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Carcharias (sand shark)
Taxonomy
Carcharias was named by Rafinesque (1810). It is extant.
It was reranked as Squalus (Carcharias) by Richardson (1836).
It was assigned to Plagiostomi by Agassiz (1835); to Squalus by Richardson (1836); to Squalidae by Gibbes (1847); to Carchariinae by Hay (1902); to Carcharidae by Alessandri (1896), Bohm (1926) and Arambourg (1927); to Odontaspidae by Yabe and Hirayama (1998), Bogan and Agnolin (2010) and Hastings and Dooley (2017); to Odontaspididae by Case (1991), Siverson (1992), Long (1992), Biddle (1993), Siverson (1996), Siverson (1997), Kriwet (1999), Cappetta and Corral (1999), Cappetta and Case (1999), Long and Stilwell (2000), Mors et al. (2000), Zalmout and Mustafa (2001), Donovan and Gunter (2001), Purdy et al. (2001), Cicimurri (2003), Antunes and Balbino (2003), Vicens and Rodríguez-Perea (2003), Compagno (2005), Cappetta and Nolf (2005), Tabuce et al. (2005), Shimada et al. (2006), Cahuzac et al. (2007), Kocsis (2007), Marsili et al. (2007), Shimada and Martin (2008), Cicimurri and Knight (2009), Otero et al. (2013), Guinot et al. (2013), Reinecke and Radwanski (2015), Corral et al. (2016), Szabo et al. (2017), Kent (2018), Cappetta et al. (2019), Cantalice et al. (2019), Landini et al. (2019) and Villafaña et al. (2020); and to Carchariidae by Woodward (1889), Chapman and Pritchard (1904), Eastman (1904), Eastman (1908), Jordan and Gilbert (1919), Jordan and Hanibal (1923), Chapman and Cudmore (1924), Nagao (1928), David (1943), Rapp (1946), Jordan (1963), Miller (1967), Cvancara and Hoganson (1993), Guinot et al. (2023) and Feichtinger et al. (2024).
It was reranked as Squalus (Carcharias) by Richardson (1836).
It was assigned to Plagiostomi by Agassiz (1835); to Squalus by Richardson (1836); to Squalidae by Gibbes (1847); to Carchariinae by Hay (1902); to Carcharidae by Alessandri (1896), Bohm (1926) and Arambourg (1927); to Odontaspidae by Yabe and Hirayama (1998), Bogan and Agnolin (2010) and Hastings and Dooley (2017); to Odontaspididae by Case (1991), Siverson (1992), Long (1992), Biddle (1993), Siverson (1996), Siverson (1997), Kriwet (1999), Cappetta and Corral (1999), Cappetta and Case (1999), Long and Stilwell (2000), Mors et al. (2000), Zalmout and Mustafa (2001), Donovan and Gunter (2001), Purdy et al. (2001), Cicimurri (2003), Antunes and Balbino (2003), Vicens and Rodríguez-Perea (2003), Compagno (2005), Cappetta and Nolf (2005), Tabuce et al. (2005), Shimada et al. (2006), Cahuzac et al. (2007), Kocsis (2007), Marsili et al. (2007), Shimada and Martin (2008), Cicimurri and Knight (2009), Otero et al. (2013), Guinot et al. (2013), Reinecke and Radwanski (2015), Corral et al. (2016), Szabo et al. (2017), Kent (2018), Cappetta et al. (2019), Cantalice et al. (2019), Landini et al. (2019) and Villafaña et al. (2020); and to Carchariidae by Woodward (1889), Chapman and Pritchard (1904), Eastman (1904), Eastman (1908), Jordan and Gilbert (1919), Jordan and Hanibal (1923), Chapman and Cudmore (1924), Nagao (1928), David (1943), Rapp (1946), Jordan (1963), Miller (1967), Cvancara and Hoganson (1993), Guinot et al. (2023) and Feichtinger et al. (2024).
