PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Ornithothoraces

Reptilia

Taxonomy

Ornithothoraces was named by Chiappe and Calvo (1994) [also attributed to Chiappe 1995]. It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Ji et al. (1999) and Chiappe (2002).

It was assigned to Metornithes by Forster et al. (1996), Ji et al. (1999) and Holtz (2000); to Ornithuromorpha by Agnolin and Martinelli (2009); to Ornithurae by Sereno (1998), Sereno (1999), Senter et al. (2004) and Tykoski and Fiorillo (2010); to Avialae by Padian (2004) and McLachlan et al. (2017); to Pygostylia by Chiappe (2002), You et al. (2006), Wang et al. (2010), O'Connor and Zelenkov (2013), Wang et al. (2014), Zhang et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2014), Liu et al. (2014), O'Connor et al. (2016), Liu et al. (2017), Wei and Li (2017), Chiappe et al. (2019) and Liu et al. (2019); to Aves by Chatterjee and Templin (2007), Wang et al. (2020) and Wang et al. (2020); and to Aves by Osi (2008), Wang et al. (2014), Wang and Liu (2015), O'Connor et al. (2016), Wang et al. (2016), Wang et al. (2017), Hu and O'Connor (2017), Wang and Zhou (2019) and Wang et al. (2020).

Subtaxa

Alamitornis, Enantiornithes, Euornithes, Ornithuromorpha, Xinghaiornis

Sister taxa

Euornithes, Ornithuromorpha

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1994	Ornithothoraces Chiappe and Calvo p. 239 fig. 1
1996	Ornithothoraces Forster et al. p. 532
1998	Ornithothoraces Sereno p. 65
1999	Ornithothoraces Ji et al. p. 5
1999	Ornithothoraces Sereno p. 2139 fig. 2
2000	Ornithothoraces Holtz, Jr. p. 13 fig. 5
2002	Ornithothoraces Chiappe p. 451 fig. 20.1
2004	Ornithothoraces Padian p. 212
2004	Ornithothoraces Senter et al. p. 19
2006	Ornithothoraces You et al. p. 1643 figs. Fig. 3
2007	Ornithothoraces Chatterjee and Templin p. 1577 fig. 4
2008	Ornithothoraces Osi
2009	Ornithothoraces Agnolin and Martinelli p. 44
2010	Ornithothoraces Tykoski and Fiorillo p. 288
2010	Ornithothoraces Wang et al. p. 247
2013	Ornithothoraces O'Connor and Zelenkov
2014	Ornithothoraces Liu et al.
2014	Ornithothoraces Wang et al.
2014	Ornithothoraces Wang et al.
2014	Ornithothoraces Wang et al.
2014	Ornithothoraces Zhang et al.
2015	Ornithothoraces Wang and Liu
2016	Ornithothoraces O'Connor et al.
2016	Ornithothoraces Wang et al.
2017	Ornithothoraces Hu and O'Connor
2017	Ornithothoraces Liu et al.
2017	Ornithothoraces McLachlan et al. p. 2
2017	Ornithothoraces Wang et al.
2017	Ornithothoraces Wei and Li
2019	Ornithothoraces Chiappe et al.
2019	Ornithothoraces Liu et al.
2019	Ornithothoraces Wang and Zhou
2020	Ornithothoraces Wang et al.
2020	Ornithothoraces Wang et al.

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()

Rank	Name	Author
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Theropoda	()
—	Neotheropoda
—	Averostra	Paul 2002
—	Tetanurae
—	Coelurosauria	()
—	Maniraptora
—	Paraves
class	Aves
—	Pygostylia	Chiappe 2002
—	Ornithothoraces
—	Ornithothoraces

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Unr. Ornithothoraces Chiappe and Calvo 1994

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G. †Alamitornis Agnolin and Martinelli 2009

