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Bothremydidae
Taxonomy
Bothremydidae was named by Baur (1891). Its type is Bothremys. It was considered monophyletic by Pérez-García (2017).
It was synonymized subjectively with Pelomedusidae by Hay (1902); it was reranked as the unranked clade Bothremydidae by Adrian et al. (2021) and Joyce et al. (2021).
It was assigned to Pleurodira by Hay (1908); to Chelydoidae by Hay (1930); to Pleurodira by Kuhn (1946) and Kuhn (1966); to Bothremydinura by Gaffney et al. (2006); to Pleurodira by Sullivan et al. (2012); to Podocnemidoidea by Pérez-García and Ortega (2018); to Pelomedusoides by Joyce et al. (2004), Pérez-García (2017), Joyce and Bandyopadhyay (2020), Pérez-García (2020) and López-Conde et al. (2021); to Pelomedusoides by Tong and Gaffney (2000), Pérez-García et al. (2013), de Araujo Carvalho et al. (2016), Pérez-Garcia (2020), Adrian et al. (2021), Joyce et al. (2021) and Maniel et al. (2021); and to Pleurodira by Gaffney et al. (2009) and Noto et al. (2022).
It was synonymized subjectively with Pelomedusidae by Hay (1902); it was reranked as the unranked clade Bothremydidae by Adrian et al. (2021) and Joyce et al. (2021).
It was assigned to Pleurodira by Hay (1908); to Chelydoidae by Hay (1930); to Pleurodira by Kuhn (1946) and Kuhn (1966); to Bothremydinura by Gaffney et al. (2006); to Pleurodira by Sullivan et al. (2012); to Podocnemidoidea by Pérez-García and Ortega (2018); to Pelomedusoides by Joyce et al. (2004), Pérez-García (2017), Joyce and Bandyopadhyay (2020), Pérez-García (2020) and López-Conde et al. (2021); to Pelomedusoides by Tong and Gaffney (2000), Pérez-García et al. (2013), de Araujo Carvalho et al. (2016), Pérez-Garcia (2020), Adrian et al. (2021), Joyce et al. (2021) and Maniel et al. (2021); and to Pleurodira by Gaffney et al. (2009) and Noto et al. (2022).
Subtaxa
Arenila, Atolchelys, Azabbaremys, Bothremydinae, Bothremydini, Bothremydodda, Carteremys, Cearachelyini, Cearachelys, Chedighaii, Elochelys, Inaechelys, Kurmademydinae, Kurmademydini, Kurmademys, Labrostochelys, Nigeremys (syn. Potamochelys), Palemys (syn. Dacochelys), Phosphatochelys, Pleurochayah, Podocnemis somaliensis, Rhothonemys, Rosasia, Sankuchemys, Sindhochelys, Taphrosphyini, Taphrosphys (syn. Amblypeza, Prochonias, Bantuchelys), Ummulisani
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1891 | Bothremydidae Baur |
1908 | Bothremydidae Hay p. 102 |
1930 | Bothremydidae Hay p. 74 |
1946 | Bothremydidae Kuhn p. 58 |
1966 | Bothremydidae Kuhn p. 31 |
1966 | Podocnemis somaliensis Walker p. 511 |
2000 | Bothremydidae Tong and Gaffney p. 10 |
2004 | Bothremydidae Joyce et al. |
2006 | Bothremydidae Gaffney et al. p. 45 |
2009 | Bothremydidae Gaffney et al. p. 2 |
2012 | Bothremydidae Sullivan et al. |
2013 | Bothremydidae Pérez-García et al. |
2016 | Bothremydidae de Araujo Carvalho et al. |
2017 | Bothremydidae Pérez-García p. 2 |
2018 | Bothremydidae Pérez-García and Ortega |
2020 | Bothremydidae Joyce and Bandyopadhyay |
2020 | Bothremydidae Pérez-Garcia |
2020 | Bothremydidae Pérez-García |
2021 | Bothremydidae Adrian et al. |
2021 | Bothremydidae Joyce et al. |
2021 | Bothremydidae López-Conde et al. |
2021 | Bothremydidae Maniel et al. |
2022 | Bothremydidae Noto et al. p. 3 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Unr. †Bothremydidae Baur 1891
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Subfm. †Bothremydinae Gaffney 1975
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G. †Paiutemys Joyce et al. 2016
Invalid names: Cearachelyodda Gaffney et al. 2006 [empty]
Tr. †Bothremydini Gaffney et al. 2006
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G. †Algorachelus Pérez-García 2017
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†Algorachelus peregrinus Pérez-García 2017
