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Trionychinae (softshell turtle)

Reptilia - Testudines - Trionychidae

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1825Trionychinae Gray
1855Trionyx stiriacus Peters
1889Trionychinae Lydekker p. 4
1889Trionyx pliopedemontana Sacco
1891Trionyx bambolii Ristori
1913Trionyx stadleri Teppner
1918Trionyx desmostyli Matsumoto
1933Trionyx blayaci Bergounioux
1934Trionyx harmati Szalai
1935Trionyx dieupentalensis Bergounioux
1954Trionyx irregularis Bergounioux
1954Trionyx (Amyda) subangularis Bergounioux p. 87
1966Trionychinae Kuhn p. 30
1987Trionychinae Meylan
1988Trionychinae Holman and Case p. 328
1988Trionychinae Weems p. 118
1996Trionychinae Hutchison p. 339
1999Trionychinae Head et al.
2002Trionychinae Holman
2002Trionychinae Holroyd and Hutchison p. 181
2003Trionychinae Hutchison and Holroyd
2004Trionychinae Hutchison et al. p. 48
2006Trionychinae Head et al. p. 378
2007Trionyx desmostyli Hirayama p. 150
2007Trionychinae Karl p. 34
2007Trionychinae Staesche et al.
2011Trionychinae Danilov et al. p. 400
2012Trionychinae Karl and Lindow p. 181
2012Trionychinae Vitek p. 4
2013Trionychinae Danilov and Vitek
2013Trionychinae Pérez-García et al.
2014Trionychinae van Dijk et al.
2017Trionychinae Georgalis and Joyce
2017Trionychinae Valdes et al. p. 121
2020Trionychinae Veress and Codrea
2021Trionychinae Perez-Garcia and Smith

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Life
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
RankNameAuthor
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
Sauropsida
classReptilia
Testudinata(Oppel 1811)
orderTestudinesBatsch 1788
suborderCryptodira
familyTrionychidaeGray 1825
subfamilyTrionychinaeGray 1825
subfamilyTrionychinaeGray 1825

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Subfm. Trionychinae Gray 1825 [softshell turtle]
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G. †Aulacochelys Lydekker 1889
G. †Axestemys Hay 1899
+
Axestemys byssina Cope 1872
Axestemys byssinus Cope 1872
+
Invalid names: Eugenechelys robertemryi Chkhikvadze 2008 [synonym], Temnotrionyx manducans Hay 1908 [synonym]
Axestemys cerevisia Vitek 2012
Axestemys erquelinnensis Perez-Garcia and Smith 2021
Axestemys infernalis Joyce et al. 2019
Axestemys montinsana Vitek 2012
Axestemys quinni Schmidt 1945
+
Invalid names: Aspideretes granifer Hay 1909 [synonym], Aspideretes planus Parks 1933 [synonym]
Axestemys vittata Pomel 1847
+
Invalid names: Eurycephalochelys fowleri Moody and Walker 1970 [synonym], Trionyx levalensis Dollo 1909 [synonym]
Invalid names: Axestus Cope 1872 [synonym], Eurycephalochelys Moody and Walker 1970 [synonym]
Tr. Chitrini Gray 1870
+
G. Amyda Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809
+
Amyda cartilaginea Boddaert 1770
+
Invalid names: Trionyx trinilensis Jaekel 1911 [synonym]
Amyda exquisita Hay 1908
G. †Palaeoamyda Cadena 2016
G. Dogania Gray 1844
+
Dogania maortuensis Yeh 1965
Dogania subplana Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire 1809 [Malayan softshell]
G. Nilssonia Gray 1869 [Burmese peacock softshells]
+
Nilssonia formosa Gray 1869 [Burmese peacock softshell]
Nilssonia gangetica Cuvier 1825 [Indian softshell turtle]