Species
C. (Odontaspis), C. aasenensis, C. acutissima (syn. Odontaspis vorax), C. acutissimus, C. acutus, C. adneti, C. clavata, C. clavatus, C. collata, C. dominguei, C. duplex, C. eocaenus, C. gibbesii, C. gracilis, C. gustrowensis, C. hardingi, C. holmdelensis, C. hopei, C. latus, C. lomitae, C. melanopterus, C. ornatus, C. polygyrus, C. reticulata, C. samhammeri (syn. C. heathi), C. sanctaecrucis, C. taurus, C. tenuis, C. tenuis, C. victoriae, C. virgatulus
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1810 | Carcharias Rafinesque |
1835 | Carcharias Agassiz p. 38ff |
1836 | Squalus (Carcharias) Richardson p. 64 |
1847 | Carcharias Gibbes p. 191 |
1862 | Eugomphodus Gill |
1889 | Carcharias Woodward p. 435 |
1896 | Carcharias Alessandri p. 721 |
1902 | Carcharias Hay p. 301 |
1904 | Carcharias Chapman and Pritchard p. 274 |
1904 | Carcharias Eastman p. 84 |
1908 | Carcharias Eastman p. 187 |
1919 | Carcharias Jordan and Gilbert p. 21 |
1923 | Carcharias Jordan and Hanibal p. 45 |
1924 | Carcharias Chapman and Cudmore p. 118 |
1926 | Carcharias Bohm p. 79 |
1927 | Carcharias Arambourg p. 226 |
1928 | Carcharias Nagao p. 125 |
1943 | Carcharias David p. 81 |
1946 | Carcharias Rapp p. 510 |
1963 | Carcharias Jordan p. 599 |
1963 | Eugomphodus Jordan p. 599 |
1967 | Carcharias Miller p. 223 |
1991 | Carcharias Case p. 4 |
1992 | Carcharias Long p. 25 |
1992 | Carcharias Siverson p. 536 |
1993 | Carcharias Biddle p. 203 |
1993 | Carcharias Cvancara and Hoganson p. 7 |
1996 | Carcharias Siverson p. 838 |
1997 | Carcharias Siverson p. 461 |
1998 | Carcharias Yabe and Hirayama p. 39 |
1999 | Carcharias Cappetta and Case p. 17 |
1999 | Carcharias Cappetta and Corral p. 347 |
1999 | Carcharias Kriwet p. 121 |
2000 | Carcharias Long and Stilwell p. 349 |
2000 | Carcharias Mors et al. p. 151 |
2001 | Carcharias Donovan and Gunter p. 211 |
2001 | Carcharias Purdy et al. p. 101 |
2001 | Carcharias Zalmout and Mustafa pp. 388-389 figs. 1-3, plate 1 |
2003 | Carcharias Antunes and Balbino p. 142 |
2003 | Carcharias Cicimurri p. 10 figs. 5, H |
2003 | Carcharias Vicens and Rodríguez-Perea p. 120 |
2005 | Carcharias Cappetta and Nolf p. 240 |
2005 | Carcharias Compagno |
2005 | Carcharias Tabuce et al. p. 385 |
2006 | Carcharias Shimada et al. p. 11 |
2007 | Carcharias Cahuzac et al. p. 20 |
2007 | Carcharias Kocsis p. 31 |
2007 | Carcharias Marsili et al. p. 30 |
2008 | Carcharias Shimada and Martin p. 92 |
2009 | Carcharias Cicimurri and Knight p. 631 |
2010 | Carcharias Bogan and Agnolin |
2013 | Carcharias Guinot et al. p. 646 |
2013 | Carcharias Otero et al. pp. 16-18 figs. Fg. 3: 1-4 |
2015 | Carcharias Reinecke and Radwanski p. 9 |
2016 | Carcharias Corral et al. p. 649 |
2017 | Carcharias Hastings and Dooley p. 83 |
2017 | Carcharias Szabo et al. |
2018 | Carcharias Kent p. 63 |
2019 | Carcharias Cantalice et al. p. 431 |
2019 | Carcharias Cappetta et al. p. 1165 |
2019 | Carcharias Landini et al. p. 355 |
2020 | Carcharias Villafaña et al. |
2023 | Carcharias Guinot et al. pp. 5-6 figs. 3C-F |
2024 | Carcharias Feichtinger et al. p. 15 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Carcharias Rafinesque 1810 [sand shark]
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Subg. †Carcharias (Odontaspis) Agassiz 1843
†Carcharias aasenensis Siverson 1992
†Carcharias acutissimus Agassiz 1843
