PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Pholadidae

Bivalvia - Pholadida - Pholadidae

Taxonomy

Pholadidae was named by Lamarck (1809) [m. kosnik taxon no: 5043]. It is extant.

It was assigned to Adesmacea by Glenn (1904); to Pelecypoda by Clark and Arnold (1923); to Pholadacea by Newell (1965), Vokes (1980), Ward and Blackwelder (1987) and Kennedy (1993); to Myoida by Squires (1999); and to Pholadoidea by Coan et al. (2000), Rosenberg et al. (2006), Nevesskaja (2009), Bouchet et al. (2010) and Carter et al. (2011).

Subtaxa

Cyrtopleura, Dactylina, Diplothyra, Jouannetiinae, Lignopholas, Martesia, Martesiinae, Martesinae, Opertochasma, Pholadinae (syn. Zirfaeinae), Teredina, Xylophaginae, Zirphaea

Synonyms

Hypogaeidae was named by Rafinesque (1815). It is extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Pholadidae by Bouchet et al. (2010).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1809	Pholadidae Lamarck
1815	Hypogaeidae Rafinesque
1904	Pholadidae Glenn p. 274
1923	Pholadidae Clark and Arnold p. 156
1965	Pholadidae Newell p. 21
1980	Pholadidae Vokes p. 187
1987	Pholadidae Ward and Blackwelder p. 131
1993	Pholadidae Kennedy p. 397
1999	Pholadidae Squires p. 28
2000	Pholadidae Coan et al. p. 466
2006	Pholadidae Rosenberg et al.
2009	Pholadidae Nevesskaja
2010	Pholadidae Bouchet et al.
2011	Pholadidae Carter et al. p. 17

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Protostomia
—	Spiralia
superphylum	Lophotrochozoa
phylum	Mollusca
class	Bivalvia
—	Eubivalvia
subclass	Autobranchia	(Groblen 1894)

Rank	Name	Author
infraclass	Heteroconchia	(Gray 1854)
—	Cardiomorphi	Ferussac 1822
—	Cardioni	Ferussac 1822
—	Cardiidia	Ferussac 1822
—	Cardiata	Ferussac 1822
superorder	Pholadiformii	Gray 1854
order	Pholadida	Gray 1854
superfamily	Pholadoidea	Lamarck 1809
family	Pholadidae	Lamarck 1809
family	Pholadidae	Lamarck 1809

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Fm. Pholadidae Lamarck 1809

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G. Cyrtopleura Tryon 1862

Subg. Cyrtopleura (Scobinopholas) Grant and Gale 1931

Cyrtopleura costata Linnaeus 1758

Cyrtopleura crucigera Sowerby 1834

†Cyrtopleura levesquei Watelet 1851

G. Dactylina Gray

Dactylina oblongata Say 1822

G. Diplothyra Tryon 1862

Diplothyra smithii Tryon 1862

Subfm. Jouannetiinae Tryon 1862

G. Jouannetia Des Moulins 1828

Subg. Jouannetia (Jouannetia) Des Moulins 1828

Jouannetia (Jouannetia) tournoueri Locard 1877

Subg. Jouannetia (Pholadopsis)

†Jouannetia cuneata Tate 1887

G. Netastoma

Netastoma rostratum Valenciennes 1846

†Netastoma squiresi Kennedy 1993

Invalid names: Nettastomella Carpenter 1865 [synonym]

G. Lignopholas Turner 1955

G. Martesia Sowerby 1824

Subg. Martesia (Martesia) Sowerby 1834

Subg. Martesia (Particoma)

†Martesia clausa Gabb 1864

Martesia cuneiformis Say 1822

†Martesia cylindrica Riedel 1933

†Martesia fragilis

†Martesia mcevoyi McLearn 1929

†Martesia meganosensis Clark and Woodford 1927

†Martesia oligocenica Maury 1912

†Martesia ovalis Say 1820

†Martesia sanctidominici Maury 1917

†Martesia sanctipauli Maury 1917

Martesia striata Linnaeus 1758

Subfm. Martesiinae Grant 1931

G. †Aspidopholas Fischer 1887

†Aspidopholas obtecta

G. Chaceia

†Chaceia fulcherae Kennedy 1993

Chaceia ovoidea Gould 1851

G. †Formosulus

G. †Goniochasma Meek 1864

†Turnus (Goniochasma) crockfordi Warren 1934

G. †Heteropholas

G. Parapholas Conrad 1848

Parapholas californica Conrad 1837

†Parapholas quadrizonata

†Parapholas satoi Nagao 1928

G. Penitella Valenciennes 1846

Penitella conradi Valenciennes 1846

Invalid names: Pholadidea parva Tryon 1865 [synonym]

Penitella fitchi Turner 1955

†Penitella gabbii Tryon 1863

Penitella penita Conrad 1837

Invalid names: Penitella speloeum Conrad 1855 [synonym]

Penitella richardsoni Kennedy 1989

G. Pholadidea Turton 1819

Subg. Pholadidea (Hatasia)

