PBDB Taxon

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Subhyracodon

Mammalia - Perissodactyla - Rhinocerotidae

Taxonomy

Subhyracodon was named by Wood (1927) [named as subgenus of Aceratherium by Brandt 1878; raised to genus]. It is not extant.

It was assigned to Diceratheriinae by Prothero and Schoch (1989), Prothero (1998) and Prothero (2005); to Elasmotheriinae by Antoine et al. (2010); and to Rhinocerotidae by Wood (1927), Wood (1960), Carroll (1988), Holbrook (1999), Wang et al. (2016) and Albright et al. (2019).

Species

Caenopus (Leptaceratherium), Caenopus simplicidens, Caenopus yoderensis, Hyracodon planiceps, S. kewi, S. mitis (syn. Caenopus pumilus, Aceratherium pumilum, Aceratherium copei), S. occidentalis (syn. S. hesperius, S. gidleyi, Aceratherium exiguum, Aceratherium trigonodum, Hyracodon quadriplicatus, S. metalophum), S. woodi

Synonyms

Anchisodon was named by Cope (1879).

It was synonymized subjectively with Subhyracodon by Wood (1927), Scott (1941), Galbreath (1953) and Prothero (2005).

It was assigned to Triplopodinae by Hay (1902).
Caenopus was named by Cope (1880).

It was synonymized subjectively with Subhyracodon by Lucas et al. (1981), Prothero and Manning (1987), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Manning (1997) and Prothero (1998).

It was assigned to Rhinoceridae by Cope (1881); to Diceratheriinae by Hay (1902); and to Rhinocerotidae by Scott (1913).
Caenopus simplicidens was named by Cope (1891). It is a 3D body fossil.

It was recombined as Aceratherium simplicidens by Osborn and Wortman (1894); it was considered a nomen dubium by Wood (1927) and Prothero (2005).
Caenopus yoderensis was named by Schlaikjer (1935). Its type locality is Yoder, which is in a Chadronian terrestrial siltstone/sandstone in the Chadron Formation of Wyoming.

It was recombined as Trigonias yoderensis by Kihm (1987); it was considered a nomen dubium by Prothero (2005).
Hyracodon planiceps was named by Scott and Osborn (1887).

It was synonymized subjectively with Caenopus mitis by Scott (1941); it was recombined as Subhyracodon planiceps by Wood (1960); it was synonymized subjectively with Subhyracodon tridactylus by Wood (1961); it was considered a nomen dubium by Prothero (1996).
Leptaceratherium was named by Osborn (1898). Its type is Aceratherium trigonodum.

It was synonymized subjectively with Caenopus by Troxell (1921); it was synonymized subjectively with Subhyracodon by Wood (1927), Scott (1941), Manning (1997) and Prothero (2005).

It was assigned to Diceratheriinae by Hay (1902); and to Rhinocerotidae by Lambe (1908).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1879	Anchisodon Cope
1880	Caenopus Cope
1881	Caenopus Cope p. 393
1887	Hyracodon planiceps Scott and Osborn p. 170
1891	Caenopus simplicidens Cope
1894	Aceratherium simplicidens Osborn and Wortman
1898	Leptaceratherium Osborn
1902	Anchisodon Hay p. 640
1902	Hyracodon planiceps Hay p. 641
1902	Caenopus Hay p. 643
1902	Caenopus simplicidens Hay p. 643
1902	Leptaceratherium Hay p. 643
1908	Leptaceratherium Lambe
1909	Caenopus simplicidens Osborn and Matthew
1913	Caenopus Scott p. 291
1921	Caenopus simplicidens Troxell
1927	Subhyracodon Wood
1935	Caenopus yoderensis Schlaikjer
1960	Subhyracodon Wood pp. 88-90
1960	Subhyracodon planiceps Wood p. 100
1987	Trigonias yoderensis Kihm
1988	Subhyracodon Carroll
1989	Subhyracodon Prothero and Schoch p. 535
1998	Subhyracodon Prothero p. 599
1999	Subhyracodon Holbrook p. 346
2005	Subhyracodon Prothero p. 39
2010	Subhyracodon Antoine et al.
2016	Subhyracodon Wang et al.
2019	Subhyracodon Albright et al. p. 184

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
subclass	Synapsida
—	Therapsida	()
infraorder	Cynodontia	()
—	Mammaliamorpha
—	Mammaliaformes

