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Sterculiaceae
Taxonomy
Sterculiaceae was named by Ventenat (1807). It is extant. It is considered to be a form taxon.
It was assigned to Dicotyledonae by Chandler (1961); and to Malvales by Knowlton (1919), Hickey (1977) and Mabberley (2000).
It was assigned to Dicotyledonae by Chandler (1961); and to Malvales by Knowlton (1919), Hickey (1977) and Mabberley (2000).
Subtaxa
Brachychiton, Byttneriophyllum, Commersonia, Dombeya, Dombeyoxylon, Firmianites, Fremontia, Heritiera, Penosphyllum, Pterospermites, Pterospermoxylon, Pterospermum, Reevesia, Sezannella, Sphinxia, Sterculinium, Sterculiocarpus, Sterculioxylon, Sterculioxylon, Sterculiphyllum, Tarrietioxylon, Triplochitioxylon
Synonymy list
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. Sterculiaceae Ventenat 1807
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G. Brachychiton Schott and Endlicher 1832
G. Commersonia Forster and Forster 1776
G. †Dombeyoxylon Schenk 1883
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†Dombeyoxylon aegyptiacum Schenk 1883
†Dombeyoxylon mahabalei Biradar 1975
†Dombeyoxylon oweni Krausel 1939
G. Fremontia Torrey 1854
G. †Pterospermites Heer 1859
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†Pterospermites alaskana Knowlton 1904
†Pterospermites carolinensis Berry 1907
†Pterospermites credneriifolius Berry 1907
†Pterospermites cupanioides Newberry 1868
†Pterospermites dentatus Heer 1868
†Pterospermites grandidentatus Lesquereux 1888
†Pterospermites haguei Knowlton 1899
†Pterospermites longeacuminatus Lesquereux 1891
†Pterospermites magnifolia Knowlton 1904
†Pterospermites minor Ward 1885
†Pterospermites modestus Lesquereux 1891
†Pterospermites neomexicanus Knowlton 1916
†Pterospermites nervosus Knowlton 1918
†Pterospermites obovatus Newberry 1896
†Pterospermites spectabilis Heer 1869
†Pterospermites sternbergii Lesquereux 1872
†Pterospermites undulatus Knowlton 1900
†Pterospermites vagans Heer 1859
†Pterospermites wardii Knowlton 1900
†Pterospermites whitei Ward 1885
G. †Pterospermum Arber 1914
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†Pterospermum anglicum Arber 1914
†Pterospermum palaeoheyneanum Antal and Awasthi 1993
†Pterospermum siwalicum Antal and Prasad 1996
G. †Sterculinium Guleria 1983
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†Sterculinium dattai Prakash and Tripathi 1974
†Sterculinium deccanensis Lakhanpal et al. 1978
†Sterculinium kalagarhense Trivedi and Ahuja 1978
†Sterculinium pondicherriense Awasthi 1981
†Sterculinium shahpurensis Bande and Prakash 1980
†Sterculinium vermahaii Lakhanpal et al. 1981
G. †Sterculiocarpus Berry 1916
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†Sterculiocarpus eocenicus Berry 1916
†Sterculiocarpus sezannelloides Berry 1916
G. †Sterculioxylon Kraeusel 1939
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†Sterculioxylon aegyptiacum Unger 1939
†Sterculioxylon deccanensis Lakhanpal et al. 1978
†Sterculioxylon shahpurensis Bande and Prakash 1980
G. †Triplochitioxylon Manchester 1979
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: p = phylum | |||||
| Reference: Kiessling 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Lancian to the top of the Holocene or 70.60000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 66.0 Ma
Collections (130 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lancian | USA (North Dakota) | Pterospermites cordata (25414 25445 25468 25914 48191 48268) | |
| Puercan | USA (North Dakota) | Pterospermites cordata (25446 25453 25454 25466 25469 48177) | |
| Early/Lower Paleocene | USA (Colorado) | S. CR008 (129226) | |
| Early/Lower Paleocene | USA (North Dakota) | Penosphyllum cordatum (129230) | |
| Paleocene | USA (North Dakota) | Pterospermites cordatus (58023) | |
| Paleocene | USA (New Mexico) | Pterospermites cordatus (43147) | |
| Paleocene | USA (Montana) | Pterospermites cordatus (40094 40745 53538) | |
| Paleocene | China (Xinjiang) | Pterospermites auriculaecordatus, Pterospermites macarangoides, Pterospermites peltatifolius, Pterospermites sp. (223851) | |
