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Trionychoidea
Taxonomy
Trionychoidea was named by Fitzinger (1826) [Gray 1873?]. It is extant. Its type is Trionyx. It was considered monophyletic by Joyce (2007) and Karl et al. (2012).
It was synonymized subjectively with Trionychia by Zittel (1890); it was reranked as the suborder Trionychoidea by Gadow (1898), Swinton (1934) and Roxo (1937); it was reranked as the suborder Trionychoidi by Perrier (1928).
It was assigned to Testudinata by Lydekker (1889); to Chelonia by Swinton (1934); to Thecophora by Gadow (1898), Perrier (1928) and Roxo (1937); to Eucryptodira by Gaffney (1975); to Cryptodira by Joyce (2007); to Cryptodira by Estes (1964), Kuhn (1966), Holman and Case (1988), Carroll (1988), Joyce et al. (2004), Karl et al. (2006), Tong et al. (2010), van Dijk et al. (2014) and Bourque et al. (2015); and to Cryptodira by de Broin and de la Fuente (1993), Karl (2007), Karl et al. (2012), Vremir (2013) and Veress and Codrea (2020).
It was synonymized subjectively with Trionychia by Zittel (1890); it was reranked as the suborder Trionychoidea by Gadow (1898), Swinton (1934) and Roxo (1937); it was reranked as the suborder Trionychoidi by Perrier (1928).
It was assigned to Testudinata by Lydekker (1889); to Chelonia by Swinton (1934); to Thecophora by Gadow (1898), Perrier (1928) and Roxo (1937); to Eucryptodira by Gaffney (1975); to Cryptodira by Joyce (2007); to Cryptodira by Estes (1964), Kuhn (1966), Holman and Case (1988), Carroll (1988), Joyce et al. (2004), Karl et al. (2006), Tong et al. (2010), van Dijk et al. (2014) and Bourque et al. (2015); and to Cryptodira by de Broin and de la Fuente (1993), Karl (2007), Karl et al. (2012), Vremir (2013) and Veress and Codrea (2020).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1826 | Trionychoidea Fitzinger |
| 1889 | Trionychoidea Lydekker pp. 3-4 |
| 1898 | Trionychoidea Gadow p. 21 |
| 1928 | Trionychoidi Perrier p. 3114 |
| 1934 | Trionychoidea Swinton p. 71 |
| 1937 | Trionychoidea Roxo p. 43 |
| 1964 | Trionychoidea Estes p. 98 |
| 1966 | Trionychoidea Kuhn p. 30 |
| 1975 | Trionychoidea Gaffney p. 428 |
| 1988 | Trionychoidea Carroll |
| 1988 | Trionychoidea Holman and Case p. 328 |
| 1993 | Trionychoidea de Broin and de la Fuente p. 9 |
| 2004 | Trionychoidea Joyce et al. |
| 2006 | Trionychoidea Karl et al. |
| 2007 | Trionychoidea Joyce |
| 2007 | Trionychoidea Karl p. 34 |
| 2010 | Trionychoidea Tong et al. p. 280 |
| 2012 | Trionychoidea Karl et al. |
| 2013 | Trionychoidea Vremir |
| 2014 | Trionychoidea van Dijk et al. |
| 2015 | Trionychoidea Bourque et al. |
| 2020 | Trionychoidea Veress and Codrea |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Superfm. Trionychoidea Fitzinger 1826
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Fm. †Adocidae Cope 1869
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G. †Adocoides Sukhanov and Narmandakh 2006
G. †Adocus Cope 1868
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†Adocus agilis Cope 1868
†Adocus aksary Nessov and Krasovskaya 1984
†Adocus amtgai Narmandakh 1985
†Adocus beatus Leidy 1865
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Invalid names: Adocus lacer Hay 1908 [synonym], Adocus punctatus Marsh 1890 [synonym]
†Adocus bossi Gilmore 1919
†Adocus bostobensis Syromyatnikova and Danilov 2009
†Adocus dzhurtasensis Syromyatnikova and Danilov 2009
†Adocus firmus Leidy 1856
†Adocus foveatus Nesov and Khozarskii 1977
†Adocus hesperius Gilmore 1919
†Adocus inexpectatus Danilov et al. 2013
†Adocus kazachstanica Chkhikvadze 1973
†Adocus kirtlandius Gilmore 1919
†Adocus kizylkumensis Nesov 1981
†Adocus kokaku Hirayama et al. 2021
†Adocus lineolatus Cope 1874
†Adocus microglypha Cope 1871
†Adocus onerosus Gilmore 1919
†Adocus orientalis Gilmore 1931
†Adocus planus Sukhanov and Narmandakh 2006
†Adocus pravus Leidy 1856
†Adocus sengokuensis Sonoda et al. 2015
†Adocus striatula Cope 1869
†Adocus syntheticus Cope 1869
†Adocus vigoratus Hay 1910
Invalid names: Alamosemys Hay 1908 [synonym], Homorophus Cope 1869 [synonym], Shineusemys Sukhanov and Narmandakh 2006 [synonym], Zygoramma Cope 1869 [synonym]
G. †Ferganemys Nessov and Yulinen 1977
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†Ferganemys itemirensis Nesov 1981
†Ferganemys verzilini Nesov and Khozatskii 1977
Subfm. †Shachemydinae Khosatzky 1977
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Invalid names: Mlynarskiella Shuvalov and Chkhikvadze 1986 [nomen dubium], Mlynarskiella mariani Shuvalov and Ckhikvadze 1986 [nomen dubium]
