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Equidae (horse)
The odd-toed ungulate family Equidae includes all living and fossil horses. It spread throughout the northern hemisphere shortly after it originated in the earliest Eocene and reached Africa by the late Miocene. It was diverse and abundant in North America throughout the Cenozoic, and several subclades including the low-crowned anchitheriines, the high-crowned hipparionines, and the modern genus Equus emigrated to the Old World at different times.
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It was assigned to Monochenae by Gray (1821); to Ungulata by Gray (1825); to Belluae by Bonaparte (1850); to Solidungula by Leidy (1873); to Perissodactyla by Flower and Lydekker (1891) and Lambe (1908); to Chelodactyla by Scott (1913); to Hippomorpha by Forsten (1975) and Thurmond and Jones (1981); to Hippomorpha by Froehlich (2002); to Equoidea by Hay (1902), Bernor (1985), Carroll (1988), Prothero and Schoch (1989), Hooker (1994), Hooker and Dashzeveg (2004) and Franzen (2006); to Perissodactyla by Cope (1889) and Dos Santos Avilla et al. (2015); and to Perissodactyla by Cope (1881), Flower (1883), Lance (1950), Quinn (1955), Quinn (1957), Mooser (1958), Johnson (1966), Mooser (1968), Sondaar (1974), Kurten and Anderson (1980), MacFadden (1986), Baskin (1991), Nowak (1991), Wilson and Reeder (2005), Hulbert and Whitmore (2006), MacFadden (2009), Rose et al. (2012), Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. (2014), Eshelman et al. (2018) and Lofgren et al. (2020).
Year | Name and author |
---|---|
1821 | Equidae Gray p. 307 |
1825 | Equidae Gray p. 342 |
1850 | Equidae Bonaparte p. 1 |
1873 | Equidae Leidy p. 321 |
1881 | Equidae Cope p. 400 |
1883 | Equidae Flower p. 185 |
1889 | Equidae Cope p. 876 |
1891 | Equidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90 |
1902 | Equidae Hay p. 608 |
1908 | Equidae Lambe |
1913 | Equidae Scott p. 290 |
1950 | Equidae Lance |
1955 | Equidae Quinn |
1957 | Equidae Quinn p. 10 |
1958 | Equidae Mooser p. 360 |
1966 | Equidae Johnson p. 80 |
1968 | Equidae Mooser p. 1 |
1974 | Equidae Sondaar |
1975 | Equidae Forsten p. 3 |
1980 | Equidae Kurten and Anderson p. 283 |
1981 | Equidae Thurmond and Jones p. 183 |
1985 | Equidae Bernor |
1986 | Equidae MacFadden p. 467 |
1988 | Equidae Carroll |
1989 | Equidae Prothero and Schoch p. 531 |
1991 | Equidae Baskin p. 999 |
1991 | Equidae Nowak |
1994 | Equidae Hooker |
2002 | Equidae Froehlich p. 159 fig. 1 |
2004 | Equidae Hooker and Dashzeveg p. 1374 |
2005 | Equidae Wilson and Reeder |
2006 | Equidae Franzen |
2006 | Equidae Hulbert and Whitmore p. 13 |
2009 | Equidae MacFadden |
2012 | Equidae Rose et al. |
2014 | Equidae Ferrusquía-Villafranca et al. p. 204 |
2015 | Equidae Dos Santos Avilla et al. pp. 925909-3 |
2018 | Equidae Eshelman et al. p. 8 |
2020 | Equidae Lofgren et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
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Source: f = family, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Hendy et al. 2009, Ji et al. 2002, Lillegraven 1979, Nowak 1991, Carroll 1988 |
Age range
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 50.3 Ma
