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Lutrinae (otter)
Taxonomy
Lutrinae was named by Baird (1857). It is extant.
It was assigned to Mustelidae by Hay (1902), Crusafont-Pairo and Golpe (1962), Scheffer and Rice (1963), Bjork (1970), Hendey (1974), Malatesta (1978), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Muizon (1982), Willemsen (1983), Berta and Morgan (1985), Larivière (1998), Marmi et al. (2004), Morales and Pickford (2005), Pickford (2007), Peigne et al. (2008), Prevosti and Ferrero (2008), Werdelin and Peigne (2010), Robles et al. (2010), Salesa et al. (2013), Cherin et al. (2016), Cherin (2017), Tseng et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2018) and Boessenecker (2018).
It was assigned to Mustelidae by Hay (1902), Crusafont-Pairo and Golpe (1962), Scheffer and Rice (1963), Bjork (1970), Hendey (1974), Malatesta (1978), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Muizon (1982), Willemsen (1983), Berta and Morgan (1985), Larivière (1998), Marmi et al. (2004), Morales and Pickford (2005), Pickford (2007), Peigne et al. (2008), Prevosti and Ferrero (2008), Werdelin and Peigne (2010), Robles et al. (2010), Salesa et al. (2013), Cherin et al. (2016), Cherin (2017), Tseng et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2018) and Boessenecker (2018).
Subtaxa
Aonychini, Aonyx (syn. Anahyster), Aonyxini, Enhydra, Enhydrini, Enhydriodon, Enhydriodontini, Enhydritherium, Hydrictis, Lontra, Lutra (syn. Hydrogale, Lutrix, Barangia, Lutronectes, Lataxina, Lutris, Nutria, Latax, Nesolutra), Lutraeximia, Lutrictis, Lutrini, Lutrogale (syn. Isolalutra), Megencephalon, Paludolutra, Paralutra, Pteronura, Siamogale, Sivaonyx, Teruelictis, Tyrrhenolutra, Vishnuonyx
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1857 | Lutrinae Baird |
| 1902 | Lutrinae Hay p. 768 |
| 1962 | Lutrinae Crusafont-Pairo and Golpe p. 8 |
| 1963 | Lutrinae Scheffer and Rice p. 2 |
| 1970 | Lutrinae Bjork p. 31 |
| 1974 | Lutrinae Hendey p. 72 |
| 1978 | Lutrinae Malatesta p. 109 |
| 1980 | Lutrinae Kurten and Anderson p. 158 |
| 1982 | Lutrinae Muizon p. 262 figs. Fig. 1 |
| 1983 | Lutrinae Willemsen p. 2 |
| 1985 | Lutrinae Berta and Morgan p. 810 |
| 1998 | Lutrinae Larivière p. 1 |
| 2004 | Lutrinae Marmi et al. p. 492 |
| 2005 | Lutrinae Morales and Pickford p. 235 |
| 2007 | Lutrinae Pickford p. 86 |
| 2008 | Lutrinae Peigne et al. |
| 2008 | Lutrinae Prevosti and Ferrero p. 1172 |
| 2010 | Lutrinae Robles et al. p. 558 |
| 2010 | Lutrinae Werdelin and Peigne p. 622 |
| 2013 | Lutrinae Salesa et al. p. 453 |
| 2016 | Lutrinae Cherin et al. p. 93 |
| 2017 | Lutrinae Cherin p. 435 |
| 2017 | Lutrinae Tseng et al. |
| 2018 | Lutrinae Boessenecker |
| 2018 | Lutrinae Wang et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. Lutrinae Baird 1857 [otter]
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G. Aonyx Lesson 1827 [clawless otter]
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†Aonyx antiqua Blainville 1841
†Aonyx aonychoides Zdansky 1924
Aonyx capensis Schinz 1821 [African clawless otter]
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Invalid names: Aonyx delalandi Lesson 1827 [synonym], Lutra inunguis Cuvier 1823 [synonym]
Aonyx cinerea Illiger 1815 [Oriental small-clawed otter]
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Invalid names: Lutra leptonyx Horsfield 1823 [synonym]
†Aonyx congica Lonnberg 1910
Invalid names: Anahyster Murray 1860 [synonym]
G. Enhydra Fleming 1822 [sea otter]
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Enhydra lutris Linnaeus 1758 [sea otter]
†Enhydra macrodonta Kilmer 1972