G. †Shachemys Kuznetsov 1976
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†Shachemys ancestralis Nessov 1984
†Shachemys baibolatica Kuznetsov 1976
†Shachemys laosiana de Lapparent de Broin 2004
G. †Shineusemys Sukhanov and Narmandakh 2006
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†Sineusemys plana Sukhanov and Narmandakh 2000
Invalid names: Sineusemys plana Sukhanov and Narmandakh 2000 [valid]
Invalid names: Adocinae Cope 1869 [empty], Adocoides Narmandakh 1985 [nomen nudum], Adocus askari Nesov and Krasovskaya 1984 [nomen dubium]
Fm. Kinosternoidea Hay 1892 [mud turtle]
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G. Aromochelys Gray
G. Cinosternum von Spix 1824 [mud turtle]
Fm. Kinosternidae Hay 1892
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G. †Baltemys Hutchison 1991
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†Baltemys staurogastros Hutchison 1991
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Invalid names: Baltemys velogastros Lichtig and Lucas 2015 [synonym]
Unr. Kinosterninae Baur 1893
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G. Sternotherus Gray 1825 [musk turtle]
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†Sternotherus bonevalleyensis Bourque and Schubert 2015
Sternotherus carinatus Gray 1856 [Razor-backed musk turtle]
Sternotherus depressus Tinkle and Webb 1955 [Flattened musk turtle]
Sternotherus minor Agassiz 1857 [Loggerhead musk turtle]
Sternotherus odoratus Latreille 1801 [Common musk turtle]
†Sternotherus palaeodorus Bourque and Schubert 2015
G. Kinosternon von Spix 1824 [mud turtle]
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Kinosternon abaxillare Baur 1925 [Central Chiapas mud turtle]
Kinosternon acutum Gray 1831 [Tabasco mud turtle]
Kinosternon alamosae Berry and Legler 1980 [Alamos mud turtle]
Kinosternon angustipons Legler 1965 [Narrow-bridged mud turtle]
†Kinosternon arizonense Gilmore 1922 [Arizona mud turtle]
Kinosternon baurii Garman 1891 [Striped mud turtle]
Kinosternon chimalhuaca Berry et al. 1996 [Jalisco mud turtle]
Kinosternon creaseri Hartweg 1934 [Creaser's mud turtle]
Kinosternon dunni Schmidt 1947 [Dunn's mud turtle]
Kinosternon durangoense Iverson 1979 [Durango mud turtle]
Kinosternon flavescens Agassiz 1857 [Yellow mud turtle]
Kinosternon herrerai Stejneger 1925 [Herrera's mud turtle]
Kinosternon hirtipes Wagler 1830 [Rough-footed mud turtle]
Kinosternon integrum Le Conte 1854 [Mexican mud turtle]
Kinosternon leucostomum Dumeril 1851 [White-lipped mud turtle]
†Kinosternon notolophus Bourque 2015
Kinosternon oaxacae van Dijk et al. 2014 [Oaxaca mud turtle]
†Kinosternon pannekollops Bourque 2015
†Kinosternon pojoaque Bourque 2012
†Kinosternon rincon Bourque 2015
Kinosternon scorpioides Linneaus 1766 [Scorpion mud turtle]
†Kinosternon skullridgescens Bourque 2012
Kinosternon sonoriense Le Conte 1864 [Sonora mud turtle]
Kinosternon subrubrum Bonnaterre 1788 [Eastern mud turtle]
Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis Gray 1856 [Mississippi mud turtle]
†Kinosternon wakeeniense Bourque 2015
Invalid names: Platythyra Agassiz 1857 [synonym]
Subfm. Staurotypinae Gray 1869
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G. Claudius Cope 1865 [narrow-bridged musk turtle]
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Claudius angustatus Cope 1865 [narrow-bridged musk turtle]
G. Staurotypus Wagler 1830 [Mexican musk turtle]
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†Staurotypus moschus Cadena et al. 2012
Staurotypus salvini Gray 1864 [Chiapas giant musk turtle]
Staurotypus triporcatus Wiegmann 1828 [Mexican giant musk turtle]
G. †Xenochelys Hay 1906
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†Xenochelys bridgerensis Hutchison 1991
†Xenochelys floridensis Bourque 2013
†Xenochelys formosa Hay 1906
†Xenochelys lostcabinensis Hutchison 1991
Unr. †Pandermatemys Joyce et al. 2004
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G. †Agomphus Cope 1871
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†Agomphus alabamensis Gilmore 1919
†Agomphus oxysternum Cope 1877
†Agomphus pectoralis Cope 1870
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Invalid names: Adocus petrosus Cope 1868 [synonym], Agomphus masculinus Wieland 1905 [synonym], Agomphus tardus Wieland 1905 [synonym], Emys turgidus Cope 1870 [synonym]
Invalid names: Amphiemys Cope 1877 [synonym]
G. †Baptemys Leidy 1870
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†Baptemys garmanii Cope 1872
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Invalid names: Baptemys tricarinata Hay 1908 [synonym], Dermatemys costilata Cope 1875 [synonym]
