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Pseudhipparion gratum

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Equidae

Taxonomy
Hipparion gratum was named by Leidy (1869) [also said to be 1868]. Its type specimen is USNM 587, a set of teeth (A right upper premolar, p2, associated with two others, ?m2 and m3), and it is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Hippotherium gratum by Lydekker (1882), Cope (1889) and Leidy and Lucas (1896); it was synonymized subjectively with Protohippus placidus by Leidy (1885), Cope (1893) and Matthew (1899); it was synonymized subjectively with Hipparion ingenuum by Leidy (1889), Leidy (1892) and Roger (1896); it was recombined as Neohipparion gratum by Gidley (1906), Gidley (1907), Matthew (1909), Hay (1917), Hay (1930) and Hibbard (1941); it was recombined as Nannippus gratus by McGrew (1936), Johnston (1938), Stirton (1940), Gregory (1942), Lance (1950), Macdonald (1960) and Dalquest and Hughes (1966); it was recombined as Griphippus gratus by Quinn (1955) and Skinner (1972); it was considered a nomen dubium by Macdonald (1992); it was recombined as Pseudhipparion gratum by Webb (1969), Webb and Hulbert (1986), Kelly and Lander (1988), Voorhies (1990), Dalquest et al. (1996) and MacFadden (1998).

Synonyms
  • Neohipparion niobrarense was named by Gidley (1906). Its type specimen is AMNH 10828, a partial skull (Anterior portion of skull with lower jaws), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Fort Niobrara, which is in a Barstovian terrestrial horizon in the Valentine Formation of Nebraska.

    It was recombined as Protohippus niobrarensis by Osborn (1918); it was recombined as Protohippus niobrariensis by Hay (1930); it was recombined as Nannippus niobrarensis by McGrew and Meade (1938) and Stirton (1940); it was synonymized subjectively with Pseudhipparion gratum by Webb (1969); it was synonymized subjectively with Parahippus cognatus by Voorhies (1990).
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1869Hipparion gratum Leidy p. 287
1882Hippotherium gratum Lydekker
1889Hippotherium gratum Cope p. 445
1896Hippotherium gratum Leidy and Lucas p. 49
1902Hipparion gratum Hay p. 620
1906Neohipparion gratum Gidley
1906Neohipparion niobrarense Gidley
1907Neohipparion gratum Gidley p. 888
1907Neohipparion niobrarense Gidley p. 927
1909Neohipparion gratum Matthew
1917Neohipparion gratum Hay
1918Protohippus niobrarensis Osborn p. 136 figs. Plate 21.2. Text Fig. 108
1918Hipparion gratum Osborn p. 179 figs. Plate 32.3. Text Figs. 142, 143.
1930Neohipparion gratum Hay
1930Protohippus niobrariensis Hay
1936Nannippus gratus McGrew
1938Nannippus gratus Johnston p. 246
1938Nannippus niobrarensis McGrew and Meade p. 201
1940Nannippus gratus Stirton p. 186
1940Nannippus niobrarensis Stirton p. 186
1941Neohipparion gratum Hibbard
1942Nannippus gratus Gregory
1950Nannippus gratus Lance
1955Griphippus gratus Quinn p. 42
1960Nannippus gratus Macdonald
1966Nannippus gratus Dalquest and Hughes
1969Pseudhipparion gratum Webb
1972Griphippus gratus Skinner p. 117
1986Pseudhipparion gratum Webb and Hulbert, Jr.
1988Pseudhipparion gratum Kelly and Lander
1990Pseudhipparion gratum Voorhies
1996Pseudhipparion gratum Dalquest et al.
1998Pseudhipparion gratum MacFadden p. 548

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Life
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
subclassSynapsida
Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
Mammaliamorpha
Mammaliaformes
RankNameAuthor
classMammalia
Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
Theriiformes()
Trechnotheria
Cladotheria
Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
Eutheria()
Placentalia
Boreoeutheria
Laurasiatheria
Scrotifera
Euungulata
Panperissodactyla
superorderPerissodactylamorpha
orderPerissodactyla()
superfamilyEquoidea
familyEquidae
subfamilyEquinae
tribeHipparionini
genusPseudhipparion
speciesgratum()

