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Mergini (seaduck)
Taxonomy
Mergini was named by Bonaparte (1838). It is extant. Its type is Mergus.
It was reranked as the subfamily Merginae by Hay (1930), Lambrecht (1933), Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Brodkorb (1964) and Howard (1972).
It was assigned to Anatidae by Hay (1930), Lambrecht (1933), Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Brodkorb (1964), Howard (1972) and Zelenkov (2011); and to Anatinae by Alvarez and Olson (1978), Howard and Barnes (1987), Chandler (1990), Emslie (1992), Olson and Rasmussen (2001), Gonzalez et al. (2009), Zelenkov (2012), del Hoyo et al. (2014), Watanabe and Matsuoka (2015), Zelenkov (2017) and Watanabe et al. (2020).
It was reranked as the subfamily Merginae by Hay (1930), Lambrecht (1933), Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Brodkorb (1964) and Howard (1972).
It was assigned to Anatidae by Hay (1930), Lambrecht (1933), Wetmore (1940), Wetmore (1956), Brodkorb (1964), Howard (1972) and Zelenkov (2011); and to Anatinae by Alvarez and Olson (1978), Howard and Barnes (1987), Chandler (1990), Emslie (1992), Olson and Rasmussen (2001), Gonzalez et al. (2009), Zelenkov (2012), del Hoyo et al. (2014), Watanabe and Matsuoka (2015), Zelenkov (2017) and Watanabe et al. (2020).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1838 | Mergini Bonaparte |
1930 | Merginae Hay p. 309 |
1933 | Merginae Lambrecht p. 353 |
1940 | Merginae Wetmore p. 28 |
1956 | Merginae Wetmore p. 34 |
1964 | Merginae Brodkorb p. 330 |
1972 | Merginae Howard p. 11 |
1978 | Mergini Alvarez and Olson p. 522 |
1987 | Mergini Howard and Barnes p. 3 |
1990 | Mergini Chandler p. 130 |
1992 | Mergini Emslie p. 257 |
2001 | Mergini Olson and Rasmussen p. 286 |
2009 | Mergini Gonzalez et al. |
2011 | Mergini Zelenkov p. 194 |
2012 | Mergini Zelenkov p. 526 |
2014 | Mergini del Hoyo et al. |
2015 | Mergini Watanabe and Matsuoka pp. e994745-4 |
2017 | Mergini Zelenkov p. 224 |
2020 | Mergini Watanabe et al. p. 3 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Tr. Mergini Bonaparte 1838 [seaduck]
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G. Bucephala Baird 1858
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Bucephala albeola Linnaeus 1758 [bufflehead]
†Bucephala albeola fossilis Howard 1963
†Bucephala angustipes Jánossy 1965
Bucephala clangula Linnaeus 1758 [common goldeneye]
Bucephala islandica Gmelin 1789 [Barrow's goldeneye]
†Bucephala ossivallis Brodkorb 1955
Invalid names: Charitonetta Stejneger 1885 [synonym], Glaucionetta Someguy [synonym]
G. Melanitta Boie 1822 [scoter]
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Subg. Melanitta (Pelionetta) Kaup 1829
†Melanitta ceruttii Chandler 1990
Melanitta fusca Linnaeus 1758 [velvet scoter]
Melanitta fusca deglandi Bonaparte 1850 [white-winged scoter]
Melanitta nigra Linnaeus 1758 [common scoter]
Melanitta perspicillata Linnaeus 1758 [surf scoter]
Invalid names: Oidemia Fleming 1822 [synonym]
G. Mergus Linnaeus 1758 [merganser]
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†Mergus australis Hombron and Jacquinot 1841 [Auckland Islands merganser]
Mergus merganser Linnaeus 1758 [common merganser]
†Mergus milleneri Williams and Tennyson 2014
†Mergus miscellus Alvarez and Olson 1978
Mergus serrator Linnaeus 1758 [red-breasted merganser]
G. Somateria Leach 1819 [eider]
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Somateria fischeri Brandt 1847 [Spectacled eider]
†Somateria gravipes Harrison 1979
Somateria mollissima Linnaeus 1758 [common eider]
Somateria spectabilis Linnaeus 1758 [king eider]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: subf = subfamily, o = order | |||||
References: Sedinger 1997, Marsh 1875 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Langhian to the top of the Holocene or 15.97000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 13.82 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 13.82 Ma
Collections (146 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
---|---|---|---|
Langhian | USA (Virginia) | Mergus miscellus (71797) | |
Langhian | USA (California) | Mergini indet. (19595) | |
Serravallian | USA (Virginia) | Mergus miscellus (187324) | |
