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Rhinoceros (one-horned rhinoceros)
Taxonomy
Rhinoceros was named by Linnaeus (1758). It is extant. Its type is Rhinoceros unicornis.
It was assigned to Glires by Linnaeus (1758); to Rhinocerotina by Gray (1825); to Perissodactyla by Owen (1848) and Lydekker (1876); to Rhinoceridae by Cope (1881) and Stefani (1916); to Rhinocerotidae by Leidy (1873) and Carroll (1988); to Rhinocerotinae by Hay (1902) and Tong (2001); to Rhinocerotina by Prothero and Schoch (1989) and Antoine et al. (2010); and to Rhinocerotini by Deng (2003), Deng et al. (2011) and Pandolfi and Maiorino (2016).
It was assigned to Glires by Linnaeus (1758); to Rhinocerotina by Gray (1825); to Perissodactyla by Owen (1848) and Lydekker (1876); to Rhinoceridae by Cope (1881) and Stefani (1916); to Rhinocerotidae by Leidy (1873) and Carroll (1988); to Rhinocerotinae by Hay (1902) and Tong (2001); to Rhinocerotina by Prothero and Schoch (1989) and Antoine et al. (2010); and to Rhinocerotini by Deng (2003), Deng et al. (2011) and Pandolfi and Maiorino (2016).
Species
R. (Ceratorhinus), R. deccanensis, R. elatus, R. goldfussii, R. habereri, R. iravadicus, R. leptodon, R. leptorhinus, R. minutus, R. namadicus, R. pacificus, R. palaeindicus, R. philippinensis, R. planidens, R. platyrhinus, R. plicidens, R. sinensis, R. sivalensis, R. sondaicus, R. unicornis (type species)
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1758 | Rhinoceros Linnaeus p. 56 |
| 1825 | Rhinoceros Gray p. 342 |
| 1828 | Rhinoceros elatus Croizet and Jobert |
| 1848 | Rhinoceros Owen p. 139 |
| 1873 | Rhinoceros Leidy p. 328 |
| 1876 | Rhinoceros Lydekker |
| 1881 | Rhinocerus Cope p. 393 |
| 1902 | Rhinoceros Hay p. 647 |
| 1916 | Rhinoceros Stefani p. 11 |
| 1988 | Rhinoceros Carroll |
| 1989 | Rhinoceros Prothero and Schoch p. 536 |
| 2001 | Rhinoceros Tong |
| 2003 | Rhinoceros Deng p. 148 |
| 2010 | Rhinoceros Antoine et al. |
| 2011 | Rhinoceros Deng et al. p. 1287 |
| 2016 | Rhinoceros Pandolfi and Maiorino |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Rhinoceros Linnaeus 1758 [one-horned rhinoceros]
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Subg. †Rhinoceros (Ceratorhinus)
†Rhinoceros deccanensis Foote 1874
†Rhinoceros goldfussii Kaup 1834
†Rhinoceros habereri Schlosser 1903
†Rhinoceros iravadicus Lydekker 1876
†Rhinoceros leptodon Kaup 1834
†Rhinoceros leptorhinus Cuvier 1822
†Rhinoceros minutus Cuvier 1830
†Rhinoceros namadicus Falconer and Cautley 1847
†Rhinoceros pacificus Leidy 1872
†Rhinoceros palaeindicus Falconer and Cautley 1847
†Rhinoceros philippinensis von Koenigswald 1956
†Rhinoceros planidens Lydekker 1876
†Rhinoceros platyrhinus Falconer and Cautley 1847
†Rhinoceros plicidens Koken 1885
†Rhinoceros sinensis Owen 1870
†Rhinoceros sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1847
Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest 1822 [Javan rhinoceros]
Rhinoceros unicornis Linnaeus 1758 [Indian rhinoceros]
Invalid names: Rhinoceros elatus Croizet and Jobert 1828 [nomen oblitum]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Body mass estimates
| estimate | equation | reference |
|---|---|---|
| 539.7 kg | Mammalia femur diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
| 534.9 kg | Mammalia humerus diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
| 648.9 kg | Mammalia tibia diameter | Gingerich 1990 |
| mean: 572.2 kg | ||
Measurements
| part | N | mean | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| femur diameter | 1 | 50.0 | |||||
| humerus diameter | 1 | 55.0 | |||||
| radius diameter | 1 | 37.0 | |||||
| tibia diameter | 1 | 52.7 |
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| Source: g = genus, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Lillegraven 1979, Ji et al. 2002, Carroll 1988, Nowak 1999, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Rupelian to the top of the Holocene or 33.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 28.1 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 28.1 Ma