| Paleocene | USA (Wyoming) | Pterospermites cordatus (57968 57990 57996) | |
| Paleocene | USA (Colorado) | Pterospermites cordatus (39895 39899) | |
| Paleogene | India (Maharashtra) | Sterculioxylon baradense (224626) | |
| Paleogene | India (Madhya Pradesh) | Dombeyoxylon mahabalei (224606) Sterculioxylon deccanensis (227846) Sterculioxylon shahpurensis (227848) | |
| Clarkforkian | USA (Wyoming) | Penosphyllum cordatum (11352) | |
| Clarkforkian | USA (North Dakota) | Penosphyllum cordatum (10811) | |
| Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Sphinxia ovalis (22806) | |
| Graybullian | USA (Wyoming) | Dombeya novimundi (11349 11350 11370 11503) Penosphyllum cordatum (11371) | |
| Lostcabinian | USA (Wyoming) | Dombeya novimundi (11327 11344 11345 11346 11347 11354 11450 11454 11455 11460 11461 11462 11464 11465 11466 11467 11468 11469 11470 11471 11479 11480 11481 11484 11485 11498) | |
| Wasatchian | USA (North Dakota) | Dombeya novimundi (10806 10973 10974) | |
| Wasatchian | USA (Wyoming) | Dombeya novimundi (28135 28705 28708 28709 28711 28712 28713 28718 28721 28723 28724 28727 28728 28731 28732 28737 28738 28740 28911) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | Canada (British Columbia) | Pterospermites alaskana (227797) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | USA (Wyoming ) | Dombeya novimundi (129152) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | USA (Colorado) | Pterospermites cordatus (53070) | |
| Bridgerian | USA (Wyoming) | Firmianites aterrimus (122743) | |
| Middle Eocene | USA (Wyoming) | Pterospermites haguei (35583) | |
| Middle Eocene | Australia (Victoria) | Brachychiton indet. (166973 167121) | |
| Middle Eocene | Australia (South Australia) | Brachychiton indet. (167163 167541) | |
| Middle Eocene | Argentina (Tierra del Fuego) | Sterculiaceae indet. (169358) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Japan (Fukuoka) | Reevesia oligocenica (224520) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Australia (Tasmania) | Brachychiton sp. (166832) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene - Early/Lower Miocene | Australia (Victoria) | Brachychiton sp. (169006 169237) | |
| Aquitanian | New Zealand | S. or Hernandiaceae, S. or Tiliaceae (50035) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | China (Yunnan) | Byttneriophyllum tiliaefolium (223826) | |
| Miocene | Western Sahara | Dombeyoxylon oweni (137130) | |
| Miocene | India (Tamil Nadu) | Sterculiaceae indet. (224618) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | India (West Bengal) | Pterospermum palaeoheyneanum (223486) | |
| Neogene | India (Tamil Nadu) | Sterculioxylon pondicherriense (224633) | |
| Burdigalian | China (Shandong) | Commersonia parabatramia (223803) | |
| Middle Miocene | India (Arunachal Pradesh) | Sterculioxylon vermahaii (224743) | |
| Middle Miocene | Australia (New South Wales) | Brachychiton sp. (224044) | |
| Middle Miocene | India (Uttar Pradesh) | Sterculioxylon kalagarhense (227819) | |
| Middle Miocene - Late/Upper Miocene | India (Assam) | Sterculioxylon dattai (224623) | |
| Serravallian | Kenya | Sterculiaceae indet. (22311 22312) | |
| Serravallian | Germany (Brandenburg) | Byttneriophyllum tiliaefolium (23045 27514) | |
| Serravallian - Tortonian | Germany (Brandenburg) | Byttneriophyllum tiliaefolium (27064) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | China (Yunnan) | Byttneriophyllum tiliaefolium (222698) Byttneriophyllum tiliaefolium, Reevesia sp. (222695) | |
| Pliocene | India (Gujarat) | Pterospermoxylon kutchensis (225193) Sterculinium kalagarhense (227814) | |
| Pleistocene | India (West Bengal) | Heritiera sp. (224677 228819) | |
| Quaternary | India (West Bengal) | Heritiera sp. (228793 228794 228795 228810 228821) | |
| Quaternary | India | Heritiera sp. (28180) | |
| Quaternary | India (Uttarakhand) | Sterculiaceae indet. (228809) | |
| Holocene | India (West Bengal) | Heritiera sp. (228796 228807) |