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Pseudhipparion gratum Leidy 1869
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Invalid names: Neohipparion niobrarense Gidley 1906 [synonym]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
H. F. Osborn 1918(Leidy, 1869) (1) Second superior (fig. 25, pl. XVIII) closely resembles that of
Protokippua placidua in size, form, and proportions; (2) fossettes less gaping than in P. placidua; (3) enamel more plicate. Type and neotype. (Gidley, 1907) (4) Protocone usually small, elliptical in cross section, separate from protoconule to base of crown; (5) anterior border of prefossette plicated in the premolars, a character not in Protokippua. (6) Lachrymal and malar fossre moderately deep, limited in area; (7) anterior palatal foramina opening backward into long, narrow slits, as in the modem horse; (8) palate strongly concave, especially anteriorly; (9) nasals short-tipped, but very · broad where they join the premaxillaries; (10)-lower jaws short and deep as in P. placidua, but symphysis long and exten- sion beyond premolars comparatively shorter; (11) angle of jaw proportionately smaller, lower border of ramus more curved and bowed.
H. F. Osborn 1918 (Protohippus niobrarensis)(Gidley, 1906, p. 152, 1907, p. 927) Gidley separates this species from Hipparion (Neohipparion) gratum as follows: (1) The skull, especially in the nasal and premaxillary region, is longer and narrower; (2) the palate is narrow and more arched; (3) the anterior palatine foramina are more open but do not extend as far backward as in H. gratum; the posterior palatal notch apparently extends as far forward as the middle of m1; (4) the malar fossa is wanting; (5) the lachrymal fossa is lll.l"ger, extends farther backward, and has a rather sharply defined posterior border; (6) the symphysis of the lower jaw is longer and narrower than in H. gratum but is not so extreme in proportions as in H. dolichops; and (7) the ramus is bowed as in H. gratum but has a less vertical depth.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingsubf
Diet: grazerg
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2009-01-04 10:27:32
Modified: 2009-01-04 12:56:21
Source: g = genus, subf = subfamily, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: MacFadden and Cerling 1996, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979, MacFadden 1998, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range: base of the Barstovian to the top of the Clarendonian or 15.97000 to 10.30000 Ma

Collections (50 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (Nebraska) Pseudhipparion gratum (18213)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (South Dakota) Nannippus gratus (18064) Pseudhipparion gratum (18038 18389 18390 18391 18392 18395)
Miocene23.03 - 5.333USA (Oklahoma) Nannippus sp. (18105)
Barstovian15.97 - 13.6USA (Nebraska) Neohipparion niobrarense (18165)
Clarendonian13.6 - 10.3USA (Nebraska) Pseudhipparion gratum (18042 18060 18061 18092 18095 18108 18221 18222 18233 18251 18324 18328 18440 18467 18468 18496 188779)
Clarendonian13.6 - 10.3USA (Oklahoma) Pseudhipparion gratum (18045)
Clarendonian13.6 - 10.3USA (South Dakota) Nannippus gratus (18474 18475 18478 18481 18482 18485 18486 18487 18490 18492) Pseudhipparion gratum (18063 18200 18268 18344 18406)
Late/Upper Clarendonian13.6 - 10.3USA (New Mexico) Griphippus gratus (19528)
Late/Upper Clarendonian13.6 - 10.3USA (Nebraska) Pseudhipparion gratum (18066 37803)
Clarendonian - Hemphillian13.6 - 4.9USA (South Dakota) Pseudhipparion gratum (18352)
Clarendonian - Hemphillian13.6 - 4.9USA (Nebraska) Pseudhipparion gratum (18134)
Clarendonian - Pliocene13.6 - 2.588USA (Oklahoma) Pseudhipparion gratum (170181)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333USA (Florida) Hippotherium gratum (216990)