†Alamitornis minutus Agnolin and Martinelli 2009

Subcl. †Enantiornithes Walker 1981

Or. †Alexornithiformes Brodkorb 1976

Fm. †Alexornithidae Brodkorb 1976

G. †Abavornis Panteleyev 1998

†Abavornis bonaparti Panteleyev 1998

G. †Alexornis Brodkorb 1976

†Alexornis antecedens Brodkorb 1976

G. †Explorornis Panteleyev 1998

†Explorornis nessovi Panteleyev 1998

G. †Incolornis Panteleyev 1998

†Incolornis silvae Panteleyev 1998

G. †Kizylkumavis Nessov 1984

†Kizylkumavis cretacea Nessov 1984

G. †Lenesornis Kurochkin 1996

†Lenesornis maltshevskyi Nessov 1986

G. †Nanantius Molnar 1986

†Nanantius eos Molnar 1986

G. †Sazavis Nessov 1989

†Sazavis prisca Nessov 1989

G. †Zhyraornis Nessov 1984

†Zhyraornis kashkarovi Nessov 1984

†Zhyraornis logunovi Nessov 1992

Invalid names: Gobipterygidae Elzanowski 1974 [synonym], Zhyraornithidae Nessov 1984 [synonym]

G. †Catenoleimus Panteleyev 1998

†Catenoleimus anachoretus Panteleyev 1998

Fm. †Enantiornithidae

G. †Gurilynia Kurochkin 1999

†Gurilynia nessovi Kurochkin 1999

G. †Avimaia Bailleul et al. 2019

†Avimaia schweitzerae Bailleul et al. 2019

Fm. †Avisauridae Brett-Surman and Paul 1985

G. †Avisaurus Brett-Surman and Paul 1985

†Avisaurus archibaldi Brett-Surman and Paul 1985

G. †Bauxitornis Dyke and Osi 2010

†Bauxitornis mindszentyae Dyke and Osi 2010

G. †Enantiophoenix Cau and Arduini 2008

†Enantiophoenix electrophyla Cau and Arduini 2008

G. †Gettyia Atterholt et al. 2018

†Gettyia gloriae Varricchio and Chiappe 1995

G. †Halimornis Chiappe et al. 2002

†Halimornis thompsoni Chiappe et al. 2002

G. †Intiornis Novas et al. 2010

†Intiornis inexpectatus Novas et al. 2010

G. †Mirarce Atterholt et al. 2018

†Mirarce eatoni Atterholt et al. 2018

G. †Neuquenornis Chiappe and Calvo 1994

†Neuquenornis volans Chiappe and Calvo 1994

G. †Soroavisaurus Chiappe 1993

†Soroavisaurus australis Chiappe 1993

Fm. †Bohaiornithidae Wang et al. 2014

G. †Bohaiornis Hu et al. 2011

†Bohaiornis guoi Hu et al. 2011

G. †Longusunguis Wang et al. 2014

†Longusunguis kurochkini Wang et al. 2014

G. †Parabohaiornis Wang et al. 2014

†Parabohaiornis martini Wang et al. 2014

G. †Shenqiornis Wang et al. 2010

†Shenqiornis mengi Wang et al. 2010

G. †Sulcavis O'Connor et al. 2013

†Sulcavis geeorum O'Connor et al. 2013

G. †Zhouornis Zhang et al. 2013

†Zhouornis hani Zhang et al. 2013

Or. †Boluochiformes Zhou and Zhang 2006

Invalid names: Boluochidae Zhou and Zhang 2006 [empty]

G. †Brevirostruavis Li et al. 2021

†Brevirostruavis macrohyoideus Li et al. 2021

G. †Castignovolucris Buffetaut et al. 2023

†Castignovolucris sebei Buffetaut et al. 2023

G. †Cathayornis Zhou et al. 1992

†Cathayornis yandica Zhou et al. 1992

Invalid names: Cuspirostrisornis houi Hou 1997 [synonym], Largirostrornis sexdentornis Hou 1997 [synonym]

