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Caninae (canine)

Mammalia - Carnivora - Canidae

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1872Caninae Gill
1902Caninae Hay p. 770
1970Caninae Bjork p. 13
1980Caninae Kurten and Anderson p. 167
1984Caninae Berta
1999Caninae Wang et al. p. 21
2006Caninae Sotnikova
2006Caninae Spassov and Rook
2007Caninae de Bonis et al.
2008Caninae García
2008Caninae Garrido and Arribas
2008Caninae Tedford and Wang p. 273
2008Caninae Wang et al.
2009Caninae Tedford et al. p. 13
2013Caninae Hartstone-Rose et al.
2014Caninae Ramirez and Prevosti
2015Caninae Wang et al.
2017Caninae Amri et al.
2018Caninae Jiangzuo et al. p. 95
2019Caninae Albright et al. p. 172
2021Caninae Bartolini Lucenti
2022Caninae Bartolini-Lucenti and Spassov
2022Caninae Jiangzuo et al.
2022Caninae Ruiz-Ramoni et al. p. 101
2022Caninae Valenciano et al.
2023Caninae Fourvel and Frerebeau
2023Caninae Prevosti

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
subclassSynapsida
Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
Mammaliamorpha
RankNameAuthor
Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
Theriiformes()
Trechnotheria
Cladotheria
Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
Eutheria()
Placentalia
Boreoeutheria
Laurasiatheria
Scrotifera
Ferae()
CarnivoramorphaWyss and Flynn 1993
CarnivoraformesFlynn et al.
orderCarnivora
familyCanidae
subfamilyCaninaeGill 1872
subfamilyCaninaeGill 1872

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subfm. Caninae Gill 1872 [canine]
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G. †Aenocyon Merriam 1918
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Aenocyon dirus Leidy 1858 [dire wolf]
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Invalid names: Canis ayersi Sellards 1916 [synonym], Canis indianensis Leidy 1869 [synonym], Canis mississippiensis Allen 1876 [synonym], Canis nehringi Ameghino 1902 [synonym], Canis primaevus Hodgson 1833 [synonym]
Invalid names: Stereocyon Mercerat 1917 [synonym]
Tr. †Canini Fischer de Waldheim 1817
+
Subtr. Canina Gray 1825
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G. †Nurocyon Sotnikova 2006
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Nurocyon chonokhariensis Sotnikova 2006
Subtr. †Cerdocyonina Tedford et al. 2009
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G. Atelocynus Cabrera 1940 [short-eared dog]
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Atelocynus microtis Sclater 1883 [short-eared dog]
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Invalid names: Carcinocyon sclateri Allen 1905 [synonym]
G. Cerdocyon Hamilton-Smith 1839 [crab-eating fox]
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Cerdocyon texanus Tedford et al. 2009
Cerdocyon thous Linnaeus 1766 [crab eating fox]
+
Invalid names: Canis azarae Wied 1824 [synonym], Canis brachyteles Blainville 1843 [synonym], Canis cancrivorus Brongniart 1792 [synonym], Canis entrerianus Burmeister 1861 [synonym], Canis melampus Wagner 1841 [synonym], Canis melanostomus Wagner 1843 [synonym], Canis robustior Lund 1843 [synonym], Canis rudis Günther 1879 [synonym], Cerdocyon apollinaris Allen 1918 [synonym], Cerdocyon guaraxa Hamilton Smith 1839 [synonym], Cerdocyon mimax Thomas 1914 [synonym], Cerdocyon tucumanus Thomas 1921 [synonym], Urocyon aquilus Bangs 1898 [synonym]
Invalid names: Carcinocyon Allen 1905 [synonym]
G. †Dusicyon Hamilton Smith 1839 [Falkland Island wolf]
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Dusicyon australis Kerr 1972 [Falkland Island fox]
