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Giraffidae (giraffe)
Taxonomy
Giraffidae was named by Gray (1821). It is extant.
It was assigned to Ruminantes by Gray (1821); to Pecora by Flower (1883); to Ruminantia by Gregory (1910); to Ruminantii by Jaekel (1911); to Cervoidea by Carroll (1988) and Khan and Sarwar (2002); to Pecora by Hassanin and Douzery (2003); to Pecora by Flower and Lydekker (1891), Matthew (1908), Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008) and Spaulding et al. (2009); to Giraffoidea by Hamilton (1978) and Harris et al. (2010); and to Artiodactyla by Nowak (1991) and Cregut-Bonnoure and Tsoukala (2017).
It was assigned to Ruminantes by Gray (1821); to Pecora by Flower (1883); to Ruminantia by Gregory (1910); to Ruminantii by Jaekel (1911); to Cervoidea by Carroll (1988) and Khan and Sarwar (2002); to Pecora by Hassanin and Douzery (2003); to Pecora by Flower and Lydekker (1891), Matthew (1908), Agnarsson and May-Collado (2008) and Spaulding et al. (2009); to Giraffoidea by Hamilton (1978) and Harris et al. (2010); and to Artiodactyla by Nowak (1991) and Cregut-Bonnoure and Tsoukala (2017).
Subtaxa
Alcicephalus, Birgerbohlinia, Bohlinia, Bohlininae, Canthumerycinae, Decennatherium, Georgiomeryx, Giraffinae, Giraffini, Giraffokerycinae, Helladotherium, Honanotherium, Okapiinae, Okapini, Palaeogiraffa, Palaeotragini, Palaeotragus (syn. Achtiaria), Progiraffa, Propalaeomeryx, Sivatheriinae, Sivatheriini, Umbrotherium, Vishnutherium
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1821 | Giraffidae Gray p. 307 |
1883 | Giraffidae Flower p. 185 |
1891 | Giraffidae Flower and Lydekker p. 90 |
1908 | Giraffidae Matthew p. 561 |
1910 | Giraffidae Gregory p. 466 |
1911 | Giraffidae Jaekel p. 234 |
1978 | Giraffidae Hamilton p. 185 |
1988 | Giraffidae Carroll |
1991 | Giraffidae Nowak |
2002 | Giraffidae Khan and Sarwar p. 140 |
2003 | Giraffidae Hassanin and Douzery |
2008 | Giraffidae Agnarsson and May-Collado p. 974 figs. Fig. 2 |
2009 | Giraffidae Spaulding et al. |
2010 | Giraffidae Harris et al. p. 800 |
2017 | Giraffidae Cregut-Bonnoure and Tsoukala |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Fm. Giraffidae Gray 1821 [giraffe]
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G. †Birgerbohlinia Crusafont Pairó and Villalta 1951
Subfm. †Canthumerycinae Hamilton 1978
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G. †Canthumeryx Hamilton 1973
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†Canthumeryx sirtensis Hamilton 1973
Invalid names: Zarafa Hamilton 1973 [synonym]
G. †Injanatherium Heintz et al. 1981
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†Injanatherium arabicum Morales 1987
†Injanatherium hazimi Heintz 1981
G. †Decennatherium Crusafont Pairo 1952
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†Decennatherium pachecoi Crusafont 1952
†Decennatherium rex Rios et al. 2017
Tr. Giraffini
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G. Giraffa Brisson 1762 [giraffe]
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Giraffa camelopardalis Linnaeus 1758 [giraffe]
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Invalid names: Camelopardalis aethiopica Ogilby 1837 [synonym], Camelopardalis antiquorum Jardine 1835 [synonym], Camelopardalis capensis Lesson 1842 [synonym], Giraffa hagenbecki Knottneurus-Meyer 1910 [synonym], Giraffa infumata Noack 1908 [synonym], Giraffa schillingsi Matschie 1898 [synonym], Giraffa senaariensis Trouessart 1898 [synonym], Giraffa tippelskirchi Matschie 1898 [synonym]
†Giraffa jumae Leakey 1967
†Giraffa pomeli Arambourg 1979
†Giraffa priscilla Pilgrim 1911
†Giraffa punjabiensis Pilgrim 1911
†Giraffa pygmaea Harris 1976
†Giraffa sivalensis Falconer and Cautley 1843
†Giraffa stillei Arambourg 1947
Invalid names: Camelopardalis Schreber 1784 [synonym], Orasius Oken 1816 [synonym], Trachelotherium Gistl 1848 [synonym]