Or. †Cathayornithiformes Zhou et al. 1992

Fm. †Alethoalaornithidae Li et al. 2007

G. †Alethoalaornis Li et al. 2007 [true wing bird]

†Alethoalaornis agitornis Li et al. 2007

Fm. †Cathayornithidae Zhou et al. 1992

G. †Gracilornis Li and Hou 2011

†Gracilornis jiufotangensis Li and Hou 2011

G. †Longchengornis Hou 1997

†Longchengornis sanyanensis Hou 1997

Fm. †Cuspirostrisornithidae Hou 1997

G. †Cuspirostrisornis Hou 1997

G. †Largirostrornis Hou 1997

G. †Concornis Sanz and Buscalioni 1992

†Concornis lacustris Sanz and Buscalioni 1992

G. †Cruralispennia Wang et al. 2017

†Cruralispennia multidonta Wang et al. 2017

G. †Dunhuangia Wang et al. 2015

†Dunhuangia cuii Wang et al. 2015

G. †Elektorornis Xing et al. 2019

†Elektorornis chenguangi Xing et al. 2019

G. †Elsornis Chiappe et al. 2007 [sand bird]

†Elsornis keni Chiappe et al. 2007

G. †Eoalulavis Sanz et al. 1996

†Eoalulavis hoyasi Sanz et al. 1996

G. †Eocathayornis Zhou 2002

†Eocathayornis walkeri Zhou 2002

G. †Eoenantiornis Hou et al. 1999

†Eoenantiornis buhleri Hou et al. 1999

Or. †Eoenantiornithiformes Hou et al. 1999

Fm. †Eoenantiornithidae Hou et al. 1999

G. †Dapingfangornis Li et al. 2006

†Dapingfangornis sentisorhinus Li et al. 2006

Superor. †Euenantiornithes Chiappe 2002

Or. †Apsaraviformes Livezey and Zusi 2007

Invalid names: Apsaravidae Livezey and Zusi 2007 [empty]

G. †Cratoavis Carvalho et al. 2015

†Cratoavis cearensis Carvalho et al. 2015

G. †Dalingheornis Zhang et al. 2006

†Dalingheornis liweii Zhang et al. 2006

G. †Elbretornis Walker and Dyke 2009

†Elbretornis bonapartei Walker and Dyke 2009

G. †Enantiornis Walker 1981

†Enantiornis leali Walker 1981

†Enantiornis martini Nessov and Panteleyev 1993

†Enantiornis walkeri Nessov and Panteleyev 1993

G. †Grabauornis Dalsatt et al. 2014

†Grabauornis lingyuanensis Dalsatt et al. 2014

G. †Martinavis Walker et al. 2007

†Martinavis cruzyensis Walker et al. 2007

†Martinavis minor Walker and Dyke 2009

†Martinavis saltariensis Walker and Dyke 2009

†Martinavis vincei Walker et al. 2007

†Martinavis whetstonei Walker and Dyke 2009

Or. †Rahonaviformes Livezey and Zusi 2007

Invalid names: Rahonavidae Livezey and Zusi 2007 [empty]

Invalid names: Liaoxiornis Hou and Chen 1999 [nomen dubium], Liaoxiornis delicatus Hou and Chen 1999 [nomen dubium]

Or. †Euornithiformes Kurochkin 1996

Invalid names: Concornithidae Kurochkin 1996 [empty]

G. †Evgenavis O'Connor et al. 2014

†Evgenavis nobilis O'Connor et al. 2014

G. †Falcatakely O'Connor et al. 2020

†Falcatakely forsterae O'Connor et al. 2020

G. †Feitianius O'Connor et al. 2016

†Feitianius paradisi O'Connor et al. 2016

G. †Flexomornis Tykoski and Fiorillo 2010

†Flexomornis howei Tykoski and Fiorillo 2010

G. †Fortunguavis Wang et al. 2014

†Fortunguavis xiaotaizicus Wang et al. 2014

G. †Gobipipus Kurochkin et al. 2013

†Gobipipus reshetovi Kurochkin et al. 2013

G. †Gobipteryx Elzanowski 1974

†Gobipteryx minuta Elzanowski 1974

Invalid names: Nanantius valifanovi Kurochkin 1996 [synonym]

G. †Gretcheniao Chiappe et al. 2019

†Gretcheniao sinensis Chiappe et al. 2019

G. †Holbotia Zelenkov and Averianov 2015

†Holbotia ponomarenkoi Zelenkov and Averianov 2015

G. †Houornis Wang and Liu 2015

†Houornis caudatus Hou 1997

G. †Huoshanornis Wang et al. 2010

†Huoshanornis huji Wang et al. 2010

G. †Iberomesornis Sanz et al. 1990

†Iberomesornis romerali Sanz et al. 1990

G. †Junornis Liu et al. 2017

†Junornis houi Liu et al. 2017

G. †Lectavis Chiappe 1993

†Lectavis bretincola Chiappe 1993

G. †Linyiornis Wang et al. 2016

†Linyiornis amoena Wang et al. 2016

Fm. †Longipterygidae Zhang et al. 2000

G. †Boluochia Zhou 1995

†Boluochia zhengi Zhou 1995

G. †Camptodontornis Demirjian 2019

†Camptodontornis yangi Li et al. 2010

Invalid names: Camptodontus Li et al. 2010 [replaced]