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Invalid names: Canis (Pseudalopex) australis Kerr 1792 [synonym], Dusicyon darwini Thomas 1914 [synonym], Pseudalopex antarcticus Bechstein 1799 [synonym]
Dusicyon avus Burmeister 1866
+
Invalid names: Canis platensis Mercerat 1891 [synonym]
Dusicyon cultridens Gervais and Ameghino 1880
Invalid names: Dusicyon culpaeolus Thomas 1914 [nomen dubium], Dusicyon inca Thomas 1914 [nomen dubium]
G. Speothos Lund 1839 [bush dog]
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Speothos pacivorus Lund 1839
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Invalid names: Abathmodon fossilis Lund 1843 [synonym]
Speothos venaticus Lund 1842 [bush dog]
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Invalid names: Speothos major Lund 1843 [synonym]
Invalid names: Abathmodon Lund 1843 [synonym]
G. †Eucyon Tedford and Qiu 1996
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Eucyon adoxus Martin 1971
Eucyon davisi Merriam 1911
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Invalid names: Canis condoni Shotwell 1956 [synonym], Leptocyon shermanensis Hibbard 1937 [synonym]
Eucyon debonisi Montoya et al. 2009
Eucyon ferox Miller and Carranza-Castaneda 1998
Eucyon intrepidus Morales et al. 2005
Eucyon khoikhoi Valenciano et al. 2022
Eucyon kuta Werdelin et al. 2014
Eucyon marinae Spassov and Rook 2006
Eucyon minor Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930
Eucyon monticinensis Rook 1992
Eucyon odessanus Odintzov 1967
Eucyon skinneri Tedford et al. 2009
Eucyon wokari García 2008
Eucyon zhoui Tedford and Qiu 1996
G. †Sinicuon Kretzoi 1941
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Sinicuon dubius Teilhard de Chardin 1940
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Invalid names: Sinicuon peii Kretzoi 1941 [objective synonym]
G. †Xenocyon Kretzoi 1938
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Xenocyon africanus Pohle 1928
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Invalid names: Canis atrox Broom 1946 [synonym]
Xenocyon antonii Zdansky 1924
Xenocyon brevicephalus Qiu et al. 2004
Xenocyon dubius Teilhard de Chardin 1940
Xenocyon falconeri Forsyth-Major 1877
Xenocyon lycaonoides Kretzoi 1938
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Invalid names: Cuon rosi Pons-Moyá and Moyá-Solá 1978 [synonym], Cuon stehlini Thenius 1954 [synonym]
Xenocyon texanus Troxell 1915
G. Canis Linnaeus 1758 [canine]
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Subg. †Canis (Epicyon) Leidy 1858
Canis accitanus Garrido and Arribas 2008
Canis adoxus Martin 1971
Canis apolloniensis Koufos and Kostopoulos 1997
Canis armbrusteri Gidley 1913
Canis arnensis Del Campana 1913
Canis aureus Linnaeus 1758 [golden jackal]
Canis borjgali Bartolini-Lucenti et al. 2020
Canis cana Blanford 1877 [Blanfords fox]
Canis cedazoensis Mooser and Dalquest 1975
Canis ceylonicus Shaw 1800
Canis chihliensis Zdansky 1924
Canis chihliensis palmidens Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930
Canis cipio Crusafont-Pairó 1950
Canis culpaeus Molina 1782 [culpeo]
Canis dingo Blumenbach 1780 [dingo]
Canis edwardii Gazin 1942
Canis etruscus Forsyth Major 1877
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Invalid names: Canis majori Del Campana 1913 [synonym], Canis olivolanus Del Campana 1913 [synonym]
Canis familiaris Linnaeus 1758 [dog]
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Canis familiaris sagax Linnaeus 1758
Invalid names: Pachycyon robustus Allen 1885 [synonym]
Canis feneus Tedford et al. 2009
Canis geismarianus Cope 1878
Canis gezi Kraglievich 1928