Nilssonia hurum Gray 1830
+
Invalid names: Trionyx hurum Gray 1831 [synonym]
Nilssonia leithii Gray 1872 [Leiths softshell turtle]
Nilssonia nigricans Anderson 1875 [Black softshell turtle]
Invalid names: Trionyx hurum sivalensis Lydekker 1889 [synonym]
G. Palea Siebenrock 1906 [Wattleneck softshells]
+
Palea steindachneri Siebenrock 1906 [Wattleneck softshell]
G. Pelodiscus Fitzinger 1835
+
Pelodiscus axenaria Zhou et al. 1991 [Hunan softshell turtle]
Pelodiscus gracilia Yeh 1963
Pelodiscus maackii Brandt 1857 [Northern Chinese softshell turtle]
Pelodiscus parviformis Tang 1997 [Lesser Chinese softshell turtle]
Pelodiscus sinensis Wiegmann 1835 [Chinese softshell]
Invalid names: Trionyx sinuosus Chow and Yeh 1958 [nomen dubium]
G. Rafetus Gray 1864
+
Rafetus bohemicus Liebus 1930
Rafetus euphraticus Daudin 1802 [Euphrates softshell]
Rafetus swinhoei Gray 1873
+
Invalid names: Pelochelys taihuensis Zhang 1984 [synonym], Trionyx liupani Tao 1986 [synonym]
Tr. Trionychini Gray 1825
+
Subtr. Apalonina Meylan 1987 [softshell turtle]
+
G. †Ulutrionyx Kordikova 1994
+
Ulutrionyx ninae Chkhikvadze 1971
G. †Gobiapalone Danilov et al. 2014
G. †Oliveremys Vitek 2011
+
Oliveremys uintaensis Cope 1873
G. †Rafetoides Karl 1998
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Rafetoides messelianus Reinach 1900
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Invalid names: Rafetoides austriacus Peters 1858 [synonym], Trionyx messelianus lepsiusi Hummel 1927 [synonym]
Invalid names: Trionyx messelianus kochi Hummel 1927 [synonym]
Invalid names: Rafetoidina Karl 1998 [empty], Trionychina Gray 1825 [empty]
G. Trionyx Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 1809
+
Trionyx admirabilis Hay 1905
Trionyx aequa Hay 1908
+
Invalid names: Amyda crassa Hay 1908 [synonym]
Trionyx allani Gilmore 1923
Trionyx austerus Hay 1908
+
Invalid names: Aspideretes fontanus Hay 1908 [synonym], Aspideretes vorax Hay 1908 [synonym]
Trionyx baynshirensis Danilov et al. 2014
Trionyx beecheri Hay 1904
Trionyx boulengeri Reinach 1900
+
Invalid names: Trionyx clavatomarginatus Lörenthey 1903 [synonym]
Trionyx capellinii Negri 1892
+
Invalid names: Trionyx affinis Negri 1892 [synonym], Trionyx capellinii conjugens Sacco 1894 [synonym], Trionyx capellinii gracilina Sacco 1895 [synonym], Trionyx capellinii montevialensis Negri 1892 [synonym], Trionyx capellinii perexpansa Sacco 1895 [synonym], Trionyx gemmellaroi Negri 1892 [synonym], Trionyx insolitus Bergounioux 1954 [synonym], Trionyx intermedius Bergounioux 1954 [synonym], Trionyx schaurothianus Negri 1893 [synonym]
Trionyx dissolutus Vitek and Danilov 2014
Trionyx ellipticus Hay 1908
+
Invalid names: Aspideretes annae Zangerl 1944 [synonym], Aspideretes grangeri Hay 1908 [synonym]
Trionyx eloisae Gilmore 1919
Trionyx foveatus Leidy 1856
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Invalid names: Aspideretes maturus Lambe 1914 [synonym], Aspideretes rugosus Parks 1933 [synonym], Aspideretes subquadratus Lambe 1914 [synonym]
Trionyx gangeticus Cuvier 1824
Trionyx gilbentuensis Danilov et al. 2014
Trionyx gobiensis Danilov et al. 2014
Trionyx gregarius Gilmore 1934
+
Invalid names: Rafetus gilmorei Chkhikvadze 1999 [synonym]