Collections (4302 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
---|---|---|---|
Ypresian | France (Marne) | Pliolophus vulpiceps (35537) | |
Ypresian | Belgium (Hainaut) | Sifrhippus sandrae (87947) | |
Ypresian | France (Oise) | Pliolophus quesnoyensis (68174) | |
Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | Hyracotherium vulpiceps (13299) Hyracotherium vulpiceps, Hyracotherium sp. (38868) | |
Graybullian | USA (Wyoming) | Hyracotherium pernix (15701) Hyracotherium sp. (15875) | |
Lostcabinian | USA (Wyoming) | Hyracotherium venticolum (15998 16000 16005) Hyracotherium venticolum, Hyracotherium craspedotum (15997) Orohippus sp. (15901 15945) Xenicohippus craspedotum, Hyracotherium venticolum (15999) | |
Lysitean - Lostcabinian | USA (Wyoming) | Hyracotherium sp. (15451) | |
Wasatchian | USA (Colorado) | Arenahippus grangeri (15450 15480) Eohippus angustidens, Xenicohippus osborni (15655) Hyracotherium angustidens (15725 15845 15887) Hyracotherium craspedotum (15293) Hyracotherium grangeri (15429) Hyracotherium sp. (15391 15836 15854 15855 15859 15860 15861 15862 15864 15868 15869 15870 15871 15873 15874) Hyracotherium vasacciense (15649) Hyracotherium vasacciense, Hyracotherium craspedotum (15652) Xenicohippus grangeri (15225 15290 15295 15362 15370 15406) Xenicohippus osborni (15399 15404) Xenicohippus sp. (15309) Xenicohippus sp., Xenicohippus osborni (15402) | |
Wasatchian | USA (Utah) | Hyracotherium sp. (15716) | |
Wasatchian | USA (Wyoming) | Arenahippus aemulor (15790 15826 15835) Arenahippus grangeri (15489 15497 15736 15747 15773 15884 16039 16040 16041 16042 16049 16050) Arenahippus pernix (118482) Arenahippus pernix, Hyracotherium sp. (15673) Eohippus index (15483) Equidae indet. (15841) Equidae indet., Protorohippus venticolum (186932 186933 186935 186936 186937 186939 186944 186946 186952) Equidae indet., Xenicohippus craspedotum (186931 186934) Hyracotherium aemulor (15511 15513 15514 15516 15517 15518 15520 15522 15523 15524 15531 15545 15592 15683 15699 15728 15741 15742 15743 15744 15745 15757 15758 15767 15770 15798 15799 15800 15801 15802 15804 15810 15827 15828 15829 46641 46656 46666 46667 46672 46673 46674 46675 46686 46687 46688 46689 46693 46694 46697 46698 46721 46724 46769 46770 46771 46772 46773 46775 46776 46777 46778 46779 46782 46784 46789 46791 46792 46794 46795 46797 46798 46799 46800 46801 46805 46814 46815 46816 46817 46818 46819 46828 46830 46831 46832 46833 46834 46835 46836 46837 46838 46839 46840 46841 46844 46852) Hyracotherium angustidens (15491 15493 15504 15515 15879 15912 15932 16055) Hyracotherium craspedotum (15935) Hyracotherium grangeri (15458 15495 15503 15505 15507 15509 15540 15543 15547 15550 15560 15566 15568 15586 15587 15588 15589 15590 15594 15726 15727 15730 15731 15732 15733 15734 15735 15737 15738 15739 15740 15746 15748 15749 15750 15751 15752 15753 15754 15755 15762 15763 15764 15765 15766 15772 15774 15775 15777 15778 15779 15781 15786 15787 15788 15791 15792 15793 15794 15795 15796 15797 15808 15809 15813 15815 15816 15818 15819 15820 15821 15822 15824 15825 15944 46636 46637 46638 46639 46640 46642 46643 46644 46645 46646 46647 46648 46650 46652 46657 46659 46660 46661 46662 46664 46668 46669 46670 46671 46680 46681 46684 