†Baptemys nanus Bourque et al. 2015
Invalid names: Gomphochelys Bourque et al. 2015 [synonym], Notomorpha Cope 1872 [synonym], Notomorpha gravis Cope 1872 [nomen dubium]
Fm. Dermatemydidae Baur 1888
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G. Dermatemys Gray 1847 [Central American river turtle]
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Dermatemys mawii Gray 1847 [Central American river turtle]
G. †Kallistira Hay 1908
G. †Peishanemys Bohlin 1953
Invalid names: Lindholmemydinae [empty]
G. †Hoplochelys Hay 1908
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†Hoplochelys clark Knauss et al. 2011
†Hoplochelys crassa Cope 1888
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Invalid names: Hoplochelys bicarinata Hay 1910 [synonym], Hoplochelys elongata Gilmore 1919 [synonym], Hoplochelys laqueata Gilmore 1919 [synonym], Hoplochelys paludosa Hay 1908 [synonym], Hoplochelys saliens Hay 1908 [synonym]
G. †Sinaspideretes Young and Chow 1953
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†Sinaspideretes wimani Young and Chow 1953
Invalid names: Yehguia Danilov and Parham 2006 [synonym]
Invalid names: Peltochelyidae Seeley 1880 [empty], Planetochelyidae Hutchison 2013 [empty]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| E. Perrier 1928 | Point de boucliers cornés sur la carapace, qui est recouverte par une peau molle, ayant la consistance clu cuir. Museau prolongé par une courte trompe. Cou se recourbant en S dans un plan vertical, comme chez les Cryptodires, Mâchoires recouvertes par des lobes charnus. Carapace ovale, incomplètement ossifiée, dépassée par les côtes; pièces osseuses marginales absentes ou rudimentaires; pièces osseuses du plastron non soudées: épiplastrons séparés des hyoplastrons par un entoplastron en ^. Ptérygoïdes largement séparés l'un de l'autre par le basisphénoïde, qui s'avance jusqu'aux palatins. Doigts distincts, incomplètement ossifiés, le 4e avec plus de 3 phalanges. Carnassiers, essentiellement aquatiques. Se nourrissent de poissons quand ils sont jeunes; les adultes d'une même espèce
paraissent se nourrir les uns de poissons, les autres de mollusques, et présentent alors des mâchoires supérieures tranchantes chez les premiers, larges et plates chez les seconds. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: subo = suborder, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Uetz 2005, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Bathonian to the top of the Holocene or 168.30000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 163.5 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 163.5 Ma
Collections (528 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bathonian - Callovian | China (Chongqing (=Sichuan)) | Yehguia tatsuensis (127732) | |
| Bathonian - Callovian | China (Sichuan) | Sinaspideretes wimani (179921) | |
| Late/Upper Jurassic | China (Sichuan) | Sinaspideretes wimani (131872) | |
| Tithonian - Berriasian | Thailand (Mukdahan) | Basilochelys macrobios (92150) Cryptodira indet. (78978) | |
| Tithonian - Berriasian | Thailand (Changwat) | Basilochelys sp. (223808) | |
| Early/Lower Cretaceous | Mongolia (Dornogov) | Adocidae sp. (127658 127659) | |
| Cretaceous | China (Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region) | Dermatemydidae indet. (195441) | |
| Late/Upper Hauterivian - Aptian | Japan (Gifu) | Adocidae indet. (50310) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian | Thailand (Changwat) | Adocidae indet., Protoshachemys sp., Protoshachemys rubra (201767) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian | Thailand (Sakhan Nakhan) | Testudines indet. (79489) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian | Japan (Fukuoka) | Adocus sp. (39660) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian | Thailand (Khon Kaen) | Isanemys srisuki (117466) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian | Japan (Kyushu) | Adocus sengokuensis (165693) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian | Thailand (Kalasin) | Isanemys srisuki (36144) | |
| Late/Upper Barremian | Thailand (Sakon Nakhon) | Isanemys srisuki (204916) | |
| Barremian | Japan (Ishikawa) | Trionychoidea indet. (32324 50357 50359) | |
| Aptian | Japan (Fukui) | Adocus sp. (38020) | |
| Aptian | China (Guangxi) | Shachemys sp. (228852) Testudines indet. (154688) | |
| Aptian | Thailand (Nakhon Ratchasima) | Shachemys sp., Testudines indet. (99337) | |
| Aptian - Albian | Laos (Savannakhet) | Shachemys laosiana (118320) | |