Rank	Name	Author
class	Mammalia
—	Theriamorpha	(Rowe 1993)
—	Theriiformes	()
—	Trechnotheria
—	Cladotheria
—	Zatheria
subclass	Tribosphenida	()
subclass	Theria
—	Eutheria	()
—	Placentalia
—	Boreoeutheria
—	Laurasiatheria
—	Scrotifera
—	Euungulata
—	Panperissodactyla
superorder	Perissodactylamorpha
order	Perissodactyla	()
—	Tapiromorpha	(Haeckel 1873)
—	Ceratomorpha	(Wood 1937)
superfamily	Rhinocerotoidea
family	Rhinocerotidae
genus	Subhyracodon

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Subhyracodon Wood 1927

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†Subhyracodon kewi Stock 1933

†Subhyracodon mitis Cope 1875

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Invalid names: Aceratherium copei Osborn 1898 [synonym], Aceratherium pumilum Cope 1885 [synonym], Caenopus pumilus Cope 1886 [synonym]

†Subhyracodon occidentalis Leidy 1850

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†Caenopus trigonodus allus Troxell 1921

Invalid names: Aceratherium exiguum Lambe 1908 [synonym], Aceratherium trigonodum Osborn and Wortman 1894 [synonym], Hyracodon quadriplicatus Cope 1873 [synonym], Subhyracodon gidleyi Wood 1927 [synonym], Subhyracodon hesperius Leidy 1865 [synonym], Subhyracodon metalophum Wood 1927 [synonym]

†Subhyracodon woodi Schlaikjer 1935

Invalid names: Anchisodon Cope 1879 [synonym], Caenopus Cope 1880 [synonym], Hyracodon planiceps Scott and Osborn 1887 [nomen dubium], Leptaceratherium Osborn 1898 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

terrestrialsubc

Locomotion:

actively mobilec

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

browserf

Reproduction:

viviparoussubc

Created:

2005-06-08 10:11:09

Modified:

2005-08-31 17:08:31

Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum

References: Nowak 1991, Carroll 1988, Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range: base of the Chadronian to the top of the Arikareean or 37.20000 to 18.50000 Ma

Collections (54 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Bartonian - Rupelian	41.3 - 28.1	Mexico (Oaxaca)	S. sp. (166797)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	USA (South Carolina)	S. mitis (206997)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Montana)	Caenopus mitis (16925 16946) S. mitis (17010)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	Canada (Saskatchewan)	Aceratherium exiguum (16919) Caenopus occidentalis, Caenopus pumilus (101961)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Nebraska)	S. mitis (17025) S. sp. (16930)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Wyoming)	Caenopus sp. (16920) Caenopus yoderensis (16903) S. mitis (16942 16986) S. occidentalis (16908) S. sp. (16962 16963 17011) Trigonias yoderensis (17045)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (South Dakota)	Aceratherium trigonodum, Caenopus mitis (17006) Caenopus mitis (16885 16938)
Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Colorado)	Aceratherium mite (16977)
Early/Lower Chadronian	37.2 - 33.9	USA (Wyoming)	Caenopus yoderensis (16906)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (South Dakota)	Aceratherium mite (17141) Aceratherium mite, Aceratherium occidentale (17153) Aceratherium occidentale (17142 17295) Caenopus occidentalis (17133) S. sp. (17089 17094 17174 17187 17189 17190 163487)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Wyoming)	S. occidentalis (17064 17116 17117)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Mississippi)	S. occidentalis (17072)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Oregon)	S. sp. (17070)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (North Dakota)	S. occidentalis (17101 17125)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	Canada (Saskatchewan)	S. sp. (17111)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Montana)	S. sp. (17090)
Orellan	33.9 - 33.3	USA (Colorado)	S. occidentalis (17081 17082)
Whitneyan	33.3 - 30.8	USA (South Dakota)	S. sp. (17359)
Whitneyan	33.3 - 30.8	USA (California)	Rhinoceros hesperius (17321)
Whitneyan - Monroecreekian	33.3 - 24.8	Canada (Saskatchewan)	S. sp. (17306)
Whitneyan - late Early Arikareean	33.3 - 18.5	USA (California)	S. kewi (17527)
Geringian	30.8 - 26.3	USA (Nebraska)	S. sp. (17495)
Arikareean	29.5 - 18.5	USA (Nebraska)	S. sp. (17568)
Arikareean	29.5 - 18.5	USA (California)	S. sp. (17497)
Hemingfordian	20.43 - 15.97	USA (Wyoming)	S. occidentalis (17994)