G. †Longipteryx Zhang et al. 2000

†Longipteryx chaoyangensis Zhang et al. 2000

G. †Longirostravis Hou et al. 2004

†Longirostravis hani Hou et al. 2004

G. †Rapaxavis Morschhauser et al. 2009

†Rapaxavis pani Morschhauser et al. 2009

G. †Shanweiniao O'Connor et al. 2009 [fan-tail bird]

†Shanweiniao cooperorum O'Connor et al. 2009

G. †Shengjingornis Li et al. 2012

†Shengjingornis yangi Li et al. 2012

Or. †Longirostravisiformes Zhou and Zhang 2006

Invalid names: Longirostravisidae Zhou and Zhang 2006 [empty]

G. †Microenantiornis Wei and Li 2017

†Microenantiornis vulgaris Wei and Li 2017

G. †Mirusavis Wang et al. 2020

†Mirusavis parvus Wang et al. 2020

G. †Monoenantiornis Hu and O'Connor 2017

†Monoenantiornis sihedangia Hu and O'Connor 2017

G. †Musivavis Wang et al. 2022

†Musivavis amabilis Wang et al. 2022

G. †Noguerornis Lacasa Ruiz 1989

†Noguerornis gonzalezi Lacasa Ruiz 1989

G. †Orienantius Liu et al. 2019

†Orienantius ritteri Liu et al. 2019

G. †Otogornis Hou 1994

†Otogornis genghisi Hou 1994

G. †Paraprotopteryx Zheng et al. 2007

†Paraprotopteryx gracilis Zheng et al. 2007

G. †Parvavis Wang et al. 2014

†Parvavis chuxiongensis Wang et al. 2014

Fm. †Pengornithidae Wang et al. 2014

G. †Chiappeavis O'Connor et al. 2016

†Chiappeavis magnapremaxillo O'Connor et al. 2016

G. †Eopengornis Wang et al. 2014

†Eopengornis martini Wang et al. 2014

G. †Parapengornis Hu et al. 2015

†Parapengornis eurycaudatus Hu et al. 2015

G. †Pengornis Zhou et al. 2008

†Pengornis houi Zhou et al. 2008

G. †Yuanchuavis Wang et al. 2021

†Yuanchuavis kompsosoura Wang et al. 2021

G. †Piscivorenantiornis Wang and Zhou 2017

†Piscivorenantiornis inusitatus Wang and Zhou 2017

Or. †Protopterygiformes Zhou and Zhang 2006

Invalid names: Protopterygidae Zhou and Zhang 2006 [empty]

G. †Protopteryx Zhang and Zhou 2000

†Protopteryx fengningensis Zhang and Zhou 2000

G. †Pterygornis Wang et al. 2014

†Pterygornis dapingfangensis Wang et al. 2014

G. †Qiliania Ji et al. 2011

†Qiliania graffini Ji et al. 2011

G. †Shangyang Wang and Zhou 2019

†Shangyang graciles Wang and Zhou 2019

G. †Sinornis Sereno and Rao 1992

†Sinornis santensis Sereno and Rao 1992

G. †Vescornis Zhang et al. 2004

†Vescornis hebeiensis Zhang et al. 2004

G. †Xiangornis Hu et al. 2012

†Xiangornis shenmi Hu et al. 2012

G. †Yatenavis Álvarez Herrera et al. 2023

†Yatenavis ieujensis Álvarez Herrera et al. 2023

G. †Yuanjiawaornis Hu et al. 2015

†Yuanjiawaornis viriosus Hu et al. 2015

G. †Yungavolucris Chiappe 1993

†Yungavolucris brevipedalis Chiappe 1993

G. †Yuornis Xu et al. 2021

†Yuornis junchangi Xu et al. 2021

Invalid names: Aberratiodontuidae Gong et al. 2004 [empty], Cathayornis aberransis Hou 2002 [nomen dubium], Cathayornis chabuensis Li et al. 2008 [nomen dubium], Enantiornithiformes [empty], Longipterygiformes Zhang et al. 2000 [empty]

Unr. Euornithes Stejneger 1885

Or. Cecomorphae Huxley 1867

Invalid names: Colymboidea Stejneger 1885 [empty], Pygopodes [synonym]