Collections (101 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rupelian | Belgium (Antwerpen) | Rhinoceros sp. (52047) | |
| Aquitanian | Italy | Rhinoceros aurelianensis (47623) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | North Korea (Hamgyeongbuk-do) | Rhinoceros sp. (48623) | |
| Miocene | Pakistan | Rhinoceros palaeindicus (232183) | |
| Miocene | China (Gansu) | Rhinoceros sp. (42555) | |
| Miocene | Austria | Rhinoceros sp. (63085) | |
| Miocene | Serbia and Montenegro (Serbia) | Rhinoceros sp. (39715) | |
| Miocene - Pliocene | India (Punjab) | Rhinoceros sivalensis (232184) | |
| Neogene | Italy | Rhinoceros sp. (96713) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan (Tao-yuan) | Rhinoceros sp. (76856) | |
| Neogene | Myanmar | Rhinoceros iravadicus (232175 232176) | |
| Neogene | Taiwan | Rhinoceros sp. (76868) | |
| Burdigalian | Portugal (Lisbon) | Ceratorhinus tagicus (36617) | |
| Burdigalian | Slovakia | Rhinoceros sp. (48642) | |
| MN 4 | France (Midi-Pyrénées) | Ceratorhinus tagicus (71873) | |
| MN 5 - MN 6 | Portugal | Ceratorhinus sansaniensis (65912) | |
| Middle Miocene | Pakistan (Punjab) | Rhinoceros browni (13472) | |
| Serravallian | Ukraine (Odessa) | Rhinoceros pachygnathus (75786 75790) | |
| MN 7 + 8 | Switzerland (Baselland) | Rhinoceros sp. (49421) | |
| Sarmatian | Russian Federation | Rhinoceros sp. (73903) | |
| Tortonian | Ukraine (Odessa) | Rhinoceros pachygnathus (75794) | |
| Tortonian | Moldova | Rhinoceros pachyganthus (75802) Rhinoceros pachygnathus (75803) | |
| Vallesian | Spain (Catalonia) | Rhinoceros sp. (176268) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Greece (Aegean) | Rhinoceros pachygnathus (202120) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Turkey (Mugla) | Rhinoceros pachygnathus (13998) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Greece (Attica) | Rhinoceros pachygnathus, Rhinoceros sp. (182754) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Greece (Chalkidona) | Rhinoceros pachygnathus (182745) Rhinocerus pachygnathus (182750) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Pakistan (Punjab) | Rhinoceros sivalensis (13474) Rhinoceros vidali (13473) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene - Early/Lower Pliocene | Turkey | Rhinoceros sp. (11799) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene - Pliocene | Kyrgyzstan | Rhinoceros sp. (76287) | |
| MN 9 - MN 10 | Germany (Baden-Wurttemberg) | Rhinoceros sp. (22681) | |
| Turolian | Greece (Euboea) | Rhinoceros sp. (214079) | |
| Messinian | Ukraine (Odessa) | Rhinoceros pachygnathus (76292) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Kazakhstan | Rhinoceros sp. (76289) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Ukraine (Izmail) | Rhinoceros sp. (76311) | |
| Zanclean | France | Rhinoceros leptorhinus (56693) | |
| Pliocene | Kazakhstan | Rhinoceros sp. (76536) | |
| Pliocene | Ukraine (Odessa) | Rhinoceros sp. (76502) | |
| Pliocene | Russian Federation (Stavropol'skaya) | Rhinoceros sp. (76537) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | Taiwan (N/A) | Rhinoceros sinensis (208877) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | France (Haute-Loire) | Rhinoceros sp. (48989) | |
| Pliocene - Pleistocene | India (Uttar Pradesh) | Rhinoceros sp. (37751) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | India | Rhinoceros palaeindicus, Rhinoceros sivalensis (39209 39210) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Russian Federation | Rhinoceros sp. (76530) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | India (Panjab) | Rhinoceros palaeindicus, Rhinoceros sivalensis (51106) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | India (Jammu) | Rhinoceros sp. (51102) | |
