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Mammuthus columbi (Columbian mammoth)
Mammalia - Proboscidea - Elephantidae
Taxonomy
Elephas columbi was named by Falconer (1857). It is not extant.
It was synonymized subjectively with Elephas americanus by Leidy (1873); it was recombined as Elephas primigenius columbii by Cope (1893); it was recombined as Euelephas columbi by Osborn (1918); it was recombined as Parelephas columbi by Osborn (1924) and Osborn (1942); it was recombined as Mammuthus (Parelephas) columbi by Haury et al. (1953); it was recombined as Mammuthus columbi by Hibbard (1955), Hibbard (1955), Hibbard and Taylor (1960), Aguirre (1969), Lundelius (1972), Maglio (1973), Puckette and Scholtz (1974), Miller (1976), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Hulbert and Pratt (1998), Larson (1999) and Agenbroad (2005).
It was synonymized subjectively with Elephas americanus by Leidy (1873); it was recombined as Elephas primigenius columbii by Cope (1893); it was recombined as Euelephas columbi by Osborn (1918); it was recombined as Parelephas columbi by Osborn (1924) and Osborn (1942); it was recombined as Mammuthus (Parelephas) columbi by Haury et al. (1953); it was recombined as Mammuthus columbi by Hibbard (1955), Hibbard (1955), Hibbard and Taylor (1960), Aguirre (1969), Lundelius (1972), Maglio (1973), Puckette and Scholtz (1974), Miller (1976), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Hulbert and Pratt (1998), Larson (1999) and Agenbroad (2005).
Sister species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1838 | Elephas jacksoni Mather |
| 1857 | Elephas columbi Falconer |
| 1858 | Elephas (Euelephas) imperator Leidy p. 29 |
| 1893 | Elephas primigenius columbii Cope p. 897 |
| 1902 | Elephas columbi Hay p. 713 |
| 1918 | Euelephas columbi Osborn |
| 1918 | Euelephas imperator Osborn |
| 1922 | Elephas roosevelti Hay |
| 1922 | Elephas jeffersonii Osborn |
| 1923 | Elephas washingtonii Osborn |
| 1924 | Archidiskodon imperator Osborn |
| 1924 | Parelephas columbi Osborn |
| 1924 | Parelephas jeffersonii Osborn |
| 1925 | Elephas maibeni Barbour |
| 1926 | Elephas eellsi Hay |
| 1929 | Archidiskodon sonoriensis Osborn |
| 1929 | Elephas floridanus Osborn |
| 1931 | Elephas columbi Elftman p. 12 |
| 1942 | Parelephas columbi Osborn |
| 1942 | Parelephas floridanus Osborn |
| 1942 | Parelephas jacksoni Osborn |
| 1942 | Parelephas jeffersonii Osborn |
| 1942 | Parelephas progressus Osborn |
| 1942 | Parelephas roosevelti Osborn |
| 1942 | Parelephas washingtonii Osborn |
| 1953 | Mammuthus (Archidiskodon) imperator Haury et al. p. 21 |
| 1953 | Mammuthus (Parelephas) columbi Haury et al. p. 21 |
| 1955 | Mammuthus columbi Hibbard |
| 1960 | Mammuthus columbi Hibbard and Taylor |
| 1967 | Mammuthus jeffersoni Wilson p. 214 |
| 1969 | Mammuthus columbi Aguirre |
| 1969 | Mammuthus imperator Aguirre |
| 1972 | Mammuthus columbi Lundelius, Jr. |
| 1973 | Mammuthus columbi Maglio |
| 1973 | Mammuthus imperator Maglio |
| 1974 | Mammuthus columbi Puckette and Scholtz p. 55 |
| 1974 | Mammuthus imperator Puckette and Scholtz p. 55 |
| 1974 | Mammuthus jeffersoni Puckette and Scholtz p. 55 |
| 1976 | Mammuthus columbi Miller |
| 1976 | Mammuthus imperator Miller |
| 1980 | Mammuthus columbi Kurten and Anderson p. 351 |
| 1980 | Mammuthus jeffersonii Kurten and Anderson p. 352 |
| 1981 | Mammuthus jacksoni Madden |
| 1981 | Elephas columbi Thurmond and Jones p. 181 |
| 1983 | Mammuthus imperator Madden |
| 1986 | Mammuthus imperator Madden |
| 1992 | Mammuthus imperator Dalquest and Schultz |
| 1996 | Mammuthus imperator Shoshani and Tassy |
| 1998 | Mammuthus columbi Hulbert, Jr. and Pratt |
| 1999 | Mammuthus columbi Larson p. 532 |
| 2005 | Mammuthus columbi Agenbroad p. 74 |
| 2007 | Mammuthus imperator Christiansen p. 425 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
| part | N | mean | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M2 height | 1 | 137.0 | |||||
| M3 height | 1 | 228.0 | |||||
| m3 height | 1 | 145.0 |
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| Source: g = genus, f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Nowak 1991, MacFadden and Cerling 1996, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002 | |||||
Age range: base of the Miocene to the top of the Rancholabrean or 23.03000 to 0.01200 Ma
Collections (131 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Miocene | USA (Nebraska) | Elephas imperator (190543) | |
| Neogene | Nicaragua | Mammuthus columbi (86962) | |
| Blancan | Mexico (Sonora) | Mammuthus imperator (20322) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene | El Salvador | Mammuthus columbi (70118) | |
| Pleistocene | Mexico (Santiago chazumba) | Mammuthus columbi (190089) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Arkansas) | Mammuthus columbi (92494) | |
| Pleistocene | El Salvador (Chalatenango) | Mammuthus columbi (192090) | |
| Pleistocene | Canada (British Columbia) | Archidiskodon imperator, Parelephas columbi (108782) Parelephas columbi (108781 108783 108784 108785 108786) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Alabama) | Elephas columbi (82056) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Texas) | Elephas columbi (85137 156789 190387) | |
| Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Minnesota) | Elephas columbi (93502 93511) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Oklahoma) | Elephas columbi (93557) | |
| Pleistocene | Guatemala (Guatemala) | Mammuthus columbi (189384) | |
