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Squamata (squamates)
Reptilia - Squamata
Taxonomy
Squamata was named by Oppel (1811). It is extant. It was considered monophyletic by Estes et al. (1988) and Konishi et al. (2012) and Evans and Wang (2012).
It was reranked as the unranked clade Squamata by Fitzinger (1826), Norell and de Queiroz (1991) and Nicholls and Meckert (2002); it was reranked as the superorder Squamata by Osborn (1903), Osborn (1904) and Sullivan (1986); it was synonymized subjectively with Lyognatha by Jaekel (1910); it was synonymized subjectively with Lyognathi by Jaekel (1911); it was misspelled as Squamati by Quenstedt (1882), Woodward (1898), Hay (1902), Osborn (1903), Andrews (1906), Lambe (1908), Swinton (1934), Roxo (1937), Kuhn (1946), Huene (1954), Kuhn (1966), Schatzinger (1980), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Gardiner (1982), Holman (1982), Carroll (1982), Stritzke (1983), Benton (1985), Estes et al. (1988), Carroll (1988), Holman et al. (1991), Lingham-Soliar (1995), Gao and Fox (1996), Frank and Ramus (1996), Peng et al. (2001), Sepkoski (2002), Meyer and Zardoya (2003), Krause et al. (2003), Datta and Ray (2006), Venczel and Stiuca (2008), Böhme (2010), Fernicola and Albino (2012), Konishi et al. (2012), Evans and Wang (2012) and Palci et al. (2013).
It was assigned to Monopnoa by Fitzinger (1826); to Sauri by Quenstedt (1882); to Diapsida by Osborn (1903), Osborn (1903) and Osborn (1904); to Parapsida by Roxo (1937); to Neosauromorpha by Huene (1954); to Lepidosauria by Thurmond and Jones (1981), Carroll (1982), Stritzke (1983) and Sullivan (1986); to Lepidosauria by Gardiner (1982), Estes et al. (1988), Norell and de Queiroz (1991) and Nicholls and Meckert (2002); to Lepidosauria by Kuhn (1966), Benton (1985), Carroll (1988), Gao and Fox (1996), Peng et al. (2001), Meyer and Zardoya (2003), Krause et al. (2003), Datta and Ray (2006) and Evans and Wang (2012); and to Reptilia by Woodward (1898), Hay (1902), Andrews (1906), Lambe (1908), Swinton (1934), Kuhn (1946), Schatzinger (1980), Holman (1982), Holman et al. (1991), Lingham-Soliar (1995), Frank and Ramus (1996), Sepkoski (2002), Venczel and Stiuca (2008), Böhme (2010), Fernicola and Albino (2012), Konishi et al. (2012) and Palci et al. (2013).
It was reranked as the unranked clade Squamata by Fitzinger (1826), Norell and de Queiroz (1991) and Nicholls and Meckert (2002); it was reranked as the superorder Squamata by Osborn (1903), Osborn (1904) and Sullivan (1986); it was synonymized subjectively with Lyognatha by Jaekel (1910); it was synonymized subjectively with Lyognathi by Jaekel (1911); it was misspelled as Squamati by Quenstedt (1882), Woodward (1898), Hay (1902), Osborn (1903), Andrews (1906), Lambe (1908), Swinton (1934), Roxo (1937), Kuhn (1946), Huene (1954), Kuhn (1966), Schatzinger (1980), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Gardiner (1982), Holman (1982), Carroll (1982), Stritzke (1983), Benton (1985), Estes et al. (1988), Carroll (1988), Holman et al. (1991), Lingham-Soliar (1995), Gao and Fox (1996), Frank and Ramus (1996), Peng et al. (2001), Sepkoski (2002), Meyer and Zardoya (2003), Krause et al. (2003), Datta and Ray (2006), Venczel and Stiuca (2008), Böhme (2010), Fernicola and Albino (2012), Konishi et al. (2012), Evans and Wang (2012) and Palci et al. (2013).