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Invalid names: Macrocyon chapalmalensis Frenguelli 1929 [synonym]
Canis hewitti Fourvel and Frerebeau 2023
Canis incertus D'Orbigny and Laurillard 1842
Canis latidentatus Cope 1899
Canis latrans Say 1823 [coyote]
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Invalid names: Canis andersoni Merriam 1910 [synonym], Canis caneloensis Skinner 1942 [synonym], Canis clepticus Eliot 1903 [synonym], Canis estor Merriam 1897 [synonym], Canis frustror Woodhouse 1851 [synonym], Canis goldmani Merriam 1904 [synonym], Canis hondurensis Goldman 1936 [synonym], Canis impavidus Allen 1903 [synonym], Canis irvingtonensis Savage 1951 [synonym], Canis jamesi Townsend 1912 [synonym], Canis lestes Merriam 1897 [synonym], Canis mearnsi Merriam 1897 [synonym], Canis microdon Merriam 1897 [synonym], Canis nebrascensis Merriam 1898 [synonym], Canis ochropus Eschscholtz 1829 [synonym], Canis orcutti Merriam 1910 [synonym], Canis peninsulae Merriam 1897 [synonym], Canis riviveronis Hay 1917 [synonym], Canis vigilis Merriam 1897 [synonym], Lyciscus cagottis Hamilton-Smith 1839 [synonym]
Canis lepophagus Johnston 1938
Canis longdanensis Qiu et al. 2004
Canis lupaster Hemprich and Eherenberg 1832 [African wolf]
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Invalid names: Canis anthus Cuvier 1820 [synonym]
Canis lupus Linnaeus 1758 [gray wolf]
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Invalid names: Canis chanco Gray 1863 [synonym], Canis furlongi Hay 1927 [synonym], Canis hodophilax Temminck 1839 [synonym], Canis lycaon Schreber 1775 [synonym], Canis milleri Merriam 1912 [synonym], Canis niger Sclater 1874 [synonym], Canis nubilus Say 1823 [synonym], Canis occidentalis Richardson 1829 [synonym], Canis pallipes Sykes 1831 [synonym], Canis pambasileus Elliot 1905 [synonym], Canis petrolei Stock 1938 [synonym], Canis tundrarum Miller 1912 [synonym], Canis variabilis Wied-Neuwied 1841 [synonym], Lupus altaicus Noak 1911 [synonym], Lupus filchneri Matschie 1908 [synonym], Lupus gigas Townsend 1850 [synonym], Lupus karanorensis Matschie 1908 [synonym], Lupus laniger Hodgson 1847 [synonym], Lupus orientalis Wagner 1841 [synonym], Lupus tschiliensis Matschie 1908 [synonym]
Canis lydekkeri Ameghino 1889
Canis megamastoides Pomel 1842
Canis michauxi Martin 1971
Canis monticinensis Rook 1992
Canis mosbachensis Soergel 1925
+
+
Invalid names: Canis cyonoides Pei 1934 [synonym]
Canis osorum Cope 1873
Canis othmanii Amri et al. 2017
Canis palaeoplatensis Ameghino 1891
Canis palmidens Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930
Canis proplatensis Ameghino 1891
Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman 1851 [red wolf]
+
Invalid names: Canis floridanus Miller 1912 [synonym], Canis priscolatrans Cope 1899 [synonym], Lupus niger Bartram 1791 [synonym]
Canis sechurae Thomas 1900 [Sechuran fox]
Canis senezensis Martin 1971
Canis simensis Rüppell 1835 [Ethiopian wolf]
Canis tarijensis Ameghino 1902
Canis teilhardi Qiu et al. 2004
Canis thooides Tedford et al. 2009
Canis troglodytes Lund 1938
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Invalid names: Canis spelaeus Lund 1837 [replaced]
Canis variabilis Pei 1934
Canis vetulus Lund 1842 [Hoary fox]
Invalid names: Lyciscus Hamilton-Smith 1839 [synonym], Nyctereutes terblanchei Broom 1948 [nomen dubium], Pachycyon Allen 1885 [synonym]
G. Chrysocyon Hamilton-Smith 1839 [maned wolf]
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Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger 1815 [maned wolf]