Or. Gallinae

Invalid names: Alectoropodes Cones 1884 [empty]

Invalid names: Chenomorphae Huxley 1867 [empty], Grallae Linnaeus 1758 [empty], Herodii [empty], Picariae Blanchard 1859 [empty]

Unr. †Ornithuromorpha Chiappe 1999

G. †Ambiortus Kurochkin 1982

†Ambiortus dementjevi Kurochkin 1982

G. †Antarcticavis Cordes-Person et al. 2020

†Antarcticavis capelambensis Cordes-Person et al. 2020

G. †Apsaravis Norell and Clarke 2001

†Apsaravis ukhaana Norell and Clarke 2001

G. †Archaeorhynchus Zhou and Zhang 2006

†Archaeorhynchus spathula Zhou and Zhang 2006

G. †Bellulia Wang et al. 2016

†Bellulia rectusunguis Wang et al. 2016

G. †Changmaornis Wang et al. 2013

†Changmaornis houi Wang et al. 2013

G. †Chaoyangia Hou and Zhang 1993

†Chaoyangia beishanensis Hou and Zhang 1993

G. †Dingavis O'Connor et al. 2016

†Dingavis longimaxilla O'Connor et al. 2016

G. †Eogranivora Zheng et al. 2018

†Eogranivora edentulata Zheng et al. 2018

G. †Gansus Hou and Liu 1984

†Gansus yumenensis Hou and Liu 1984

†Gansus zheni Liu et al. 2014

G. †Hollanda Bell et al. 2010

†Hollanda luceria Bell et al. 2010

Fm. †Hongshanornithidae O'Connor et al. 2010

G. †Archaeornithura Wang et al. 2015

†Archaeornithura meemannae Wang et al. 2015

G. †Hongshanornis Zhou and Zhang 2005

†Hongshanornis longicresta Zhou and Zhang 2005

G. †Longicrusavis O'Connor et al. 2010

†Longicrusavis houi O'Connor et al. 2010

G. †Parahongshanornis Li et al. 2011

†Parahongshanornis chaoyangensis Li et al. 2011

G. †Songlingornis Hou 1997

†Songlingornis linghensis Hou 1997

G. †Tianyuornis Zheng et al. 2014

†Tianyuornis cheni Zheng et al. 2014

G. †Yixianornis Zhou and Zhang 2001

†Yixianornis grabaui Zhou and Zhang 2001

G. †Iteravis Zhou et al. 2014

†Iteravis huchzermeyeri Zhou et al. 2014

G. †Jianchangornis Zhou et al. 2009

†Jianchangornis microdonta Zhou et al. 2009

G. †Jiuquanornis Wang et al. 2013

†Jiuquanornis niui Wang et al. 2013

G. †Juehuaornis Wang et al. 2015

†Juehuaornis zhangi Wang et al. 2015

G. †Khinganornis Wang et al. 2020

†Khinganornis hulunbuirensis Wang et al. 2020

G. †Liaoningornis Hou 1997

†Liaoningornis longidigitris Hou 1997

Subcl. Ornithurae Haeckel 1866

G. †Apatornis Marsh 1873

†Apatornis celer Marsh 1873

†Apatornis retustus Marsh 1892

G. †Archaeovolans Czerkas and Xu 2002

†Archaeovolans repatriatus Czerkas and Xu 2002

Unr. †Carinatae Merrem 1813

Subor. †Colymbiformes

Fm. Colymbidae Shaw 1824

G. †Crateropteryx Seeley 1900

†Crateropteryx colei Seeley 1900

Subor. Galliformes Temminck 1820 [fowl]

G. †Amitabha Gulas-Wroblewski and Wroblewski 2003

G. †Archaealectrornis Crowe and Short 1992

G. †Argillipes Harrison and Walker 1977

G. †Bumbanipodius Zelenkov 2021

G. †Bumbanortyx Zelenkov 2021

Subor. Craci Sibley 1988

Fm. Cracidae Vigors 1825

Fm. †Gallinuloididae Lucas 1900

Superfm. Galloidae Hay 1930

G. †Gigantibis Harrison and Walker 1976

Fm. Megapodiidae Lesson 1831 [megapode]

G. †Namaortyx Mourer-Chauviré et al. 2011

Fm. Numididae Reichenbach 1850 [guineafowl]

Fm. Odontophoridae Gould 1844 [New World quail]