†Enhydra reevei Newton 1890
G. †Enhydriodon Falconer 1868
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†Enhydriodon aethiopicus Geraads et al. 2004
†Enhydriodon africanus Stromer 1931
†Enhydriodon dikikae Geraads et al. 2011
†Enhydriodon falconeri Pilgrim 1932
†Enhydriodon hendeyi Morales et al. 2005
Enhydriodon latipes Pilgrim 1931
†Enhydriodon sivalensis Falconer 1868
Invalid names: Amyxodon Falconer and Cautley 1835 [nomen nudum]
G. Lontra Gray 1843 [otter]
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Lontra canadensis Schreber 1776 [North American river otter]
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Invalid names: Lutra iowa Goldman 1941 [synonym], Lutra parvicuspis Gidley and Gazin 1933 [synonym], Lutra rhoadsii Cope 1896 [synonym]
Lontra felina Molina 1782 [marine otter]
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Invalid names: Lutra brachydactyla Wagner 1841 [synonym], Lutra californica Gray 1837 [synonym], Lutra chilensis Kerr 1792 [synonym], Lutra cinerea Thomas 1908 [synonym], Lutra peruensis Gervais 1841 [synonym]
Lontra longicaudis Olfers 1818 [neotropical otter]
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Lontra longicaudis annectens Forsyth Major 1897
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Invalid names: Lutra colombiana Allen 1904 [synonym], Lutra emerita Thomas 1908 [synonym], Lutra latidens Allen 1908 [synonym], Lutra mesopetes Cabrera 1924 [synonym], Lutra parilina Thomas 1914 [synonym], Lutra repanda Goldman 1914 [synonym]
Lontra longicaudis enudris Cuvier 1823
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Invalid names: Lutra incarum Thomas 1908 [synonym], Lutra insularis Cuvier 1823 [synonym], Lutra mitis Thomas 1908 [synonym]
Lontra longicaudis longicaudis Olfers 1818
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Invalid names: Lutra latifrons Nehring 1887 [synonym], Lutra platensis Waterhouse 1838 [synonym], Lutra solitaria Wagner 1842 [synonym]
Lontra provocax Thomas 1908
†Lontra weiri Prassack 2016
G. Lutra Brisson 1762 [otter]
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Subg. †Lutra (Satherium) Gazin 1934
†Lutra affinis Gervais 1859
†Lutra brachygnathus Schlosser 1903
†Lutra bravardi Pomel 1843
†Lutra bressana Deperet 1893
†Lutra castiglionis Pereira and Salotti 2000
†Lutra fatimazohrae Geraads 1997
†Lutra franconica Quenstedt 1885
†Lutra hessica Lydekker 1890
†Lutra licenti Teilhard de Chardin and Piveteau 1930
Lutra lutra Linnaeus 1758 [European otter]
†Lutra lybica Stromer 1914
†Lutra nippon Imaizumi and Yoshiyuki 1989 [Japanese otter]
†Lutra palaeoleptonyx Falconer 1868
†Lutra simplicidens Thenius 1965
†Lutra sumatrana Gray 1865
Invalid names: Barangia Gray 1865 [synonym], Hydrogale Gray 1865 [synonym], Latax Gray 1865 [synonym], Lataxina Gervais 1855 [synonym], Lutris Dumeril 1805 [synonym], Lutrix Rafinesque 1815 [synonym], Lutronectes Gray 1867 [synonym], Nesolutra Bate 1935 [synonym], Nutria Gray 1865 [synonym]
G. †Lutraeximia Cherin et al. 2016
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†Lutraeximia trinacriae Burgio and Fiore 1988
†Lutraeximia umbra Cherin et al. 2016
G. †Lutrictis Pomel
Tr. Lutrini Gray 1865
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G. †Cyrnolutra Pereira and Salotti 2000
G. †Limnonyx Crusafont Pairo 1950
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†Limnonyx pontica Nordmann 1860
Limnonyx sinerizi Crusafont Pairo 1950
G. †Mionictis Matthew 1924
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†Mionictis angustidens Hall 1930
†Mionictis artenensis Ginsburg 1968
†Mionictis dubia de Blainville 1841