It was assigned to Monopnoa by Fitzinger (1826); to Sauri by Quenstedt (1882); to Diapsida by Osborn (1903), Osborn (1903) and Osborn (1904); to Parapsida by Roxo (1937); to Neosauromorpha by Huene (1954); to Lepidosauria by Thurmond and Jones (1981), Carroll (1982), Stritzke (1983) and Sullivan (1986); to Lepidosauria by Gardiner (1982), Estes et al. (1988), Norell and de Queiroz (1991) and Nicholls and Meckert (2002); to Lepidosauria by Kuhn (1966), Benton (1985), Carroll (1988), Gao and Fox (1996), Peng et al. (2001), Meyer and Zardoya (2003), Krause et al. (2003), Datta and Ray (2006) and Evans and Wang (2012); and to Reptilia by Woodward (1898), Hay (1902), Andrews (1906), Lambe (1908), Swinton (1934), Kuhn (1946), Schatzinger (1980), Holman (1982), Holman et al. (1991), Lingham-Soliar (1995), Frank and Ramus (1996), Sepkoski (2002), Venczel and Stiuca (2008), Böhme (2010), Fernicola and Albino (2012), Konishi et al. (2012) and Palci et al. (2013).
Subtaxa
Ameivoidea, Amphisbaenia (syn. Annulati), Anhuisaurus, Anomalopsis, Anqingosaurus, Ardeosaurus, Asagaolacerta, Bavarisaurus, Changjiangosaurus, Cuencasaurus, Dibamidae, Draconoidea, Eichstaettisaurus (syn. Broilisaurus), Eolacerta (syn. Iguanosauriscus, Iguanosaurus), Episquamata, Gekkonomorpha, Hakuseps, Haplodontosaurus, Harpagosaurus excedens, Hongshanxi, Hoyalacerta, Huehuecuetzpalli, Iguana haueri, Iguanomorpha, Jucaraseps, Kuroyuriella, Lacertibaenia, Lacertilia, Liushusaurus, Macrocnemidae, Megachirella, Olindalacerta, Ophidia, Oxiella, Paikasisaurus, Palaeophidae, Paraplacosauriops, Parasaurillus, Parviraptor, Pseudosaurillus, Saniwa australis, Scandensia, Scincogekkonomorpha, Scincoidea, Scleroglossa, Tedorosaurus, Trachelosauridae, Vialorophis, Xestops gracilis, Yabeinosaurus, Yabeinosaurus youngi, Zanclodontidae
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1811 | Squamata Oppel p. 14 |
| 1826 | Squamata Fitzinger p. 4 |
| 1842 | Iguana haueri Meyer |
| 1882 | Squamati Quenstedt p. 155 |
| 1898 | Squamata Woodward p. 141 |
| 1899 | Saniwa australis Ameghino |
| 1902 | Squamata Hay p. 463 |
| 1903 | Squamata Osborn p. 276 |
| 1904 | Squamata Osborn p. 114 |
| 1906 | Squamata Andrews p. 306 |
| 1908 | Squamata Lambe |
| 1928 | Harpagosaurus excedens Gilmore p. 157 fig. 98 |
| 1934 | Squamata Swinton p. 16 |
| 1937 | Squamata Roxo p. 43 |
| 1942 | Haplodontosaurus Gilmore p. 164 |
| 1942 | Haplodontosaurus excedens Gilmore p. 164 |
| 1946 | Squamata Kuhn p. 60 |
| 1954 | Squamata Huene p. 61 |
| 1964 | Yabeinosaurus youngi Hoffstetter |
| 1966 | Squamata Kuhn p. 44 |
| 1978 | Acanthurus haueri Schultz p. 213 |
| 1980 | Squamata Schatzinger |
| 1981 | Squamata Thurmond and Jones p. 148 |
| 1982 | Squamata Carroll p. 183 |
| 1982 | Squamata Gardiner p. 228 |
| 1982 | Squamata Holman |
| 1983 | Haplodontosaurus Estes |
| 1983 | Yabeinosaurus youngi Estes p. 63 |
| 1983 | Squamata Stritzke |
| 1985 | Squamata Benton p. 157 |
| 1986 | Squamata Sullivan p. 109 |
| 1986 | Paikasisaurus Yadagiri pp. 92-93 figs. 1r, s |
| 1986 | Paikasisaurus indicus Yadagiri pp. 92-93 figs. 1r, s |
| 1988 | Haplodontosaurus Carroll |
| 1988 | Squamata Carroll |
| 1988 | Squamata Estes et al. |