Fm. †Paraortygidae Mourer-Chauviré 1992

G. †Paraortyx Gaillard 1908

Subor. Phasiani

Fm. Phasianidae Horsfield 1821 [pheasant]

G. †Procrax Tordoff and Macdonald 1957

Fm. †Quercymegapodiidae Mourer-Chauviré 1992

G. †Scopelortyx Mourer-Chauvire et al. 2015

G. †Sobniogallus Tomek et al. 2014

G. †Taoperdix Milne-Edwards 1869

Invalid names: Galli [empty], Odontiphorinidae Gould 1844 [empty], Phasanidae Monroe and Sibley 1893 [empty], Sylviornithes Worthy et al. 2017 [empty]

Subor. †Odontotormae Marsh 1875

Invalid names: Pteropappi Stejneger 1885 [empty]

Subor. †Tubinares

G. †Eupterornis Lemoine 1878

Invalid names: Anatiformes Hay 1930 [empty], Diatrymatiformes Hay 1930 [empty]

G. †Cerebavis Kurochkin and Saveliev 2006

†Cerebavis cenomanica Kurochkin and Saveliev 2006

G. †Changzuiornis Huang et al. 2018

†Changzuiornis ahgmi Huang et al. 2018

Or. †Chaoyangiformes Hou 1997

Invalid names: Chaoyangidae Hou 1997 [empty]

Fm. †Gargantuaviidae Buffetaut and Angst 2019

G. †Gargantuavis Buffetaut and Le Loeuff 1998

†Gargantuavis philoinos Buffetaut and Le Loeuff 1998

G. †Guildavis Clarke 2004

†Guildavis tener Marsh 1880

Or. †Hesperornithiformes Fürbringer 1888

Fm. †Baptornithidae American Ornithologists' Union 1910

G. †Baptornis Marsh 1877

Invalid names: Parascaniornis Lambrecht 1933 [synonym]

G. †Judinornis Nessov and Borkin 1983

Fm. †Brodavidae Martin et al. 2012

G. †Brodavis Martin et al. 2012

G. †Chupkaornis Tanaka et al. 2018

†Chupkaornis keraorum Tanaka et al. 2018

G. †Enaliornis Seeley 1876

†Enaliornis barretti Seeley 1876

†Enaliornis sedgwicki Seeley 1869

†Enaliornis seeleyi Galton and Martin 2002

†Enaliornis segdwicki Seeley 1869

Invalid names: Pelagornis Seeley 1866 [replaced]

G. †Fumicollis Bell and Chiappe 2015

†Fumicollis hoffmani Bell and Chiappe 2015

Unr. †Hesperornithidae Marsh 1872

G. †Asiahesperornis Nessov and Prizemlin 1991

G. †Canadaga Hou 1999

G. †Hesperornis Marsh 1872

Invalid names: Coniornis Marsh 1893 [synonym], Hargeria Lucas 1903 [synonym], Lestornis Marsh 1876 [synonym]

G. †Parahesperornis Martin 1984

Invalid names: Asiahesperornithinae Nessov and Prizemlin 1991 [empty]

G. †Pasquiaornis Tokaryk et al. 1997

†Pasquiaornis hardiei Tokaryk et al. 1997

†Pasquiaornis tankei Tokaryk et al. 1997

G. †Potamornis Elzanowski et al. 2001

†Potamornis skutchi Elzanowski et al. 2001

Invalid names: Enaliornithidae [empty]

G. †Iaceornis Clarke 2004

†Iaceornis marshi Clarke 2004

Unr. †Ichthyornithes Marsh 1873

G. †Ichthyornis Marsh 1872

†Ichthyornis dispar Marsh 1872

Invalid names: Colonosaurus mudgei Marsh 1872 [objective synonym], Ichthyornis agilis Marsh 1873 [synonym], Ichthyornis anceps Marsh 1872 [synonym], Ichthyornis antecessor Wetmore 1962 [synonym], Ichthyornis validus Marsh 1880 [synonym], Ichthyornis victor Marsh 1876 [synonym]

†Ichthyornis minusculus Nessov 1990

Invalid names: Angelinornis Kashin 1972 [synonym], Colonosaurus Marsh 1872 [synonym], Plegadornis Wetmore 1962 [synonym]

Fm. †Ichthyornithidae Marsh 1873

Invalid names: Angelinornithidae Kashin 1972 [synonym], Plegadornithidae Wetmore 1962 [synonym]