Trionyx henrici Owen and Bell 1849
+
Invalid names: Trionyx barbarae Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym], Trionyx circumsulcatus Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym], Trionyx incrassatus Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym], Trionyx marginatus Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym], Trionyx planus Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym], Trionyx rivosus Owen and Bell 1849 [synonym]
Trionyx ikoviensis Danilov et al. 2011
Trionyx jixiensis Li et al. 2015
Trionyx johnsoni Gilmore 1931
+
Invalid names: Amyda neimenguensis Yeh 1965 [synonym]
Trionyx kansaiensis Vitek and Danilov 2010
Trionyx latus Gilmore 1919
Trionyx linchuensis Yeh 1962
Trionyx miensis Okazaki and Yoshida 1977
Trionyx minusculus Chkhikvadze 1973
Trionyx miocaenus Matthew 1924
Trionyx mira Hay 1908
+
Invalid names: Platypeltis extensa Hay 1908 [synonym], Platypeltis postera Hay 1908 [synonym]
Trionyx ninae Chkhikvadze 1971
+
Invalid names: Trionyx turgaicus Kuznetsov and Chkhikvadze 1977 [synonym], Trionyx zaisanensis Chkhikvadze 1973 [synonym]
Trionyx onomatoplokos Kuznetsov and Chkhikvadze 1987
Trionyx phayrei Theobald 1868
Trionyx pliocenicus Fucini 1912
Trionyx reesidei Gilmore 1919
+
Invalid names: Aspideretes quadratus Gilmore 1919 [synonym]
Trionyx riabinini Kuznetsov and Chkhikvadze 1987
Trionyx robustus Gilmore 1919
+
Invalid names: Aspideretes ovatus Gilmore 1935 [synonym]
Trionyx shiluutulensis Danilov et al. 2014
Trionyx silvestris Walker and Moody 1974
+
Invalid names: Trionyx michauxi Broin 1977 [synonym]
Trionyx singularis Hay 1907
+
Invalid names: Aspideretes puercensis Hay 1908 [synonym], Aspideretes sagatus Hay 1908 [synonym]
Trionyx triunguis Forksal 1775 [African softshell turtle]
Trionyx uintaensis Cope 1873
+
Invalid names: Amyda franciscae Hay 1908 [synonym], Amyda nelsoni Case 1927 [synonym], Aspidonectes tritor Hay 1904 [synonym]
Trionyx vindobonensis Peters 1855
+
Invalid names: Trionyx brunhuberi Ammon 1911 [synonym], Trionyx gergensi Reinach 1900 [synonym], Trionyx hoernesi Heritsch 1909 [synonym], Trionyx peneckei Heritsch 1909 [synonym], Trionyx petersi Hoernes 1881 [synonym], Trionyx rostratus Arthaber 1898 [synonym], Trionyx septemcostatus Hoernes 1881 [synonym], Trionyx teiritzbergensis Gemel 2002 [synonym], Trionyx teyleri Winkler 1869 [synonym]
Invalid names: Francedebroinella Chkhikvadze 1999 [synonym], Sinamyda Chkhikvadze 2000 [synonym], Trionyx nopcsai Szalai 1934 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Trionyx (Amyda) subangularis Bergounioux 1954 [nomen dubium], Trionyx bambolii Ristori 1891 [nomen dubium], Trionyx blayaci Bergounioux 1933 [nomen dubium], Trionyx desmostyli Matsumoto 1918 [nomen dubium], Trionyx dieupentalensis Bergounioux 1935 [nomen dubium], Trionyx harmati Szalai 1934 [nomen dubium], Trionyx irregularis Bergounioux 1954 [nomen dubium], Trionyx pliopedemontana Sacco 1889 [nomen dubium], Trionyx stadleri Teppner 1913 [nomen dubium], Trionyx stiriacus Peters 1855 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