46685 46690 46691 46725 46726 46727 46744 46768 46774 46780 46781 46783 46785 46786 46787 46788 46790 46793 46803 46804 46806 46808 46812 46813 46821 46822 46823 46824) Hyracotherium grangeri, Hyracotherium aemulor (15510 15512 15532 15536 15538 15541 15542 15544 15546 15548 15549 46807 46809) Hyracotherium grangeri, Hyracotherium pernix (15558 15567 46692) Hyracotherium index (15937 15964 16056) Hyracotherium index, Hyracotherium grangeri (15555) Hyracotherium index, Hyracotherium grangeri, Hyracotherium aemulor (15551 15553 15554) Hyracotherium index, Hyracotherium grangeri, Hyracotherium pernix (15556 15557) Hyracotherium index, Hyracotherium venticolum, Orohippus proteros (15454) Hyracotherium montanum (15581) Hyracotherium pernix (15455 15564 15687 15692 15694 15695 15696 15697 15698 15702 15703 15704 15705 15706 15707 15768 15769 15782 15785 15803 15805 15806 15807 15811 15812 15814 46682 46683 46695 46696 46699 46700 46701 46702 46703 46704 46705 46706 46707 46709 46710 46711 46712 46713 46714 46715 46716 46717 46718 46719 46720 46728 46729 46730 46731 46732 46733 46734 46735 46736 46738 46739 46740 46741 46742 46743 46745 46746 46747 46748 46749 46753 46754 46755 46756 46757 46758 46759 46760 46761 46762 46763 46764 46765 46766 46767 46810 46811 46820 46825 46826 46827 46843 46845 46846 46847 46848 46849 46851) Hyracotherium sandrae (15760 15771 15780) Hyracotherium sandrae, Hyracotherium grangeri (15759 15761) Hyracotherium sp. (15462 15596 15597 15657 15720 15721 15722 15723 15724 15729 15756 15842 15843 15846 15891 15892 15893 15894 15900 15914 15931 15933 15934 15936 15963 16008 16060 16062 16074 16391 16392) Hyracotherium vasacciense (15456 15661) Hyracotherium venticolum (15904 15906 15908 15927 15928 15946) Orohippus proteros (15902) Orohippus sp. (15942) Protorohippus venticolum (186942 186943 186945 186947 186948 186951) Protorohippus venticolum, Hyracotherium vasacciense (15662) Xenicohippus craspedotum (186950) Xenicohippus grangeri (15575 15576 15578) | |
Wasatchian | USA (North Dakota) | Hyracotherium sp. (15895) | |
Wasatchian | USA (Texas) | Hyracotherium angustidens (15838) | |
Wasatchian | Canada (Northwest Territories) | Equidae indet. (15583) | |
Wasatchian | Mexico (Baja California) | Eohippus angustidens, Hyracotherium sp. (15671) | |
Wasatchian | USA (New Mexico) | Hyracotherium angustidens (15598 15607 15611) Hyracotherium sp. (15443 15446 15447 15448 15449 15453 15459 15481) Hyracotherium vasacciense, Xenicohippus sp. (15663) Xenicohippus osborni, Hipposyus sp. (15430) Xenicohippus sp. (15441) | |
Early/Lower Eocene | United Kingdom (England) | Pliolophus vulpiceps (68434) | |
Early/Lower Eocene | China (Hunan) | Orientolophus hengdongensis (87239) | |
Early/Lower Eocene | USA (Wyoming) | Hyracotherium aemulor (15709) Hyracotherium craspedotum (15690) Hyracotherium grangeri (15679) Hyracotherium pernix (15680 15681 15684 15685 15700) Hyracotherium sandrae (15591 154251 154253 154254 154255 154257 154258 154259 154263 154268 154269 154270 154271 154272 154274 154280 154281 154282) | |
Early/Lower Eocene | Portugal (Região Centro) | Hyracotherium vulpiceps (79200) | |
Bridgerian | USA (Colorado) | Hyracotherium sp. (16199 16215) Orohippus sylvaticus (16251) |