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Carcharias (sand shark)

Chondrichthyes - Lamniformes - Carchariidae

Taxonomy
Carcharias was named by Rafinesque (1810). It is extant.

It was reranked as Squalus (Carcharias) by Richardson (1836).

It was assigned to Plagiostomi by Agassiz (1835); to Squalus by Richardson (1836); to Squalidae by Gibbes (1847); to Carchariinae by Hay (1902); to Carcharidae by Alessandri (1896), Bohm (1926) and Arambourg (1927); to Odontaspidae by Yabe and Hirayama (1998), Bogan and Agnolin (2010) and Hastings and Dooley (2017); to Odontaspididae by Case (1991), Siverson (1992), Long (1992), Biddle (1993), Siverson (1996), Siverson (1997), Kriwet (1999), Cappetta and Corral (1999), Cappetta and Case (1999), Long and Stilwell (2000), Mors et al. (2000), Zalmout and Mustafa (2001), Donovan and Gunter (2001), Purdy et al. (2001), Cicimurri (2003), Antunes and Balbino (2003), Vicens and Rodríguez-Perea (2003), Compagno (2005), Cappetta and Nolf (2005), Tabuce et al. (2005), Shimada et al. (2006), Cahuzac et al. (2007), Kocsis (2007), Marsili et al. (2007), Shimada and Martin (2008), Cicimurri and Knight (2009), Otero et al. (2013), Guinot et al. (2013), Reinecke and Radwanski (2015), Corral et al. (2016), Szabo et al. (2017), Kent (2018), Cappetta et al. (2019), Cantalice et al. (2019), Landini et al. (2019) and Villafaña et al. (2020); and to Carchariidae by Woodward (1889), Chapman and Pritchard (1904), Eastman (1904), Eastman (1908), Jordan and Gilbert (1919), Jordan and Hanibal (1923), Chapman and Cudmore (1924), Nagao (1928), David (1943), Rapp (1946), Jordan (1963), Miller (1967), Cvancara and Hoganson (1993), Guinot et al. (2023) and Feichtinger et al. (2024).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1810Carcharias Rafinesque
1835Carcharias Agassiz p. 38ff
1836Squalus (Carcharias) Richardson p. 64
1847Carcharias Gibbes p. 191
1862Eugomphodus Gill
1889Carcharias Woodward p. 435
1896Carcharias Alessandri p. 721
1902Carcharias Hay p. 301
1904Carcharias Chapman and Pritchard p. 274
1904Carcharias Eastman p. 84
1908Carcharias Eastman p. 187
1919Carcharias Jordan and Gilbert p. 21
1923Carcharias Jordan and Hanibal p. 45
1924Carcharias Chapman and Cudmore p. 118
1926Carcharias Bohm p. 79
1927Carcharias Arambourg p. 226
1928Carcharias Nagao p. 125
1943Carcharias David p. 81
1946Carcharias Rapp p. 510
1963Carcharias Jordan p. 599
1963Eugomphodus Jordan p. 599
1967Carcharias Miller p. 223
1991Carcharias Case p. 4
1992Carcharias Long p. 25
1992Carcharias Siverson p. 536
1993Carcharias Biddle p. 203
1993Carcharias Cvancara and Hoganson p. 7
1996Carcharias Siverson p. 838
1997Carcharias Siverson p. 461
1998Carcharias Yabe and Hirayama p. 39
1999Carcharias Cappetta and Case p. 17
1999Carcharias Cappetta and Corral p. 347
1999Carcharias Kriwet p. 121
2000Carcharias Long and Stilwell p. 349
2000Carcharias Mors et al. p. 151
2001Carcharias Donovan and Gunter p. 211
2001Carcharias Purdy et al. p. 101
2001Carcharias Zalmout and Mustafa pp. 388-389 figs. 1-3, plate 1
2003Carcharias Antunes and Balbino p. 142
2003Carcharias Cicimurri p. 10 figs. 5, H
2003Carcharias Vicens and Rodríguez-Perea p. 120
2005Carcharias Cappetta and Nolf p. 240
2005Carcharias Compagno
2005Carcharias Tabuce et al. p. 385
2006Carcharias Shimada et al. p. 11
2007Carcharias Cahuzac et al. p. 20
2007Carcharias Kocsis p. 31
2007Carcharias Marsili et al. p. 30
2008Carcharias Shimada and Martin p. 92
2009Carcharias Cicimurri and Knight p. 631
2010Carcharias Bogan and Agnolin
2013Carcharias Guinot et al. p. 646
2013Carcharias Otero et al. pp. 16-18 figs. Fg. 3: 1-4
2015Carcharias Reinecke and Radwanski p. 9
2016Carcharias Corral et al. p. 649
2017Carcharias Hastings and Dooley p. 83
2017Carcharias Szabo et al.
2018Carcharias Kent p. 63
2019Carcharias Cantalice et al. p. 431
2019Carcharias Cappetta et al. p. 1165
2019Carcharias Landini et al. p. 355
2020Carcharias Villafaña et al.
2023Carcharias Guinot et al. pp. 5-6 figs. 3C-F
2024Carcharias Feichtinger et al. p. 15