†Carcharias acutus Agassiz 1843
†Carcharias adneti Vullo 2005
†Carcharias clavata Agassiz 1856
†Carcharias clavatus Agassiz 1844
†Carcharias collata Eastman 1904
†Carcharias dominguei Cappetta et al. 2019
†Carcharias duplex Agassiz 1843
†Carcharias eocaenus Woodward 1889
†Carcharias gibbesii Woodward 1889
†Carcharias gracilis Davis 1890
†Carcharias gustrowensis Winkler 1875
†Carcharias hardingi Cappetta and Case 1975
†Carcharias holmdelensis Cappetta and Case 1975
†Carcharias hopei Agassiz 1843
†Carcharias latus Davis 1890
†Carcharias lomitae Jordan and Hanibal 1923
Carcharias melanopterus Quoy and Gaimard 1824
†Carcharias ornatus Agassiz 1856
†Carcharias polygyrus Agassiz 1838
†Carcharias reticulata Probst 1879
†Carcharias samhammeri Cappetta and Case 1975
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Invalid names: Carcharias heathi Case and Cappetta 1997 [synonym]
†Carcharias sanctaecrucis Jordan and Hanibal 1923
†Carcharias taurus Rafinesque 1810
†Carcharias tenuis Davis 1890
†Carcharias tenuis Agassiz 1839
†Carcharias victoriae Chapman and Cudmore 1924
†Carcharias virgatulus Jordan and Hanibal 1923
†Odontaspis acutissima vorax Le Hon 1871
Invalid names: Eugomphodus Gill 1862 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Wagner 2023, Carroll 1988 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Barremian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 129.40000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 125.45 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 125.45 Ma
Collections (385 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Early/Lower Barremian | Spain (Teruel) | Carcharias sp. (91420) | |
Barremian | Japan (Gunma) | Carcharias sp. (229065) | |
Late/Upper Albian | Lithuania | Scapanorhynchus tenuis (213709 213710) | |
Late/Upper Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian | Kazakhstan | Carcharias sp. (175010) | |
Cenomanian | Australia (Western Australia) | Carcharias sp. A, Carcharias sp. B (215794) | |
Late/Upper Cretaceous | South Africa | Carcharias sp. (38815) | |
Late/Upper Cenomanian | Australia (Western Australia) | Carcharias sp. A (215561) | |
Middle Cenomanian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Carcharias sp. (22731) Selachii indet. (52997) | |
Early/Lower Turonian | Australia (Western Australia) | Carcharias sp. A (215796) | |
Early/Lower Turonian | Czech Republic | Carcharias priscus (90516 90518) | |
Middle Turonian | USA (Montana) | Carcharias sp. (215792) | |
Middle Turonian | France (Ardennes) | Carcharias latus (213564) | |
Coniacian | United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) | Carcharias sp. 2 (213383) | |
Early/Lower Santonian - Middle Santonian | USA (New Mexico) | Carcharias sp. (52037) | |
Late/Upper Santonian | France (Aisne) | Carcharias adneti, Carcharias latus (213563) | |
Late/Upper Santonian | United Kingdom (England) | Carcharias adneti (213377) Carcharias adneti, Carcharias latus (213381) | |
Middle Santonian | United Kingdom (England) | Carcharias adneti (213376 213380) | |
Campanian | USA (Georgia) | Synodontaspis holmdelensis (70720) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Sweden (Skane) | Carcharias latus, Carcharias aasenensis, Carcharias tenuis (106411) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | USA (North Carolina) | Carcharias sp. (106277) |