| Piacenzian | Belgium (Antwerpen) | Rhinoceros leptorhinus (66958) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene | Myanmar | Rhinoceros sivalensis (41237) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene - Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Hebei) | Rhinoceros sinensis (231023) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene - Middle Pleistocene | India (Punjab) | Rhinoceros platyrhinus, Rhinoceros palaeindicus, Rhinoceros sivalensis, Rhinoceros planidens (203109) | |
| Gelasian | United Kingdom (England) | Rhinoceros sp. (48093) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Indonesia | Rhinoceros unicornis, Rhinoceros sondaicus (93522) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Sri Lanka (Sabaragamuva) | Rhinoceros sivalensis (14150) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Yunnan) | Rhinoceros sp. (71055) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China ( Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) | Rhinoceros sinensis (214689) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Anhui) | Rhinoceros sinensis (68380) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Guangxi) | Rhinoceros unicornis (230325) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Pakistan (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) | Rhinoceros sivalensis (188674) Rhinoceros sp. (189786) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Hungary (Borsodabaujzemplen) | Rhinoceros sp. (35428) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | China (Hunan) | Rhinoceros sinensis (36819) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene - Middle Pleistocene | China (Sichuan) | Rhinoceros sinensis (226365) | |
| Pleistocene | China (Jiangxi) | Rhinoceros sinensis (35923) | |
| Pleistocene | Pakistan (Pabbi Hills) | Rhinocerus sivalensis (189000) | |
| Pleistocene | Philippines (Cagayan) | Rhinoceros philippinensis (94609) | |
| Pleistocene | France | Rhinoceros sp. (22651) | |
| Pleistocene | Indonesia (Java) | Rhinoceros sivasondaicus (213296) | |
| Pleistocene | Belgium | Rhinoceros tichorinus, Rhinoceros sp. (89536) | |
| Pleistocene | India (Karnataka) | Rhinoceros deccanensis (232127) | |
| Pleistocene | China (Yunnan) | Rhinoceros sinensis (36586 36587) Rhinoceros sp. (36583) | |
| Pleistocene | Italy (Puglia) | Rhinoceros sp. (44091) | |
| Pleistocene | Italy | Rhinoceros sp. (96717) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Guizhou) | Rhinoceros sinensis (51100) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima) | Rhinoceros unicornis, Rhinoceros sondaicus (143885) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Indonesia (Jawa Timur) | Rhinoceros sondaicus (93521) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Italy | Rhinoceros hemithecus (96723) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Vietnam (Lang Son) | Rhinoceros sinensis (92781) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Guangdong) | Rhinoceros sinensis (40341 120834) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Taiwan (Tainan) | Rhinoceros sp. (76844) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | China (Guangxi) | Rhinoceros sinensis (38649) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | France | Rhinoceros sp. (49092) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | Vietnam | Rhinoceros sinensis (108001) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | China (Anhui) | Rhinoceros sinensis (36868) | |
| Middle Pleistocene - Late/Upper Pleistocene | China (Guangdong) | Rhinoceros sinensis (13293) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Vietnam | Rhinoceros sinensis (107996) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (high glacial) | China (Hubei) | Rhinoceros sinensis (92787) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | China (Hunan) | Rhinoceros sinensis (36729 36730) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | China (Hubei) | Rhinoceros sinensis (38707) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | China (Sichuan) | Rhinoceros sp. (34679) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Indonesia | Rhinoceros sondaicus (93524) | |
| Holocene | Vietnam | Rhinoceros sp. (32904) |