†Mionictis elegans Matthew 1924
†Mionictis incertus Matthew 1924
†Mionictis letifer Cook and Macdonald 1962
†Mionictis pristinus Matthew and Gidley 1904
G. †Lutrogale
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†Lutrogale cretensis Symeonides and Sondaar 1975
†Lutrogale perspicillata Geoffroy 1826
Invalid names: Isolalutra Symeonides and Sondaar 1975 [synonym]
G. †Paludolutra Hurzeler 1987
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†Paludolutra campanii Meneghini 1863
†Paludolutra lluecai Villalta Comella and Crusafont Pairó 1945
†Paludolutra maremmana Hurzeler 1987
G. †Paralutra Roman and Viret 1934
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†Paralutra garganensis Willemsen 1983
†Paralutra jaegeri Fraas 1862
†Paralutra lorteti Filhol 1879
†Paralutra transdanubica Kretzoi 1951
G. Pteronura Gray 1837 [giant otter]
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Pteronura brasiliensis Gmelin 1788 [giant otter]
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Invalid names: Lutra paranensis Rennger 1830 [synonym]
G. †Sivaonyx Pilgrim 1931
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†Sivaonyx africanus Stromer 1931
†Sivaonyx bathygnathus Lydekker 1884
†Sivaonyx beyi Peigne et al. 2008
†Sivaonyx ekecaman Werdelin 2003
†Sivaonyx gandakasensis Pickford 2007
†Sivaonyx hendeyi Morales et al. 2005
†Sivaonyx hessicus Lydekker 1890
†Sivaonyx kamuhangirei Morales and Pickford 2005
†Sivaonyx lehmani Crusafont-Pairo and Golpe 1962
†Sivaonyx senutae Morales and Pickford 2005
†Sivaonyx soriae Morales and Pickford 2005
G. †Vishnuonyx Pilgrim 1932
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†Vishnuonyx chinjiensis Pilgrim 1932
†Vishnuonyx neptuni Kargopoulos et al. 2021
Invalid names: Aonyxini Sokolov 1973 [empty], Enhydrini Gray 1825 [empty], Enhydriodontini Morales and Pickford 2005 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Nowak 1991 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the MP 28 to the top of the Holocene or 28.40000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 23.03 Ma
Collections (332 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| MP 28 | France (Quercy) | Necromanis franconica (36712) | |
| Miocene | USA (California) | Enhydriodon lluecai (19461 19462) | |
| Miocene | France | Paralutra jaegeri (200296) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | Enhydriodon africanus (22224) Sivaonyx hendeyi (22220) | |
| Burdigalian | Saudi Arabia | Mionictis sp. (47069) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Nebraska) | Mionictis letifer (17980) | |
| MN 4 | Spain | Necromanis franconica (232128) | |
| MN 4 | France (Midi-Pyrénées) | Paralutra lorteti (71873) | |
| MN 4 | France (Centre) | Mionictis artenensis (69116) | |
| MN 4 | France (Alsac) | Mionictis artenensis (69106) | |
| MN 4 | France (Gers) | Mionictis artenensis (69099) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Brachypsalis pristinus (18284) Mionictis sp. (18109 18442) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Montana) | Mionictis sp. (18803) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Mionictis elegans (17911) Mionictis incertus (17904) | |
| Barstovian - Clarendonian | USA (Nebraska) | Mionictis sp. (18235) | |
| Langhian | Spain (Catalonia) | Paralutra sp. (180192) | |
| MN 5 | Turkey (Bursa) | Lutrinae indet. (68547) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | France (Midi-Pyrenees) | Mionictis dubia (32191) | |
| Middle Miocene | Pakistan | Vishnuonyx chinjiensis (92067 92068) | |
| Middle Miocene | Pakistan (Punjab) | Vishnuonyx chinjiensis (92063) | |