†Algorachelus tibert Joyce et al. 2016
Subtr. †Bothremydina Gaffney et al. 2006
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G. †Bothremys Leidy 1865
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†Bothremys arabicus Zalmout et al. 2005
†Bothremys cooki Leidy 1865
†Bothremys kellyi Gaffney et al. 2006
†Bothremys maghrebiana Gaffney et al. 2006
Invalid names: Karkaemys Zalmout et al. 2005 [synonym]
G. †Zolhafah Lapparent de Broin and Werner 1998
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†Zolhafah bella Lapparent de Broin and Werner 1998
Subtr. †Foxemydina Gaffney et al. 2006
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G. †Foxemys Tong et al. 1998
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†Foxemys mechinorum Tong et al. 1998
†Foxemys trabanti Rabi et al. 2012
G. †Iberoccitanemys Pérez-García et al. 2012
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†Iberoccitanemys atlanticum Lapparent de Broin and Murelaga 1996
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Invalid names: Elochelys convenarum Laurent et al. 2002 [synonym]
G. †Polysternon Portis 1882
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Invalid names: Polysternon isonae Marmi et al. 2012 [nomen dubium]
Unr. †Bothremydodda Gaffney et al. 2006
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Tr. †Cearachelyini Gaffney et al. 2006
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G. †Galianemys Gaffney et al. 2002
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†Galianemys emringeri Gaffney et al. 2002
†Galianemys whitei Gaffney et al. 2002
G. †Inaechelys de Araujo Carvalho et al. 2016
Tr. †Kurmademydini Gaffney et al. 2006
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G. †Nigeremys Broin 1977
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†Nigeremys gigantea Bergounoux and Crouzel 1968
Invalid names: Potamochelys Fitzinger 1843 [synonym]
G. †Palemys Gray 1870
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†Palemys bowerbankii Owen 1842
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Invalid names: Dacochelys delabechei Bell 1849 [synonym], Emys conybearii Owen 1858 [synonym], Emys delabechii Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym], Emys laevis Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym]
Invalid names: Dacochelys Lydekker 1889 [synonym]
G. †Rosasia Costa 1940
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†Rosasia soutoi Carrington da Costa 1940
Invalid names: Inaechelys pernambucensis de Araujo Carvalho et al. 2016 [nomen dubium]
G. †Sindhochelys de Lapparent de Broin et al. 2021
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†Sindhochelys ragei de Lapparent de Broin et al. 2021
Tr. †Taphrosphyini Gaffney et al. 2006
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Subtr. †Taphrosphyina Gaffney et al. 2006
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Invalid names: Crassachelys Moody 1972 [nomen dubium], Eusarkia Bergounioux 1952 [nomen dubium], Gafsachelys Stefano 1903 [nomen dubium], Nigeremydina Gaffney et al. 2006 [empty]
G. †Taphrosphys Cope 1869
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†Taphrosphys congolensis Dollo 1912
†Taphrosphys ippolitoi Gaffney et al. 2006
†Taphrosphys nodosus Cope 1870
†Taphrosphys sulcatus Leidy 1856
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Invalid names: Amblypeza antellius Hay 1908 [synonym], Prochonias longinuchus Cope 1870 [synonym], Taphrosphys enodis Cope 1870 [synonym], Taphrosphys leslianus Cope 1870 [synonym], Taphrosphys molops Cope 1870 [synonym]
Invalid names: Amblypeza Hay 1908 [synonym], Bantuchelys Dollo 1924 [synonym], Prochonias Cope 1869 [synonym]