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Invalid names: Canis isodactylus Ameghino 1906 [synonym], Canis jubatus Desmarest 1820 [synonym], Vulpes cancrosa Oken 1816 [synonym]
Chrysocyon nearcticus Tedford et al. 2009
G. †Leptocyon Matthew 1918
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Leptocyon delicatus Loomis 1932
Leptocyon douglassi Tedford et al. 2009
Leptocyon gregorii Matthew 1907
Leptocyon leidyi Tedford et al. 2009
Leptocyon matthewi Tedford et al. 2009
Leptocyon mollis Merriam 1906
Leptocyon tejonensis Tedford et al. 2009
Leptocyon vafer Leidy 1858
Leptocyon vulpinus Matthew 1907
Invalid names: Neocynodesmus Macdonald 1963 [synonym]
G. Lycalopex Burmeister 1854 [South American fox]
+
Lycalopex culpaeus Molina 1782 [culpeo]
Lycalopex ensenadensis Ameghino 1888
Lycalopex fulvipes Martin 1837 [Darwin's fox]
Lycalopex griseus Gray 1837 [South American gray fox]
Lycalopex gymnocercus Fischer 1814 [pampas fox]
Lycalopex sechurae Thomas 1900 [Sechuran fox]
Lycalopex vetulus Lund 1842 [Hoary fox]
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Invalid names: Canis fulvicaudus Lund 1843 [synonym], Canis parvidens Mivart 1890 [synonym], Canis urostictus Mivart 1890 [synonym], Eunothocyon sladeni Thomas 1904 [synonym], Pseudalopex vetulus Lund 1842 [synonym]
Invalid names: Eunothocyon Allen 1905 [synonym], Pseudalopex Burmeister 1856 [synonym]
G. Nyctereutes Temminck 1839 [raccoon dog]
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Nyctereutes abdeslami Geraads 1997
Nyctereutes barryi Werdelin and Dehghani 2010
Nyctereutes donnezani Depérer 1890
Nyctereutes lockwoodi Geraads et al. 2010
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Invalid names: Canis borbonicus Gervais 1859 [objective synonym], Canis mitzopouli Paraskevaidis 1953 [synonym]
Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray 1834 [raccoon dog]
Nyctereutes sinensis Schlosser 1903
Nyctereutes tingi Tedford and Qiu 1991
Nyctereutes vulpinus Soria and Aguirre 1976
G. †Protocyon Giebel 1855
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Protocyon orocualensis Ruiz-Ramoni et al. 2022
Protocyon scagliarum Kraglievich 1952
Protocyon tarijensis Ameghino 1902
Protocyon troglodytes Lund 1938
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Invalid names: Canis lycodes Lund 1843 [synonym], Canis musculosus Ameghino 1882 [synonym], Palaeocyon validus Lund 1843 [synonym], Paleospeothos colomae Spillmann 1942 [synonym], Protocyon orcesi Hoffstetter 1952 [synonym]
Invalid names: Paleospeothos Spillmann 1941 [nomen nudum], Pleurocyon Mercerat 1917 [synonym]
G. †Theriodictis Mercerat 1891
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Theriodictis floridanus Tedford et al. 2009
Theriodictis platensis Mercerat 1891
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Invalid names: Macrocyon morenoi Lydekker 1894 [synonym], Palaeocyon troglodytes Revilliod 1926 [synonym]
Theriodictis tarijensis Ameghino 1902
Invalid names: Dinocynops Ameghino 1898 [synonym]
Tr. Vulpini Hemprich and Ehrenberg 1832
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G. †Ferrucyon Ruiz-Ramoni et al. 2020
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Ferrucyon avius Torres and Ferrusquia 1981
G. †Metalopex Tedford and Wang 2008
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Metalopex bakeri Tedford et al. 2009
Metalopex macconnelli Tedford et al. 2009
Metalopex merriami Tedford and Wang 2008
G. Otocyon Müller 1835 [bat-eared fox]
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Otocyon megalotis Desmarest 1822 [bat-eared fox]