P. A. Meylan 1987Trionychid turtles with the nuchal bone at least three times wider than long, anterior and posterior costiform processes united, no peripheral bones, neural series always containing at least one reversal of neural orientation, depressions for articulation of ilia
absent from eighth pleural, a short bridge, two or more ossifications in the second branchial horn (except in some hurum), dorsal edge of apertura narium externum slightly to strongly emarginate, and epipterygoid typically fusing to pterygoid in adults.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: phosphaticsubp
Body part: carapacef
Adult length: 100 to < 1000f
Grouping: solitaryf
Environment: brackish, freshwaterf
Locomotion: actively mobilef
Life habit: aquaticf
Diet: piscivoref
Diet 2: carnivoref
Reproduction: oviparousf
Created: 2005-08-25 13:24:04
Modified: 2005-09-09 19:45:41
Source: f = family, subp = subphylum
References: Ernst and Barbour 1989, Carroll 1988

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Barremian to the top of the Holocene or 130.00000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 125.45 Ma

Collections (554 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Barremian130.0 - 125.45United Kingdom (England) Trionyx sp. (26791)
Aptian - Albian125.0 - 100.5China (Heilongjiang) Trionyx jixiensis (169467)
Albian113.0 - 100.5USA (Montana) Trionyx sp. (50696)
Late/Upper Albian - Cenomanian105.3 - 93.9Uzbekistan (Navoi) Trionyx dissolutus (58471)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9Kyrgyzstan (Osh) Dogania maortuensis (58483)
Cenomanian100.5 - 93.9Uzbekistan (Karakalpakistan) Trionyx dissolutus (64098)
Cenomanian - Santonian100.5 - 83.6Mongolia (Omnogov) Trionyx sp. (130804)
Cenomanian - Santonian100.5 - 83.6Mongolia (Dornogov) Trionyx baynshirensis (79702)
Late/Upper Cretaceous100.5 - 66.0China (Nei Mongol) Dogania maortuensis (144650 144651)
Early/Lower Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5Uzbekistan (Karakalpakstan) Trionyx dissolutus (58466 59694) Trionyx species 3, Trionyx dissolutus (58490)
Early/Lower Cenomanian99.6 - 93.5Uzbekistan (Navoi) Trionyx sp. (64685)
Early/Lower Turonian93.5 - 89.3Mexico (Nuevo León) Trionyx sp. (115406)
Middle Turonian - Late/Upper Turonian93.5 - 89.3Uzbekistan (Navoi) Trionychini indet., Aspideretoides riabinini, Trionyx kansaiensis (75943) Trionyx species 2 (46959)
Santonian86.3 - 83.6Kazakhstan (Ongtustik Qazaqstan) Trionyx kansaiensis, Aspideretes sp., Paraplastomenus sp. (58719)
Santonian - Campanian86.3 - 72.1Mongolia (Omngov) Trionyx sp. (207803)
Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian86.3 - 70.6Kazakhstan (Qyzylorda) Aspideretoides riabinini, Trionyx kansaiensis, Paleotrionyx riabinini (68826) Trionyx kansaiensis, Paleotrionyx riabinini, Trionychidae indet. (53134) Trionyx sp. (127817)
Early/Lower Santonian85.8 - 83.5Tajikistan (Sogd) Trionyx riabinini, Aspideretoides riabinini, Trionyx kansaiensis (58701)
Late/Upper Santonian - Middle Campanian85.8 - 70.6USA (Missouri) Trionyx sp. (45679)
Campanian83.6 - 72.1Canada (Alberta) Aspideretes latus, Apalone latus (177169) Aspideretes planus (177141) Aspideretes rugosus (177140) Aspideretes subquadratus, Trionyx foveatus (123085) Aspideretoides splendidus (177024 177029)
Early/Lower Campanian83.5 - 70.6USA (North Carolina) Trionyx sp. (106277)