Invalid names: Kurmademydinae Gaffney et al. 2006 [empty], Podocnemis somaliensis Walker 1966 [invalid subgroup]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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O. P. Hay 1908 | Extinct pleurodire turtles having the skull probably extensively rooft over in the temporal region. Vomer present. Triturating surfaces of the jaws, upper and lower, broad and deeply excavated. Shell as in the Pelomedusidae, with small mesoplastra. | |
O. A. López-Conde et al. 2021 | It is recognized as a member of Pelomedusoides based on continuous neural series, composed by hexagonal plates with short antero-lateral margins (except the first and the last one), lacking contact with the suprapygal; absence of shell fontanelles. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: subo = suborder, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Uetz 2005, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Barremian to the top of the Bartonian or 129.40000 to 38.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 125.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 125.0 Ma
Collections (185 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Barremian | Brazil (Alagoas) | Atolchelys lepida (135830) | |
Late/Upper Aptian | Brazil (Ceará) | Cearachelys placidoi (67712 128568) | |
Late/Upper Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian | Morocco (Drâa-Tafilalet) | Galianemys emringeri, Galianemys whitei (155306) | |
Cenomanian | Spain (Soria) | Algorachelus sp. (215933) | |
Cenomanian | Madagascar (Atsimo-Andrefana) | Akoranemys madagasika (214154) | |
Late/Upper Cretaceous | USA (Georgia) | Taphrosphys strenuus (152758) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | Palestinian Territory | Podocnemis parva, Podocnemis judaea (11804) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | Argentina (Río Negro) | Elkanemys pritchardi (219994) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | Morocco (Drâa-Tafilalet) | Galianemys emringeri, Galianemys whitei (60002) Galianemys sp. (209058) | |
Middle Cenomanian | Portugal (Leiria) | Algorachelus peregrinus (186171) | |
Middle Cenomanian | USA (Texas) | Algorachelus sp. (172153) | |
Middle Cenomanian - Late/Upper Cenomanian | Spain (Castilla-La Mancha) | Eupleurodira indet. (132494) | |
Middle Cenomanian - Late/Upper Cenomanian | USA (Utah) | Paiutemys tibert (181692) | |
Turonian | USA (New Jersey) | Bothremys sp. (129837) | |
Santonian - Coniacian | USA (Kansas) | Chedighaii barberi (129833) | |
Santonian | USA (Alabama) | Podocnemis alabamae (81928) | |
Santonian | Jordan | Karkaemys arabicus (83312) | |
Santonian | Hungary (Veszprém) | Bothremydidae indet. (173314) Bothremydidae indet., Testudines indet. (48722) | |
Late/Upper Santonian - Middle Campanian | USA (Georgia) | Bothremys barberi, Chedighaii barberi (35289) Chedighaii barberi (129838) | |
Campanian | USA (North Carolina) | Taphrosphys sp. (71141) | |
Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Saudi Arabia (Tabuk) | Bothremydidae indet., Taphrosphyini indet. (116314) | |
Campanian - Maastrichtian | Spain (Vasco-Cantabrica) | Polysternon sp. (208188 208189) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | France | Polysternon provinciale, Elochelys perfecta (83309) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Alabama) | Chedighaii barberi (224274) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | France (Languedoc-Roussillon) | Polysternon provinciale (47782) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Arkansas) | Chedighaii barberi (129834 129835) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Texas) | Bothremydidae indet. (200395 200397 200399) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | USA (New Jersey) | Bothremys cooki, Chedighaii barberi (88610) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) | Elochelys major (114968) Pleurosternon provinciale (114967) Polysternon sp. (220117) | |