G. †Janavis Benito et al. 2022

†Janavis finalidens Benito et al. 2022

Invalid names: Apatornithidae Fürbringer 1888 [empty]

G. †Kookne Novas et al. 2019

†Kookne yeutensis Novas et al. 2019

G. †Kuszholia Nessov 1992

†Kuszholia mengi Nessov 1992

Or. †Liaoningornithiformes Hou 1997

Invalid names: Liaoningornithidae Hou 1997 [empty]

G. †Limenavis Clarke and Chiappe 2001

†Limenavis patagonica Clarke and Chiappe 2001

G. †Qinornis Xue 1995

†Qinornis paleocenica Xue 1995

G. †Tingmiatornis Bono et al. 2016

†Tingmiatornis arctica Bono et al. 2016

Or. †Yanornithiformes Zhou and Zhang 2001

Fm. †Yanornithidae Zhou and Zhang 2001

G. †Abitusavis Wang et al. 2020

G. †Similiyanornis Wang et al. 2020

G. †Yanornis Zhou and Zhang 2001

Invalid names: Aberratiodontus Gong et al. 2004 [synonym]

Or. †Yixianornithiformes Zhou and Zhang 2006

Invalid names: Yixianornithidae Zhou and Zhang 2006 [empty]

Invalid names: Chaoyangornithiformes Hou 1997 [empty], Dromaeognathae Huxley 1867 [empty], Gobipterygiformes Elzanowski 1974 [empty], Odontoholcae Stejneger 1884 [empty], Odontoholomorphae [empty]

G. †Patagopteryx Alvarenga and Bonaparte 1992

†Patagopteryx deferrariisi Alvarenga and Bonaparte 1992

G. †Piscivoravis Zhou et al. 2013

†Piscivoravis lii Zhou et al. 2013

G. †Schizooura Zhou et al. 2012

†Schizooura lii Zhou et al. 2012

Fm. †Schizoouridae Wang et al. 2020

G. †Mengciusornis Wang et al. 2020

†Mengciusornis dentatus Wang et al. 2020

G. †Vorona Forster et al. 1996

†Vorona berivotrensis Forster et al. 1996

G. †Yumenornis Wang et al. 2013

†Yumenornis huangi Wang et al. 2013

G. †Zhongjianornis Zhou et al. 2010

†Zhongjianornis yangi Zhou et al. 2010

Invalid names: Songlingornithidae Hou 1997 [empty]

G. †Xinghaiornis Wang et al. 2013

†Xinghaiornis lini Wang et al. 2013

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

solitaryo

Environment:

terrestrialo

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingo

Diet:

carnivoresubo

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2009-01-03 20:39:15

Modified:

2009-01-03 22:39:15

Source: subo = suborder, o = order

References: Benton 1983, Marsh 1875

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Middle Bathonian to the top of the Holocene or 167.70000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 164.7 Ma