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
classChondrichthyes
RankNameAuthor
subclassElasmobranchiiBonaparte 1838
infraclassEuselachii()
NeoselachiiCompagno 1977
superorderGaleomorphiiCompagno 1973
orderLamniformesBerg 1958
familyCarchariidaeMuller and Henle
genusCarchariasRafinesque 1810

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Carcharias Rafinesque 1810 [sand shark]
show all | hide all
Subg. †Carcharias (Odontaspis) Agassiz 1843
Carcharias aasenensis Siverson 1992
Carcharias acutissima Agassiz 1843
+
Invalid names: Odontaspis vorax le Hon 1871 [synonym]
Carcharias acutissimus Agassiz 1843
Carcharias acutus Agassiz 1843
Carcharias adneti Vullo 2005
Carcharias clavata Agassiz 1856
Carcharias clavatus Agassiz 1844
Carcharias collata Eastman 1904
Carcharias dominguei Cappetta et al. 2019
Carcharias duplex Agassiz 1843
Carcharias eocaenus Woodward 1889
Carcharias gibbesii Woodward 1889
Carcharias gracilis Davis 1890
Carcharias gustrowensis Winkler 1875
Carcharias hardingi Cappetta and Case 1975
Carcharias holmdelensis Cappetta and Case 1975
Carcharias hopei Agassiz 1843
Carcharias latus Davis 1890
Carcharias lomitae Jordan and Hanibal 1923
Carcharias melanopterus Quoy and Gaimard 1824
Carcharias ornatus Agassiz 1856
Carcharias polygyrus Agassiz 1838
Carcharias reticulata Probst 1879
Carcharias samhammeri Cappetta and Case 1975
+
Invalid names: Carcharias heathi Case and Cappetta 1997 [synonym]
Carcharias sanctaecrucis Jordan and Hanibal 1923
Carcharias taurus Rafinesque 1810
Carcharias tenuis Davis 1890
Carcharias tenuis Agassiz 1839
Carcharias victoriae Chapman and Cudmore 1924
Carcharias virgatulus Jordan and Hanibal 1923
Invalid names: Eugomphodus Gill 1862 [synonym]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: marinesubp
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: nektonico
Diet: carnivoreo
Created: 2009-07-21 07:05:21
Modified: 2009-07-21 09:05:21
Source: o = order, subp = subphylum
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Wagner 2023, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Barremian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 129.40000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 125.45 Ma

Collections (385 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Barremian130.0 - 125.45Spain (Teruel) Carcharias sp. (91420)
Barremian129.4 - 125.0Japan (Gunma) Carcharias sp. (229065)
Late/Upper Albian105.3 - 99.6Lithuania Scapanorhynchus tenuis (213709 213710)
Late/Upper Albian - Early/Lower Cenomanian105.3 - 93.5Kazakhstan Carcharias sp. (175010)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9Australia (Western Australia) Carcharias sp. A, Carcharias sp. B (215794)
Late/Upper Cretaceous100.5 - 66.0South Africa Carcharias sp. (38815)
Late/Upper Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5Australia (Western Australia) Carcharias sp. A (215561)
Middle Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5Canada (Saskatchewan) Carcharias sp. (22731) Selachii indet. (52997)
Early/Lower Turonian93.5 - 89.3Australia (Western Australia) Carcharias sp. A (215796)
Early/Lower Turonian93.5 - 89.3Czech Republic Carcharias priscus (90516 90518)
Middle Turonian93.5 - 89.3USA (Montana) Carcharias sp. (215792)
Middle Turonian93.5 - 89.3France (Ardennes) Carcharias latus (213564)
Coniacian89.8 - 86.3United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) Carcharias sp. 2 (213383)
Early/Lower Santonian - Middle Santonian85.8 - 83.5USA (New Mexico) Carcharias sp. (52037)
Late/Upper Santonian85.8 - 83.5France (Aisne) Carcharias adneti, Carcharias latus (213563)
Late/Upper Santonian85.8 - 83.5United Kingdom (England) Carcharias adneti (213377) Carcharias adneti, Carcharias latus (213381)
Middle Santonian85.8 - 83.5United Kingdom (England) Carcharias adneti (213376 213380)
Campanian83.6 - 72.1USA (Georgia) Synodontaspis holmdelensis (70720)
Early/Lower Campanian83.5 - 70.6Sweden (Skane) Carcharias latus, Carcharias aasenensis, Carcharias tenuis (106411)
Early/Lower Campanian83.5 - 70.6USA (North Carolina) Carcharias sp. (106277)