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Borophagus secundus

Mammalia - Carnivora - Canidae

Taxonomy
Borophagus secundus was named by VanderHoof (1931) [named as subspecies of Aelurodon saevus by Matthew and Cook 1909; raised to species level].

It was recombined as Osteoborus secundus by Stirton and VanderHoof (1933), VanderHoof and Gregory (1940), Skinner et al. (1977), Richey (1979) and Munthe (1998).

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1924Hyaenognathus direptor Matthew
1928Hyaenognathus cyonoides Martin p. 235
1930Borophagus cyonoides Matthew and Stirton
1931Borophagus cyonoides VanderHoof
1931Borophagus secundus VanderHoof
1932Borophagus cyonoides Reed and Longenecker
1933Osteoborus cyonoides Stirton and VanderHoof p. 177
1933Osteoborus direptor Stirton and VanderHoof p. 177
1933Osteoborus secundus Stirton and VanderHoof p. 178
1935Borophagus cyonoides Bode
1936Osteoborus cyonoides Hesse
1937Osteoborus cyonoides Johnston
1939Osteoborus cyonoides Johnston
1940Osteoborus secundus VanderHoof and Gregory
1941Osteoborus cyonoides Stirton
1944Osteoborus cyonoides McGrew
1948Osteoborus cyonoides Macdonald
1969Osteoborus cyonoides Dalquest
1977Osteoborus secundus Skinner et al.
1979Osteoborus cyonoides Bennett
1979Osteoborus cyonoides Richey
1979Osteoborus direptor Richey
1979Osteoborus secundus Richey
1980Osteoborus cyonoides Dalquest and Mooser p. 3
1980Borophagus direptor Kurten and Anderson p. 165
1983Osteoborus cyonoides Harrison
1984Osteoborus cyonoides Webb and Perrigo
1990Osteoborus cyonoides Schultz
1998Osteoborus cyonoides Miller and Carranza-Castaneda
1998Osteoborus cyonoides Munthe
1998Osteoborus secundus Munthe
1999Borophagus secundus Wang et al.
2008Borophagus secundus Wang et al.
2016Borophagus secundus Tseng and Geisler p. 2 figs. Table 1

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
—Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
—Tetrapoda
—Reptiliomorpha
—Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
—Cotylosauria()
—Amniota
subclassSynapsida
—Therapsida()
infraorderCynodontia()
—Mammaliamorpha
—Mammaliaformes
RankNameAuthor
classMammalia
—Theriamorpha(Rowe 1993)
—Theriiformes()
—Trechnotheria
—Cladotheria
—Zatheria
subclassTribosphenida()
subclassTheria
—Eutheria()
—Placentalia
—Boreoeutheria
—Laurasiatheria
—Scrotifera
—Ferae()
—CarnivoramorphaWyss and Flynn 1993
—CarnivoraformesFlynn et al.
orderCarnivora
familyCanidae
subfamilyBorophaginae
genusBorophagus
speciessecundus

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Borophagus secundus VanderHoof 1931
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Invalid names: Hyaenognathus cyonoides Martin 1928 [synonym], Hyaenognathus direptor Matthew 1924 [synonym]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
R. A. Stirton and V. L. VanderHoof 1933Very closely related to O. cyonoides; p1 apparently more frequently present in secundus than in O. cyonoides. A series from Snake Creek may show that p1 is predominantly present and this possibility is sufficiently great to warrant the maintenance of O. secundus as a species. p2 has two roots; p3 is not so narrow nor so long-crowned as O. cyonoides, neither is it wider posteriorly than anteriorly.
R. A. Stirton and V. L. VanderHoof 1933 (Osteoborus cyonoides)Rostrum short, frontals abruptly elevated from level of nasals; frontals extremely convex both antero-posteriorly and laterally; zygomatic arches wide; palate short and wide; P1-3 with very low median cusps; p2 with double or single roots and vestigial anterior and posterior cusps in some individuals; P3 with widely separated roots; crown of P3 elongate and narrow, seldom high; talon of M1 not as wide as in O. littoralis; horizontal ramus deflected outwardly below p4 giving tooth row a curved alignment; p1 present in only one specimen from Coffee Ranch, alveolus shallow, root single; p3 with separate roots, or one grooved root, or one round root, low median cusps on p2; p3 with two roots; p3 usually wider posteriorly than anteriorly, with a low to moderately high median cusp and a vestigial posterior cusp.
R. A. Stirton and V. L. VanderHoof 1933 (Osteoborus direptor)Horizontal ramus deflected outwardly below p4 giving tooth row a curved alignment; p1 absent; p2 with one root; p3 with a distinct external goove in its single root.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Environment: terrestrialsubc
Locomotion: actively mobilec
Life habit: ground dwellingf
Diet: carnivoreg
Reproduction: viviparoussubc
Created: 2009-01-04 14:34:14
Modified: 2009-01-04 16:34:14
Source: g = genus, f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum
References: Nowak 1991, Van Valkenburgh 1988, Hendy et al. 2009, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988

Age range: base of the Hemphillian to the top of the Clarendonian or 10.30000 to 9.40000 Ma

Collections (33 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (California) Osteoborus cyonoides (19318)
Clarendonian12.5 - 9.4USA (Texas) Borophagus secundus (18091)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333El Salvador Osteoborus cyonoides (18720)
Late/Upper Miocene11.608 - 5.333USA (Oregon) Osteoborus cyonoides (154947)
Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9Honduras Osteoborus cyonoides (18732 18736 18739 18750)
Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9USA (Texas) Osteoborus cyonoides (18097 18175 18198)
Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9USA (Oklahoma) Borophagus secundus (170201) Osteoborus cyonoides (18304)
Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9Mexico (Hidalgo) Borophagus secundus (212307)
Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9USA (Nebraska) Borophagus secundus (18033) Osteoborus direptor (18499)
Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9USA (Kansas) Hyaenognathus cyonoides, Osteoborus cyonoides (18140) Osteoborus cyonoides (18166 18241)
Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9Mexico (Jalisco) Borophagus secundus (18745 189788 189790) Osteoborus cyonoides (18747)
Late/Upper Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9USA (California) Borophagus secundus (19445 19582) Osteoborus cyonoides (19604)
Late/Upper Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9USA (Nebraska) Borophagus secundus (18432)
Late/Upper Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9USA (New Mexico) Osteoborus secundus (19473)
Late/Upper Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9Mexico (Jalisco) Osteoborus cyonoides (18715)
Late/Upper Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9Mexico (Zacatecas) Borophagus secundus (157349)
Late/Upper Hemphillian10.3 - 4.9Mexico (Guanajuato) Borophagus secundus (18713) Osteoborus cyonoides (18737 18740)