Seeley 1865 [synonym], Plesiosaurus etheridgei Huxley 1858 [synonym], Plesiosaurus etheridgii Huxley 1858 [synonym]
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus hexatarsostinus Hawkins 1840 [nomen oblitum], Plesiosaurus pentetarsostinus Hawkins 1834 [nomen oblitum], Plesiosaurus triatarsostinus Hawkins 1834 [nomen oblitum]
Unr. †Thalassophonea Benson and Druckenmiller 2014
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Subfm. †Brachaucheninae Williston 1925
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G. †Brachauchenius Williston 1903
G. †Discosaurus Leidy 1851
G. †Kronosaurus Longman 1924
G. †Luskhan Fischer et al. 2017
G. †Megacephalosaurus Schumacher et al. 2013
G. †Sachicasaurus Páramo-Fonseca et al. 2018
G. †Liopleurodon Sauvage 1873
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†Liopleurodon ferox Sauvage 1873
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Invalid names: Thaumatosaurus mosquensis Kiprijanoff 1883 [synonym]
†Liopleurodon pachydeirus Seeley 1869
G. †Pliosaurus Owen 1841
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†Pleiosaurus macromerus Phillips 1871
†Pliosaurus almanzaensis O’Gorman et al. 2018
†Pliosaurus andrewsi Tarlo 1960
†Pliosaurus carpenteri Benson et al. 2013
†Pliosaurus funkei Knutsen et al. 2012
†Pliosaurus gamma Phillips 1871
†Pliosaurus grandis Owen 1840
†Pliosaurus grossouvrei Sauvage 1873
†Pliosaurus kevani Benson et al. 2013
†Pliosaurus patagonicus Gasparini and O'Gorman 2014
†Pliosaurus rossicus Novozhilov 1948
†Pliosaurus westburyensis Benson et al. 2013
Invalid names: Cetiosaurus rigauxi Sauvage 1874 [nomen dubium], Ischyrodon Merian 1838 [synonym], Plesiosaurus giganteus Conybeare 1824 [nomen oblitum], Pliosaurus irgisensis Novozhilov 1948 [nomen dubium], Pliosaurus portentificus Noè et al. 2004 [nomen dubium], Spondylosaurus Fischer 1845 [synonym], Stretosaurus Tarlo 1959 [synonym]
G. †Simolestes Andrews 1909
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†Simolestes indicus Lydekker 1877
†Simolestes keileni Godefroit 1994
†Simolestes vorax Andrews 1909
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Invalid names: Thaumatosaurus calloviensis Bogolubov 1912 [synonym]
Invalid names: Pliosaurus brachyspondylus Owen 1840 [nomen dubium], Pliosaurus macromerus Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Pliosaurus aequalis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Pliosaurus evansi Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Simolestinae Nopcsa 1923 [empty]
Invalid names: Brachydeira Seeley 1892 [synonym], Trinacromeridae Nopcsa 1923 [empty]
Fm. †Rhomaleosauridae Nopcsa 1928
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G. †Archaeonectrus Novozhilov 1964
G. †Atychodracon Smith 2015
G. †Bishanopliosaurus Dong 1980
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†Bishanopliosaurus youngi Dong 1980
†Bishanopliosaurus zigongensis Gao et al. 2004
G. †Rhomaleosaurus Seeley 1874
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†Rhomaleosaurus cramptoni Carte and Baily 1863
†Rhomaleosaurus megacephalus Stutchbury 1846
†Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus Phillips 1854
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Invalid names: Plesiosaurus propinquus Tate and Blake 1876 [synonym], Rhomaleosaurus thorntoni Andrews 1922 [synonym]
Invalid names: Thaumatosauridae Romer 1956 [synonym]
G. †Scarrisaurus
G. †Sulmosaurus Huene 1952
G. †Taphrosaurus Cope 1870
G. †Uronautes Cope 1876
Invalid names: Aptychodon cretaceus Reuss 1855 [nomen vanum], Cimoliasaurus lissaensis Fritsch 1905 [nomen vanum], Cimoliasaurus teplicensis Fritsch 1907 [nomen vanum], Cimoliosaurus nazarowi Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Cimoliosaurus smithi Owen 1884 [nomen vanum], Discosaurus planior Leidy 1870 [nomen vanum], Discosaurus vetustus Leidy 1851 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus intermedius Cope 1894 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus orientalis Cope 1869 [nomen vanum], Embaphias circulosus Cope 1894 [nomen vanum], Hunosaurus fasseli Fritsch 1905 [nomen vanum], Iserosaurus littoralis Fritsch 1905 [nomen vanum], Lutkesaurus Kiprijanoff 1883 [nomen nudum], Mauisaurus brachiolatus Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Neoplesiosauria Ketchum and Benson 2010 [empty], Oligosimus grandaevus Leidy 1872 [nomen vanum], Orophosaurus pauciporus Cope 1887 [nomen vanum], Peloneustes kanzleri Koken 1905 [nomen vanum], Piptomerus hexagonus Cope 1887 [nomen vanum], Piptomerus megaloporus Cope 1887 [nomen vanum], Piptomerus microporus Cope 1887 [nomen vanum], Piratosaurus plicatus Leidy 1865 [nomen dubium], Plesiosauriformes Hay 1930 [empty], Plesiosaurus affinis Owen 1840 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus australis Owen 1861 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus balticus Schröder 1885 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus bernardi Owen 1850 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus brachistospondylus Hulke 1870 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus brevifemur Cope 1875 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus brevis Owen 1854 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus continuus Owen 1841 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus cycnodeirus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus degenhardti Koken 1887 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus ellipsospondylus Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus euryspondylus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus gouldii Williston 1897 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus hexagonalis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus infraplanus Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus latispinus Owen 1854 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus levis Owen 1854 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus lockwoodii Cope 1869 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus megapleuron Owen 1854 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus microdeirus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus mudgei Cragin 1894 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus neocomiensis Campiche 1860 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus nordmanni Eichwald 1869 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus ophiodeirus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus pachyomus Owen 1840 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus phillipsi Sauvage 1871 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus planispondylus Damon 1860 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus planus Owen 1864 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus planus trigonalis Owen 1864 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus platydeirus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus poecilospondylus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus shirleyensis Knight 1900 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus subdepressus Owen 1854 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus traversii Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus truncatus Owen 1854 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus validus Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus winspitensis Seeley 1871 [nomen dubium], Pliosaurus planus Hulke 1883 [nomen nudum], Plistosauroidea Edinger 1935 [empty], Polycotylus donicus Pravoslavlev 1915 [nomen vanum], Polycotylus epigurgitis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Polycotylus orientalis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Polycotylus tenuis Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Polycotylus ultimus Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Polyptychodon Owen 1841 [nomen vanum], Polyptychodon neocomiensis Schardt 1910 [nomen vanum], Stereosaurus cratynotus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Stereosaurus platyomus Seeley 1869 [nomen vanum], Stereosaurus stenomus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Teleosaurus neogaeus Burmeister and Giebel 1861 [nomen dubium], Uronautes cetiformis Cope 1876 [nomen vanum], Xenopsaria Benson and Druckenmiller 2014 [empty]