| Pleistocene | Guatemala ( Zacapa) | Mammuthus columbi (189381 189382) | |
| Pleistocene | Mexico (Jalisco) | Elephas columbi (45173) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Georgia) | Elephas columbi (96899) | |
| Pleistocene | Guatemala (El Petén) | Mammuthus columbi (189383) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (South Carolina) | Mammuthus columbi (65405) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Maryland) | Elephas columbi (126660 127111) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Minnesota) | Elephas columbi (93504 93505 93506 93508 93509 93510 93512 93513 93514 93515) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (Washington) | Parelephas columbi (108787) | |
| Pleistocene | Nicaragua | Mammuthus columbi (86963) | |
| Pleistocene | USA (California) | Mammuthus columbi (183454) | |
| Quaternary | Mexico (Santiago Chazumba) | Mammuthus columbi (190088) | |
| Irvingtonian | Canada (Alberta) | Mammuthus columbi (20418) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (California) | Mammuthus columbi (20386 20387 20409 20452 20527) Mammuthus sp. (20522) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Arizona) | Mammuthus imperator (20538) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (New Mexico) | Mammuthus imperator (20339 20549) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Oklahoma) | Mammuthus columbi (20157) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Montana) | Mammuthus columbi (20310 20373) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Nebraska) | Mammuthus imperator (20143 20347 20375 20500) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Kansas) | Mammuthus columbi (20295 20353 20390) Mammuthus haroldcooki (20148) Mammuthus imperator (20516) | |
| Irvingtonian | USA (Texas) | Elephas columbi (20318 20420 20533) Elephas imperator (20530) Mammuthus imperator (20163 20412 20568) | |
| Irvingtonian - Rancholabrean | USA (California) | Mammuthus imperator (20323) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (Arizona) | Mammuthus columbi (190076) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (Nebraska) | Archidiskodon imperator, Parelephas columbi (34382) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (Florida) | Mammuthus columbi (20440) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (California) | Mammuthus columbi (183460 192043 200313) | |
| Rancholabrean | USA (Oklahoma) | Mammuthus columbi (70136) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Wyoming) | Mammuthus columbi (79626) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | Mexico (Sonora) | Archidiskodon imperator (74471) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (Texas) | Elephas columbi (93103) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | Elephas columbi (34269 104046) Mammuthus columbi (154804) Mammuthus columbi, Mammuthus imperator (74292) Parelephas columbi (154773) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Mexico (Hidalgo) | Mammuthus columbi (190114 190115 190116) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | Canada (British Columbia) | Parelephas columbi (20632) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Kansas) | Mammuthus columbi (20605) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | Canada (Alberta) | Mammuthus columbi (20615) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Georgia) | Mammuthus columbi (20591 20613) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Idaho) | Mammuthus imperator (20569) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Florida) | Parelephas floridanus (20581) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Mammuthus columbi (20590) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (South Dakota) | Mammuthus columbi (93333) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Michigan) | Mammuthus jeffersoni (63217 63218 63386 63388 63389 63390 63391 63392 63483) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Oregon) | Elephas columbi (93251) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Florida) | Mammuthus columbi (154722) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (Montana) | Mammuthus columbi (93182) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (California) | Mammuthus columbi (20585 20609 20637) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Utah) | Mammuthus columbi (74478) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Oklahoma) | Mammuthus columbi (91527) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | USA (Utah) | Mammuthus columbi (109026) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Utah) | Mammuthus columbi (20641) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | Mexico (Mexico) | Mammuthus imperator (93639) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Virginia) | Mammuthus columbi (103358) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Oklahoma) | Mammuthus columbi (74144) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Colorado) | Mammuthus imperator (20617) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Honduras | Mammuthus columbi (190753) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (New Mexico) | Parelephas columbi (93246) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (late glacial) | USA (Arizona) | Mammuthus columbi (79623 93275 93599) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Texas) | Mammuthus imperator (20603) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (Kansas) | Mammuthus columbi (37788) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (glacial) | USA (Florida) | Mammuthus imperator (154921) |