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (North Carolina) | Bothremys cooki (129825) Bothremys sp., Bothremys cooki, Chedighaii sp., Chedighaii hutchisoni, Baena sp., Chedighaii barberi (57918) Bothremys sp., Chedighaii sp., Chedighaii barberi (128412) Chedighaii barberi (129839) | |
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (Alabama) | Chedighaii barberi (128414 129836) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Mexico (Coahuila) | Bothremydina indet. (35360) Chedighaii hutchisoni (154244) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | Spain (Castilla y Leon) | Elochelys sp., Polysternon atlanticum (28406 37199) Iberoccitanemys convenarum (48861 193947) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) | Foxemys mechinorum (89990) Podocnemidae indet. (28454) Testudinata indet. (220134) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (New Mexico) | Chedighaii hutchisoni (56625) | |
Late/Upper Campanian | USA (New Jersey) | Bothremys barberi (14455) | |
Middle Campanian | France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) | Polysternon sp. (48849) | |
Middle Campanian | USA (South Carolina) | Bothremys sp., Bothremydinae indet. (180790) | |
Middle Campanian | Egypt (New Valley) | Khargachelys caironensis (229326) | |
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | France (Languedoc-Roussillon) | Polysternon sp. (74660) | |
Middle Campanian - Late/Upper Campanian | USA (Texas) | Chupacabrachelys complexus (115413 115414) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Spain (Castilla-La Mancha) | Foxemydina indet., Bothremydidae indet. (91781) Iberoccitanemys convenarum (128273) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | France (Languedoc-Roussillon) | Bothremydidae indet. (48870) Foxemys mechinorum (59887) Pelomedusidae indet. (59686) Polysternon provinciale (88584) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Spain (Valencia) | Polysternon sp. (53918) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Mexico (Coahuila) | Palauchelys montellanoi (215838) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Syria | Nigeremys sp. (117849 117850 117852) Taphrosphys sulcatus (117857) Taphrosphys sulcatus, Nigeremys sp. (117853 117854 117855) | |
Maastrichtian | Madagascar (Berivotra) | Bothremydidae indet. (129300) | |
Maastrichtian | India (Karnataka) | Bothremydidae indet. (123568) | |
Maastrichtian | France | Taphrosphys ambiguus (195628) | |
Maastrichtian | Portugal (Coimbra) | Rosasia soutoi (49276) | |
Maastrichtian | India (Maharashtra) | Carteremys pisdurensis (60397) Shweboemys pisdurensis (11604) Testudines indet. (26370) | |
Maastrichtian | Portugal (Aveiro) | Rosasia soutoi (75866) | |
Maastrichtian | Madagascar (Mahajanga) | Kinkonychelys rogersi (91203 91205 91206 91208) Testudines indet. (25074) | |
Maastrichtian | Egypt | Arenila krebsi (128401) B. Bothremys group (128405) Taphrosphys sp. (128403) Taphrosphys sulcatus (128402 128404) Zolhafah bella, Arenila krebsi (83310) | |
Maastrichtian | India (Madhya Pradesh) | Carteremys sp. (75493) | |
Maastrichtian | France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) | Polysternon provinciale (51692) | |
Maastrichtian | USA (New Jersey) | Bothremys cookii (81999) | |