| 1991 | Squamata Holman et al. |
| 1991 | Squamata Norell and de Queiroz |
| 1995 | Squamata Lingham-Soliar |
| 1996 | Squamata Frank and Ramus |
| 1996 | Squamata Gao and Fox p. 13 |
| 2001 | Squamata Peng et al. p. 26 |
| 2002 | Squamata Nicholls and Meckert p. 1593 |
| 2002 | Squamata Sepkoski, Jr. |
| 2003 | Squamata Krause et al. p. 843 |
| 2003 | Squamata Meyer and Zardoya |
| 2006 | Squamata Datta and Ray p. 795 |
| 2008 | Squamata Venczel and Stiuca p. 750 |
| 2010 | Squamata Böhme p. 18 |
| 2012 | Squamata Evans and Wang |
| 2012 | Squamata Fernicola and Albino |
| 2012 | Squamata Konishi et al. |
| 2013 | Squamata Palci et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: g = genus, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Holman 2000, Head 2005, Carroll 1988, Behler and King 1979, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Lopingian to the top of the Holocene or 259.90000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 252.17 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 252.17 Ma
Collections (2859 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lopingian | Italy (Trentino-Alto Adige) | Ganasauripus ladinus (188750) | |
| Aegean | Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt) | Trachelosaurus fischeri (134498) | |
| Pelsonian - Illyrian | Italy (Alto Adige) | Megachirella wachtleri (194383) | |
| Norian | USA (New Mexico) | Squamata indet. (48516) | |
| Norian - Sinemurian | South Africa (Eastern Cape) | Lacertilia indet. (75181) | |
| Rhaetian | France (Burgundy) | Actiosaurus gaudryi (144758) | |
| Toarcian - Aalenian | India (Andhra Pradesh) | Squamata indet., Paikasisaurus indicus, Bharatagama rebbanensis (39673) | |
| Bathonian | Morocco (Figuig) | Squamata indet., Scincomorpha indet., Parviraptor sp. (176120) | |
| Bathonian | Russian Federation (Krasnoyarsk) | Paramacellodidae indet. (61891) | |
| Early/Lower Bathonian | United Kingdom (England) | Squamata indet. (31054) | |
| Late/Upper Bathonian | United Kingdom (England) | Saurillodon sp., Anguimorpha indet., Scincomorpha indet., Gekkota indet., Parviraptor estesi, Eophis underwoodi, Saurillodon marmorensis, Balnealacerta silvestris, Bellairsia gracilis, Oxiella tenuis (39075) Scincomorpha indet. (57139) Scincomorpha indet., Squamata indet. (166423) Squamata indet., Scincomorpha indet. (57124) | |
| Late/Upper Bathonian | Kyrgyzstan (Jalal-Abad) | Changetisaurus estesi (58187) | |
| Middle Bathonian | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Squamata indet., Paramacellodus oweni, Parviraptor sp., Gekkota indet. (139746) | |
| Callovian | Kyrgyzstan (Jalal-Abad) | Lacertilia indet. (37596 37597) | |
| Early/Lower Callovian | China (Nei Mongol) | Lacertilia long-limbed form, Lacertilia indet. (27891) | |
| Oxfordian | China (Xinjiang) | Paramacellodidae indet. (47056) Squamata indet. (182495) | |
| Oxfordian | Japan (Fukui) | Tedorosaurus asuwaensis (166015) | |
| Oxfordian | Portugal (Leiria) | Squamata indet. (69698) | |
| Oxfordian - Kimmeridgian | Kazakhstan (Ongtüstik Qazaqstan) | Sharovisaurus karatauensis (92136) | |
| Late/Upper Jurassic | USA (Utah) | Squamata indet., Serpentes indet. (191718) | |