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Elephantoidea

Mammalia - Proboscidea

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1821Elephantoidea Gray
1921Elephantoidea Osborn p. 3
1936Elephantoidea Osborn p. 25
1956Elephantoidea Paula Couto p. 105
1975Elephantoidea McKenna p. 43
1984Elephantoidea Mahboubi et al. p. 543
1997Elephantoidea McKenna and Bell p. 500
1998Elephantoidea Lambert and Shoshani p. 608
1999Elephantoidea Sanders p. 793
2002Elephantoidea Sanders and Miller p. 389
2005Elephantoidea Geraads et al. p. 526
2005Elephantoidea Shoshani and Tassy p. 9 figs. Table 2
2006Elephantoidea Shoshani et al. p. 17300
2007Elephantoidea Christiansen p. 427
2007Elephantoidea Sanders p. 2
2009Elephantoidea Hautier et al. p. 172
2010Elephantoidea Sanders et al. p. 185

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
subclassSynapsida
Therapsida()
RankNameAuthor
infraorderCynodontia()
Mammaliamorpha
Mammaliaformes
classMammalia
Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
Theriiformes()
Trechnotheria
Cladotheria
Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
Eutheria()
Placentalia
AfrotheriaStanhope et al. 1998
Tethytheria
orderProboscidea()
suborderElephantiformesTassy 1988
superfamilyElephantoidea
superfamilyElephantoidea

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Superfm. Elephantoidea Gray 1821
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Fm. Elephantidae Gray 1821 [elephant]
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Subfm. Elephantinae Gray 1821
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Tr. Elephantini Gray 1821
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G. Elephas Linnaeus 1758 [elephant]
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Subg. †Elephas (Euelephas) Leidy 1858
Subg. Elephas (Loxodon) Müller and Henle 1838
Elephas beyeri von Koenigswald 1956
Elephas clifti Falconer 1857
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Invalid names: Stegodon sinensis Owen 1870 [synonym]
Elephas ekorensis Maglio 1970
Elephas falconeri Busk 1867
Elephas maximus Linnaeus 1758 [Asian elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephas asiaticus Blumenbach 1797 [synonym], Elephas gigas Perry 1811 [synonym]
Elephas melitensis Falconer 1868
Elephas moghrebiensis Arambourg 1970
Elephas nawataensis Tassy 2003
Elephas planifrons Falconer and Cautley 1846
Elephas priscus Goldfuss 1821
Invalid names: Elephantus Geoffroy and Cuvier 1795 [objective synonym], Hesperoloxodon Osborn 1931 [synonym], Hypselephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Leithadamsia Matsumoto 1927 [synonym], Mastodon elephantoides Clift 1829 [nomen dubium], Omoloxodon Deraniyagala 1955 [synonym], Palaeoloxodon Matsumoto 1924 [synonym], Pilgrimia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Platelephas Osborn 1942 [synonym], Sivalikia Osborn 1924 [synonym], Stegoloxodon Kretzoi 1950 [synonym]
G. †Mammuthus Brookes 1828 [mammoth]
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Mammuthus chosaricus Dubrovo 1966
Mammuthus columbi Falconer 1857 [Columbian mammoth]
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Invalid names: Elephas eellsi Hay 1926 [synonym], Elephas floridanus Osborn 1929 [synonym], Elephas jacksoni Mather 1838 [synonym], Elephas jeffersonii Osborn 1922 [synonym], Elephas maibeni Barbour 1925 [synonym], Elephas roosevelti Hay 1922 [synonym], Elephas washingtonii Osborn 1923 [synonym], Mammuthus imperator Leidy 1858 [synonym], Parelephas progressus Osborn 1942 [synonym]
Mammuthus creticus Bate 1907
Mammuthus exilis Maglio 1970 [pygmy mammoth]
Mammuthus hayi Barbour 1915
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Invalid names: Elephas haroldcooki Hay 1928 [synonym], Elephas scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]
Mammuthus lamarmorae Major 1883
Mammuthus meridionalis Nesti 1825
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Invalid names: Archidiskodon nebrascensis Osborn 1932 [synonym], Archidiskodon scotti Barbour 1925 [synonym]
Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach 1799 [wooly mammoth]
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Invalid names: Elephas boreus Hay 1924 [synonym]
Mammuthus trogontherii Pohlig 1885
Invalid names: Archidiskodon Pohling 1888 [synonym], Parelephas Osborn 1924 [synonym]
Invalid names: Elephantina Gray 1825 [empty], Loxodontina Osborn 1918 [empty]
Tr. Loxodontini Osborn 1918
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G. Loxodonta Cuvier 1825 [African elephant]
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Loxodonta adaurora Maglio 1970
Loxodonta africana Blumenbach 1797 [African bush elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephas capensis Cuvier 1798 [synonym]
Loxodonta atlantica Pomel 1879
Loxodonta cookei Sanders 2007
Loxodonta cyclotis Matschie 1900 [African forest elephant]
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Invalid names: Elephas africanus albertensis Lydekker 1907 [synonym], Elephas africanus cottoni Lydekker 1908 [synonym], Elephas africanus fransseni Schouteden 1914 [synonym]
Loxodonta exoptata Dietrich 1941
Invalid names: Elephas africanus pumilio Noack 1906 [synonym]
G. †Primelephas Maglio 1970
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Primelephas korotorensis Coppens 1965
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Invalid names: Primelephas gomphotheroides Maglio 1970 [synonym]
G. †Selenetherium Mackaye et al. 2005
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Selenetherium kolleensis Mackaye et al. 2005
G. †Stegodibelodon Coppens 1972
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Stegodibelodon schneideri Coppens 1972
G. †Stegodon Falconer 1857
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Stegodon bombifrons Falconer 1847
Stegodon florensis Hooijer 1957
Stegodon ganesa Falconer and Cautley 1875
Stegodon insignis Falconer 1857
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Invalid names: Stegodon orientalis Owen 1870 [synonym]
Stegodon kaisensis Hopwood 1939
Stegodon luzonensis von Koenigswald 1956
Stegodon mindanensis Naumann 1890
Stegodon sompoensis Hooijer 1964
Stegodon sondaari van den Bergh 1999
Stegodon sumbaensis Sartono 1979
Stegodon syrticus Petrocchi 1943
Stegodon trigonocephalus Martin 1887
Stegodon yuanmouensis You et al. 1978
G. †Stegotetrabelodon Petrocchi 1941
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Stegotetrabelodon lybicus Petrocchi 1943
Stegotetrabelodon orbus Maglio 1970
Stegotetrabelodon syrticus Petrocchi 1941
Invalid names: Stegodontinae Osborn 1918 [empty], Stegotetrabelodontinae Aguirre 1969 [empty], Suina Gray 1825 [empty]
G. †Paratetralophodon Tassy 1983
Fm. †Stegodontidae Osborn 1918
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G. †Stegolophodon Pohlig 1888
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Stegolophodon sahabianus Petrocchi 1943
Invalid names: Loxodontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammontinae Osborn 1921 [empty], Mammutoidea [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingf
Diet: grazerf
Diet 2: browserf
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2005-08-26 13:32:09
Modified: 2005-08-26 15:32:09
Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Nowak 1999, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Oligocene to the top of the Holocene or 28.40000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma

Collections (1366 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Oligocene28.4 - 23.03Pakistan (Baluchistan) Elephantoidea indet. (179812 180591)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Pakistan (Baluchistan) Elephantoidea indet. (180605)
Early/Lower Miocene23.03 - 15.97Japan (Miyagi) Stegolophodon miyokoae (13454)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588Uganda Elephantidae indet. (22413) Loxodonta sp. (22394 22395 22408 22428 22433) Loxodonta sp., Stegodon kaisensis (22393) Mammuthus sp. (22344) Stegodon kaisensis (22418 22420 22437) Stegotetrabelodon sp. (22453 22454) Stegotetrabelodon sp., Primelephas gomphotheroides (22451)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588Mongolia Serridentinus florescens (34486)
Miocene - Pliocene23.03 - 2.588South Africa Loxodonta sp., Stegodon sp., Stegolophodon sp. (22220) Mammuthus sp. (22228) Mammuthus subplanifrons (22229)
Neogene23.03 - 2.588Taiwan (Tainan) Elephas sp. (76866)
Neogene23.03 - 2.588Greece (Kozani) Stegodon sp. (202732)
Neogene23.03 - 2.588Myanmar Mastodon elephantoides, Elephas clifti, Elephas insignis (215569)
Neogene23.03 - 2.588USA (West Virginia) Mammuthus sp. (123931)
Neogene23.03 - 2.588Taiwan Elephas sp. (76865) Stegodon sinensis (76863)
Neogene23.03 - 2.588Taiwan (Taichung) Stegodon insignis (76860) Stegodon insignis, Stegodon sinensis, Stegodon orientalis (76862) Stegodon orientalis (76861)
Miocene - Pleistocene23.03 - 0.0117South Africa Mammuthus subplanifrons (22230)
Miocene - Pleistocene23.03 - 0.0117Ethiopia Elephantidae indet. (22128)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Japan (Fukushima) Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93783 93785)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Japan (Hyogo) Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93784)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Japan (Ibaraki) Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93880 93881)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Japan (Miyagi) Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93786 93787)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Japan (Nagasaki) Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93879)
Burdigalian20.44 - 15.97Japan Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (93788 93875)