Maastrichtian | Niger | Ilatardia cetiotesta (97996) Nigeremys gigantea (83315) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Spain (Cataluña) | Polysternon isonae (132488) Testudinata indet. (141185) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | France (Languedoc-Roussillon) | Testudines indet. (48850) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) | Polysternon sp., Bothremydidae indet. (47893) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Morocco | Bothremydidae indet. (116902 116903) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (New Jersey) | Platemys sulcatus (129264) Taphrosphys leslianus, Taphrosphys nodosus (88034) Taphrosphys molops, Taphrosphys leslianus, Taphrosphys enodis, Taphrosphys strenuus (167780) Taphrosphys sulcatus (127082) Taphrosphys sulcatus, Taphrosphys molops, Taphrosphys nodosus (48570) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Morocco | Bothremydidae indet. (99627 213665 213666) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Spain (Cataluña) | Bothremydidae indet. (173498 219287 219291 219295 219297 219299 219301 219303) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | France (Haute-Garonne) | Foxemys sp. (148954) Foxemys sp., Elochelys sp. (67196) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | India (Tamil Nadu) | Kurmademys kallamedensis (59877) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Niger (Tahoua) | Abalakemys chapmanae (214919) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Spain (Aragón) | Bothremydidae indet. (139461 205732 205733 205735 205736 205738 205739 205740) Polysternon sp., Bothremydidae indet. (45437 45438 45439 45440) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | India (Mumbai) | Sankuchemys sethnai (83308) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Spain (Burgos) | Bothremydidae indet. (181031) Polysternon atlanticum (176782) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian - Early/Lower Paleocene | USA (New Jersey) | Bothremys sp., Taphrosphys sulcatus, Taphrosphys molops (26819) Taphrosphys longinuchus (128429) Taphrosphys molops (128428) | |
Danian | Brazil (Pernambuco) | Inaechelys pernambucensis (114100) | |
Danian | USA (South Carolina) | Taphrosphys sulcatus (115152) | |
Danian | Pakistan (Sind) | Chelonia indet. (166592) | |
Danian | USA (New Jersey) | Holops pneumaticus (70857) | |
Danian | Morocco (Khouribga) | Bothremys maghrebiana, Labrostochelys galkini (129831) | |
Danian | Morocco | Araiochelys hirayamai, Bothremys maghrebiana, Taphrosphys ippolitoi, Rhothonemys brinkmani (83311) Labrostochelys galkini (130119) | |
Middle Paleocene - Late/Upper Paleocene | Colombia (Guajira) | Puentemys mushaisaensis (106271 132012 132013 132014) | |
Middle Paleocene - Late/Upper Paleocene | Mali | Azabbaremys moragjonesi (83314) Taphrosphyina undescribed species (115411) | |
Selandian | Morocco | Bothremys kellyi (68176) | |
Selandian | Angola | Podocnemis congolensis (82060 195094) Taphrosphys congolensis (195086 195087 195088 195089 195090 195091 195092 195093) | |
Late/Upper Paleocene | USA (Maryland) | Bothremydinae indet. (84046) | |
Clarkforkian | USA (South Carolina) | Bothremys sp., Taphrosphys sulcatus (15074) | |
Ypresian | France (Aude) | Foxemydina indet., Tartaruscola teodorii (78236) | |
Ypresian | Peru (Piura) | Taphrosphys olssoni (128430) | |
Ypresian | Morocco (Oued Zem) | Phosphatochelys tedfordi, Ummulisani rutgersensis (35132) | |
Ypresian | Morocco | Ummulisani rutgersensis (83313) | |
Ypresian | USA (Maryland ) | Bothremydidae indet. (124192) | |
Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Emys conybearii, Platemys bowerbankii, Emys laevis, Emys delabechii (167274) Platemys bowerbankii (178051) | |
Ypresian | Tunisia | Crassachelys neurirregularis, Eusarkia rotundiformis, Gafsachelys phosphatica (106501) | |
Eocene | Mali | Nigeremys gigantea (130123) | |
Early/Lower Eocene | Tunisia (Gafsa) | Gafsachelys phosphaticus, Gafsachelys neurirregularis, Eusarkia rotundiformis (151620) | |
Lutetian | Spain (Gerona) | Thalassochelys caretta (196698) | |
Lutetian | Somalia | Chelonia indet. (49873) | |
Lutetian | Italy | Bothremydidae indet. (77119) | |
Bartonian | Spain | Bothremydidae indet. (167790) |