MN 6 - MN 7 + 8 | Hungary (Nograd) | Mergus sp., Bucephala cereti, Clangula sp. (167497) | |
Clarendonian | USA (Oregon) | Ocyplonessa shotwelli (18819 18820) | |
Tortonian | USA (Florida) | Bucephala ossivallis (122351) | |
Hemphillian | USA (California) | Bucephala sp. (19446) | |
Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | Somateria sp., Somateria mollissima, Melanitta perspicillata, Melanitta nigra, Bucephala clangula, Bucephala albeola, Mergus serrator (52582) | |
Pliocene | USA (Idaho) | Bucephala sp. (181255) | |
Blancan | USA (California) | Melanitta ceruttii (178000) | |
Blancan | USA (Florida) | Bucephala albeola, Mergus merganser (19753) | |
Late/Upper Pliocene | USA (Idaho) | Bucephala sp. (176410) | |
Villanyian | Slovakia | Mergus sp. (41026) | |
Gelasian | United Kingdom (England) | Clangula hyemalis (77632) | |
Early/Lower Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Mergus sp., Bucephala albeola (19750) | |
Early/Lower Pleistocene | Italy | Somateria sp. (42867) | |
Pleistocene | Egypt (Kom Ombo Plain) | Mergus merganser (22508) Mergus serrator (22544) Mergus serrator, Mergus merganser (22545) | |
Pleistocene | Egypt | Mergus serrator, Mergus merganser (21888) | |
Pleistocene | Japan (Chiba) | Melanitta fusca (207857 207858) | |
Pleistocene | USA (California) | Melanitta perspicillata (176094 176101) | |
Irvingtonian | USA (Florida) | Mergus sp., Bucephala albeola, Somateria spectabilis (20400) | |
Middle Pleistocene | United Kingdom (England) | Melanitta nigra (77754 78015) | |
Middle Pleistocene | United Kingdom | Melanitta nigra, Mergus serrator (125088) | |
Middle Pleistocene | Japan (Aomori) | Shiriyanetta hasegawai, Melanitta fusca, Clangula hyemalis (101897) | |
Middle Pleistocene | USA (California) | Bucephala fossilis (192287) Melanitta perspicillata, Bucephala albeola, Melanitta deglandi (20639) | |
Middle Pleistocene | Italy | Mergus sp., Somateria sp. (197786) | |
Middle Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Maryland) | Melanitta deglandi (125184) | |
Middle Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Bucephala clangula (195048) | |
Middle Pleistocene | Japan (Chiba) | Clangula hyemala (56359) | |
Middle Pleistocene - Holocene | United Kingdom | Bucephala clangula, Mergus serrator, Somateria gravipes (197163) | |
Rancholabrean (glacial) | USA (California) | Melanitta deglandi (20624) | |
Rancholabrean | USA (California) | Bucephala albeola (84885) Melanitta perspicillata, Bucephala clangula, Bucephala albeola (84881) | |
Rancholabrean - Holocene | USA (California) | Melanitta perspicillata, Mergus serrator, Melanitta fusca (84904) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Virginia) | Bucephala albeola (82258) Bucephala sp., Lophodytes cucullatus (104697) Mergus sp., Lophodytes cucullatus (103991) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Oregon) | Lophodytes cucullatus, Clangula hyemalis, Glaucionetta islandica (176222) Melanitta perspicillata, Mergus serrator, Mergus merganser, Melanitta deglandi, Clangula hyemalis, Charitonetta albeola (93251) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | New Zealand (North Otago) | Mergus australis (87789) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Alabama) | Mergus sp. (84181) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Idaho) | Mergus merganser (20569) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Florida) | Mergus sp. (154722) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | New Zealand (South Island) | Mergus australis (87814) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Bucephala albeola (176267) Charitonetta albeola (44954) Melanitta fusca (120827 215552) Melanitta perspicillata, Melanitta fusca (120830 176102) Melanitta perspicillata, Mergus serrator, Melanitta fusca (120829 125236) Melanitta sp. (106400) Mergus merganser (20273) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Spain | Mergus serrator (150207) Somateria mollissima, Melanitta nigra, Mergus serrator, Melanitta fusca, Somateria spectabilis (215694) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Japan (Aomori) | Anser sp., Anas sp. (101898) Shiriyanetta hasegawai, Clangula hyemalis (210642) Shiriyanetta hasegawai, Melanitta fusca, Clangula hyemalis (195045) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | United Kingdom | Mergus merganser (93837) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Georgia) | Bucephala albeola, Lophodytes cucullatus (84190) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | Bucephala albeola, Lophodytes cucullatus, Clangula hyemalis (20595) Lophodytes cucullatus (20580) Mergus serrator (20636) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Spain (Santander) | Melanitta perpicillata, Melanitta nigra, Mergus serrator (125320) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Jordan | Bucephala clangula (197945) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Somateria mollissima (125322) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Wyoming) | Mergus merganser (93277) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (New Mexico) | Mergus sp. (71670) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Portugal | Somateria sp., Somateria mollissima, Melanitta nigra (197768) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Norway (Sunnmore) | Somateria mollissima (125317) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Russian Federation | Mergus serrator, Clangula hyemalis (194811) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Oklahoma) | Lophodytes cucullatus (91527) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Bucephala albeola, Lophodytes cucullatus, Mergus merganser (154773) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene | Norway | Clangula hyemalis (162578) Somateria mollissima, Melanitta nigra, Melanitta fusca, Somateria spectabilis (73689) Somateria sp. (227461) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | USA (Utah) | Clangula hyemalis (93326) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Russian Federation | Melanitta deglandi (194812) | |
Late/Upper Pleistocene - Holocene | Spain | Clangula hyemalis (215722) | |
Holocene | Canada (Newfoundland) | Somateria mollissima, Mergus serrator (228844) | |
Holocene | Estonia | Somateria mollissima, Bucephala clangula, Mergus serrator, Clangula hyemalis (195026) | |
Holocene | Russian Federation | Bucephala clangula (194809) | |
Holocene | Canada (Yukon) | Melanitta deglandi (228443) | |
Holocene | New Zealand | Mergus australis (100554 194618 194619) Mergus sp. (198088) | |
Holocene | Finland | Bucephala clangula (209131) Clangula hyemalis (209153) Mergus sp., Somateria mollissima, Melanitta sp., Melanitta nigra, Mergus serrator, Mergus merganser, Melanitta fusca (177177) Somateria mollissima (209127 209155) | |
Holocene | New Zealand (North Island) | Mergus australis (215544) | |
Holocene | Canada (Northwest Territories) | Melanitta nigra, Clangula hyernalis (228921) Somateria sp., Clangula hyernalis (228492) | |
Holocene | USA (Alaska) | Somateria mollissima (70585) | |
Holocene | USA (California) | Melanitta fusca (194880) Melanitta sp. (194909 194913 194915 194916 194918 194919 194921 194923 194925) Melanitta sp., Bucephala albeola (194926) Melanitta sp., Bucephala sp. (194905 194927 194928) Melanitta sp., Melanitta perspicillata, Bucephala sp., Bucephala albeola (194914) Melanitta sp., Melanitta perspicillata, Bucephala sp., Bucephala albeola, Melanitta fusca (194907) Melanitta sp., Melanitta perspicillata, Bucephala sp., Bucephala albeola, Mergus serrator, Melanitta fusca (194906) Melanitta sp., Mergus serrator (194908 194910) Mergus sp., Melanitta sp. (194917) Mergus sp., Melanitta sp., Bucephala albeola, Mergus serrator (194912) | |
Holocene | Spain | Somateria mollissima (215735) | |
Holocene | Canada (Quebec) | Somateria mollissima, Clangula hyemalis (51005) | |
Holocene | Greenland | Clangula hyernalis (227816) Clangula hyernalis, Somateria spectabilis (230120) Somateria mollissima (229885 229938 229939 229940) Somateria sp., Clangula hyernalis, Somateria spectabilis (226353) Somateria spectabilis (227826) Somateria spectabilis, Clangula hyemalis (162014) | |
Holocene | Canada (Nunavut) | Clangula hyemalis (73698) Somateria mollissima (229489) Somateria mollissima, Clangula hyernalis (228896) Somateria sp. (228756 228920 228928) Somateria sp., Clangula hyernalis (228898) Somateria sp., Somateria mollissima, Somateria spectabilis (160848) Somateria sp., Somateria mollissima, Somateria spectabilis, Clangula hyemalis (228927) Somateria sp., Somateria spectabilis (229484) |