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+
Invalid names: Agriodus auritus Smith 1840 [objective synonym], Canis lalandii Desmoulins 1823 [objective synonym], Otocyon caffer Müller 1836 [objective synonym], Otocyon steinhardti Zukowsky 1924 [synonym]
+
Invalid names: Otocyon canescens Cabrera 1910 [synonym]
Invalid names: Agriodus Smith 1840 [objective synonym]
G. †Prototocyon Pohle 1928
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Prototocyon recki Pohle 1928
G. Urocyon Baird 1857 [gray fox]
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Urocyon cinereoargenteus Schreber 1775 [gray fox]
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Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus Allen and Barbour 1923
Invalid names: Canis virginianus Schreber 1775 [synonym], Urocyon californicus Merriam 1899 [synonym], Urocyon guatemalae Miller 1899 [synonym], Urocyon parvidens Miller 1899 [synonym], Urocyon seminolensis Simpson 1929 [synonym]
Urocyon citrinus Tedford et al. 2009
Urocyon galushai Tedford et al. 2009
+
Invalid names: Urocyon atwaterensis Getz 1960 [synonym]
Urocyon littoralis Baird 1857 [island gray fox]
Urocyon minicephalus Martin 1974
Urocyon progressus Stevens 1965
Urocyon webbi Tedford et al. 2009
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
partNmean
Mandibular ramus height118.3

Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingf
Diet: carnivoref
Diet 2: omnivoref
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2005-06-08 10:11:09
Modified: 2005-08-22 19:28:06
Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979, Nowak 1991, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Geringian to the top of the Holocene or 30.80000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 26.3 Ma

Collections (1075 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Geringian30.8 - 26.3USA (South Dakota) Hesperocyon leptodus (17641) Leptocyon douglassi (17654)
Geringian30.8 - 26.3USA (Oregon) Leptocyon douglassi (159093) Leptocyon mollis (93078)
Arikareean30.8 - 20.43USA (South Dakota) Neocynodesmus delicatus (17443)
Arikareean30.8 - 20.43USA (Oregon) Canis geismarianus (180202)
Arikareean30.8 - 20.43USA (Montana) Leptocyon douglassi (17481 17722)
early Late Arikareean30.8 - 20.43USA (Oregon) Leptocyon vulpinus (36761)
late Late Arikareean30.8 - 20.43USA (California) Leptocyon sp. (167848 167853)
Monroecreekian26.3 - 24.8USA (South Dakota) Caninae indet. (17723)
Harrisonian24.8 - 20.43USA (Florida) Mesocyon sp. (17837)
Harrisonian24.8 - 20.43USA (South Dakota) Cynodesmus vulpinus (17451) Hesperocyon gregorii (17456) Leptocyon gregorii (17519)
Harrisonian24.8 - 20.43USA (Nebraska) Leptocyon leidyi (17842) Leptocyon sp. (17819) Nothocyon gregorii (17846)
Harrisonian24.8 - 20.43USA (Wyoming) Leptocyon gregorii (17794 17811 17815)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (South Dakota) Leptocyon vafer (18083)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (Nebraska) Leptocyon sp. (18313)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (Oklahoma) Caninae indet. (18094)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333Brazil (Mato Grosso) Nothocyon urostictus, Nothocyon parvidens (230865)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (Arizona) Vulpes sp. (19355)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588South Africa Canis sp. (22220 22229)
Neogene23.03 - 2.588Italy Canis sp. (96713)
Early/Lower Hemingfordian20.43 - 15.97USA (Nebraska) Leptocyon gregorii (17898) Leptocyon leidyi (17932 17942 17978) Leptocyon vulpinus (17891 17934)