Subfm. †Giraffokerycinae Solounias 2007
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G. †Giraffokeryx Pilgrim 1910
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†Giraffokeryx primaevus Churcher 1970
†Giraffokeryx punjabiensis Pilgrima 1910
G. †Honanotherium Bohlin 1927
Subfm. †Okapiinae Bohlin 1926
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G. †Palaeogiraffa Bonis and Bouvrain 2003
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†Palaeogiraffa macedoniae Geraads 1989
†Palaeogiraffa major Bonis and Bouvrain 2003
†Palaeogiraffa pamiri Ozansoy 1965
Tr. †Palaeotragini Pilgrim 1911
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G. †Mitilanotherium Samson and Radulesco 1966
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Invalid names: Macedonitherium Sickenberg 1967 [synonym], Sogdianotherium Sharapov 1974 [synonym]
G. †Samotherium Forsyth Major 1888
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†Samotherium africanus Churcher 1970
†Samotherium boissieri Forsyth Major 1888
†Samotherium major Bohlin 1926
†Samotherium neumayri Radler and Weihofer 1890
†Samotherium sinense Schlosser 1903
†Samotherium tafeli Kilgus 1922
G. †Palaeotragus Gaudry 1861
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†Palaeotragus germaini Arambourg 1959
†Palaeotragus inexspectatus Samson and Radulesco 1966
†Palaeotragus lavocati Heintz 1976
†Palaeotragus quadricornis Bohlin 1926
†Palaeotragus robinsoni Crusafont-Pairó 1979
†Palaeotragus rouenii Gaudry 1861
Invalid names: Achtiaria Borissiak 1914 [synonym]
G. †Progiraffa Pilgrim 1908
G. †Propalaeomeryx Lydekker 1883
Subfm. †Sivatheriinae Zittel 1893
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Invalid names: Bohlininae Solounias 2007 [empty], Giraffinae [empty], Sivatheriini Zittel 1893 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: f = family, o = order, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Nowak 1991, Carroll 1988, Nowak 1999, Hendy et al. 2009 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the MN 4 to the top of the Holocene or 16.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.97 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 15.97 Ma
Collections (484 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Early/Lower Miocene | Libya | Sivatheriinae indet. (13065) | |
Early/Lower Miocene | Pakistan (Baluchistan) | Progiraffa exigua (180608) | |
Early/Lower Miocene | Kenya | Canthumeryx sirtensis (70808) | |
Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Tanzania | Canthumeryx sp. (89015) | |
Miocene | France (Vaucluse) | Helladotherium duvernoyi (201497) | |
Miocene | Kazakhstan (Kalba) | Giraffidae indet. (13481) | |
Miocene | Pakistan | Camelopardalis sivalensis (232183) | |
Miocene - Pliocene | South Africa | Giraffa gracilis (22224) Sivatherium olduvaiense (22220) Sivatherium sp. (22229) | |
Miocene - Pliocene | Uganda | Giraffidae indet. (22409 22433 22449 22453 22457) | |
Neogene | Ukraine | Achtiaria sp. (184130) | |
Miocene - Pleistocene | South Africa | Giraffa gracilis (22230) | |
Burdigalian | Spain (Toledo) | Giraffidae indet. (40721) | |
Burdigalian | Saudi Arabia | Canthumeryx sirtensis (47069 47074) | |
Burdigalian | China (Shandong) | Giraffidae indet. (41810) | |
Burdigalian | China (Shaanxi) | Palaeotragus sp. (41811) | |
Burdigalian | Kenya (Northern Frontier District) | Palaeotragus primaevus (122454) | |
Burdigalian | Kenya | Canthumeryx sirtensis (21725 83629) Giraffidae indet., Canthumeryx sirtensis (38060) | |
Burdigalian - Serravallian | Pakistan (Baluchistan) | Progiraffa exigua (180613 180616 180618 180624 180626 180627 180628 180629 180630) | |
MN 4 | Pakistan (Balochistan) | Progiraffa exigua (69540) | |
Langhian | Kenya | Canthumeryx sirtensis (22070) Palaeotragus sp. (22071 22082) |