†Pholadidea increnata Marwick 1929

†Pholadidea patagonica Philippi 1887

G. †Ramsetia Stephenson 1941

G. †Xylophomya

G. †Opertochasma Stephenson 1953

Subfm. Pholadinae Lamarck 1809

G. Barnea Leach 1826

Subg. Barnea (Anchomasa) Leach 1852

†Barnea (Anchomasa) saulae Kennedy 1993

Subg. Barnea (Barnea) Leach 1826

Barnea (Barnea) cylindrica Sowerby 1818

Subg. Barnea (Umitakea) Habe 1952

†Barnea australasiae

†Barnea dilatata

†Barnea shihchoensis Wang 1983

Barnea subtruncata Sowerby I 1834

†Barnea tiara Tate 1887

Barnea truncata Say 1822

G. †Clavipholas Conrad 1868

G. Cyrtopleuropsis Pacaud 1998

Tr. †Euxinibarneini Zhgenti 1991

G. †Euxinibarnea Zhgenti 1966

G. Monothyra Tryon 1862

G. Nipponopholas Okamato and Habe 1987

G. Pholas Linnaeus 1758

Subg. †Pholas (Monothyra)

Subg. Pholas (Pholas) Linnaeus 1758

†Pholas (Pholas) memmingeri Tuomey and Holmes 1858

Subg. Pholas (Thovana) Gray 1847

Pholas (Thovana) campechiensis Gmelin 1791

Pholas (Thovana) chiloensis Molina 1782

†Pholas (Thovana) producta Conrad 1863

†Pholas arcuata Conrad 1841

†Pholas baudoni Deshayes 1857

Pholas dactylus Linnaeus 1758

†Pholas intermedia Wood 1879

†Pholas mackiana Maury 1912

†Pholas pectorosa Conrad 1852

†Pholas triquetra Conrad 1848

Invalid names: Hypogaea Poli 1791 [synonym]

G. †Zirlona

Invalid names: Pholadini Lamarck 1809 [empty], Zirfaeinae Gray 1851 [synonym]

G. †Teredina

†Teredina personata Lamarck 1806

Subfm. Xylophaginae Purchon 1941

G. †Xylophagella Meek 1864

†Xylophagella crassula Stoliczka 1870

†Xylophagella littlei Hryniewicz 2019

G. Xylopholas Turner 1972

G. Xyloredo Turner 1972

G. †Zirphaea Gray 1840

†Zirphaea dentata Gabb 1866

†Zirphaea plana White 1889

Invalid names: Hypogaeidae Rafinesque 1815 [synonym], Martesinae Grant and Gale 1931 [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

aragonitec

Locomotion:

stationaryf

Life habit:

boringf

Diet:

suspension feederf

Vision:

blindc

Comments:

LIFE HISTORY: WB, SE/IM, UN, SU according to Todd (2001).f

Created:

2009-09-09 13:51:40

Modified:

2009-09-09 15:51:40

Source: f = family, c = class

References: Sanchez Roig 1926, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Pliensbachian to the top of the Holocene or 190.80000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 170.3 Ma

Collections (447 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Oldest occurrences
Pliensbachian - Aalenian	190.8 - 170.3	Peru (Junín)	Martesia sp. (202438)
Middle Oxfordian	161.2 - 155.7	Germany (Niedersachsen)	Jouannetia sp. (31435)
Middle Oxfordian	161.2 - 155.7	France	Jouannetia gelyana (11084)
Tithonian	152.1 - 145.0	Greenland	Xylophagainae indet. (1227)
Aptian	125.0 - 113.0	United Kingdom (England)	Goniochasma dallasi (1859)
Late/Upper Aptian	122.46 - 113.0	New Zealand	Martesia sp. (65630 65634 65635)
Early/Lower Aptian	121.4 - 122.46	Switzerland	Pholas cornueliana (2175)
Albian	113.0 - 100.5	Switzerland	Pholas sanctae-crucis (2167)
Early/Lower Albian	112.03 - 109.0	United Kingdom (England)	Martesia sp., Xylophagella sp. (1785)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	USA (New Jersey)	Martesia cretacea magnatuba (6651)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	USA (Texas)	Opertochasma subconicum (4648 6578 6604 6635) Opertochasma venustum (6498 6513 6525) Pholas scaphoides (4641 6548)
Cenomanian	100.5 - 93.9	USA (California)	Martesia sp. (167602 185726)
Early/Lower Cenomanian	99.6 - 93.5	India	Xylophagella crassula (228245)
Middle Cenomanian	99.6 - 93.5	India	Xylophagella crassula (228244)
Turonian	93.9 - 89.8	USA (Minnesota)	Parapholas sphenoideus (1987)
Coniacian	89.8 - 86.3	USA (California)	Barnea saulae (72037) Martesia clausa (44232)
Coniacian	89.8 - 86.3	Cameroon	Martesia cylindrica (177976) Martesia sp. (209690)
Coniacian - Santonian	89.8 - 83.6	USA (California)	Barnea saulae (200459)
Middle Coniacian	89.3 - 85.8	Canada (Alberta)	Martesia mcevoyi (87512)
Campanian	83.6 - 72.1	USA (North Carolina)	Martesia sp. (7617) Pholadidea sp. (7610) Pholas cithara (190579) Pholas sp. (190555)