Collections (829 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Middle Bathonian	167.7 - 164.7	United Kingdom (England)	Aves indet. (59357)
Late/Upper Jurassic - Barremian	161.5 - 125.0	China (Hebei)	Shenqiornis mengi (96195)
Berriasian	145.0 - 139.8	Romania (Judetul Bihor)	Hesperornithiformes indet. (13335)
Early/Lower Cretaceous	145.0 - 100.5	China (Liaoning)	Yuanchuavis kompsosoura (233550)
Hauterivian	132.9 - 129.4	China (Hebei)	Archaeornithura meemannae, Paraprotopteryx gracilis, Protopteryx fengningensis (68022) Eopengornis martini (163268) Orienantius ritteri, Cruralispennia multidonta (194615)
Hauterivian - Barremian	132.9 - 125.0	Mongolia (Bayankhongor)	Ambiortus dementjevi (85287) Holbotia ponomarenkoi (113357)
Early/Lower Barremian	130.0 - 125.45	Spain (Cataluña)	Enantiornithes indet., Noguerornis gonzalezi (85293)
Late/Upper Barremian	130.0 - 125.45	Spain (Castilla-La Mancha)	Iberomesornis sp., Eoalulavis hoyasi, Concornis lacustris, Aves indet. (28006)
Late/Upper Barremian	130.0 - 125.45	China (Nei Mongol)	Cathayornis chabuensis (91202) Enantiornithes indet. (85296) Tianyuornis cheni (106346)
Late/Upper Barremian	130.0 - 125.45	Thailand (Kalasin)	Ornithurae indet. (84443)
Late/Upper Barremian - Early/Lower Aptian	130.0 - 122.46	China (Liaoning)	Archaeorhynchus spathula, Longirostravis hani (123753) Enantiornithes indet. (67611 79521) Eoenantiornis buhleri (79522) Euenantiornithes indet. (79657) Gretcheniao sinensis (132934) Liaoningornis longidigitris (85288) Longicrusavis houi, Hongshanornis longicresta, Eogranivora edentulata, Euenantiornithes indet., Grabauornis lingyuanensis, Liaoxiornis delicatus, Lingyuanornis parvus, Dalingheornis liweii (13937) Shanweiniao cooperorum, Pengornis sp. (82783) Xinghaiornis lini (147071) Yanornis guozhangi (92806)
Late/Upper Barremian - Early/Lower Aptian	130.0 - 122.46	China (Hebei)	Vescornis hebeiensis (79520)
Late/Upper Barremian - Early/Lower Aptian	130.0 - 122.46	China (Nei Mongol)	Hongshanornis longicresta, Abitusavis lii (79519) Junornis houi (203213)
Barremian	129.4 - 125.0	China (Hebei)	Protopteryx fengningensis (156414)
Barremian	129.4 - 125.0	Japan (Ishikawa)	Enantiornithes indet. (32324)
Barremian - Aptian	129.4 - 113.0	Russian Federation (Kemerovo)	Evgenavis nobilis (52808)
Aptian	125.0 - 113.0	China (Gansu)	Yumenornis huangi, Gansus yumenensis, Changmaornis houi, Enantiornithes indet., Qiliania graffini, Avimaia schweitzerae, Feitianius paradisi, Dunhuangia cuii, Euenantiornithes indet., Ornithuromorpha indet. (62293)
Aptian	125.0 - 113.0	China (Inner Mongolia)	Khinganornis sp. (224092)
Aptian	125.0 - 113.0	China (Liaoning)	Aberratiodontus wui, Musivavis amabilis, Longipteryx sp. (79518) Archaeorhynchus spathula, Ornithurae indet., Zhongjianornis yangi, Jianchangornis microdonta, Schizooura lii, Enantiornithes indet. (118207) Archaeovolans repatriatus (55708) Bellulia rectusunguis, Mengciusornis dentatus, Chiappeavis magnapremaxillo, Sulcavis geeorum, Bohaiornis guoi (105772) Bohaiornis guoi, Parabohaiornis martini, Longusunguis kurochkini (153809) Camptodontus yangi (109245) Changzuiornis ahgmi, Gansus zheni, Dingavis longimaxilla, Iteravis huchzermenyeri, Monoenantiornis sihedangia (135798) Cuspirostrisornis houi, Largirostrornis sexdentoris (116136) Enantiornithes indet., Pengornis houi, Huoshanornis huji, Piscivorenantiornis inusitatus, Dapingfangornis sentisorhinus, Xiangornis shenmi, Yanornis sp. (55536) Eocathayornis walkeri (85255) Gracilornis jiufotangensis (151538) Juehuaornis zhangi, Parapengornis eurycaudatus (169930) Linyiornis amoena (78922) Longipteryx chaoyangensis (85262) Parahongshanornis chaoyangensis, Dapingfangornis sp., Yuanjiawaornis viriosus, Longipteryx chaoyangensis, Alethoalaornis agitornis (79941) Piscivoravis lii, Brevirostruavis macrohyoideus, Fortunguavis xiaotaizicus (129475) Pterygornis dapingfangensis (79523) Shangyang graciles (207034) Shengjingornis yangi (98449) Similiyanornis brevipectus (73688) Sinornis santensis (85285) Songlingornis linghensis, Chaoyangia beishanensis, Cathayornis yandica, Largirostrornis sexdentornis, Cathayornis caudatus, Boluochia zhengi, Longchengornis sanyanensis (79517) Yanornis martini, Microenantiornis vulgaris (85258) Yixianornis grabaui (55426) Zhouornis hani (150275) Zhouornis hani, Rapaxavis pani (90046)
Late/Upper Aptian	122.46 - 113.0	Brazil (Ceará)	Euenantiornithes indet. (169901)