PBDB Taxon

Basic info	Taxonomic history	Classification	Included Taxa
Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Atheriniformes (silverside)

Actinopteri - Atheriniformes

Taxonomy

Atheriniformes was named by Rosen (1966). It is extant.

It was assigned to Osteichthyes by Sepkoski (2002); to Atherinea by Long (2011); to Teleostei by Domning and Clark (1993) and Fierstine et al. (2012); to Atherinomorphae by Betancur et al. (2013); to Acanthopterygii by Nelson (2006) and Bannikov (2014); and to Ovalentaria by Nelson et al. (2016).

Subtaxa

Atherinidae, Atherinopsidae, Bedotiidae, Chirostoma, Colpichthys, Dentatherinidae, Isonidae, Melanotaeniidae, Menidia, Mesogasteridae, Notocheiridae, Palaeoatherina, Phallostethidae, Pranesus, Pseudomugilidae, Rhamphognathidae, Stenatherina, Telmatherinidae

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1966	Atheriniformes Rosen
1993	Atheriniformes Domning and Clark p. 413
2002	Atheriniformes Sepkoski
2006	Atheriniformes Nelson
2011	Atheriniformes Long p. 244
2012	Atheriniformes Fierstine et al. p. 81
2013	Atheriniformes Betancur et al.
2014	Atheriniformes Bannikov p. 26
2016	Atheriniformes Nelson et al. p. 352

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
superclass	Actinopterygii	()
class	Actinopteri	()
subclass	Neopterygii	(Regan 1923)
—	Teleosteomorpha
—	Teleostei	(Müller 1846)
—	Osteoglossocephalai

Rank	Name	Author
—	Clupeocephala	Patterson and Rosen 1977
—	Euteleosteomorpha
—	Neoteleostei	Rosen 1973
—	Eurypterygia	(Rosen 1973)
—	Ctenosquamata
—	Acanthomorphata	(Rosen 1973)
—	Euacanthomorphacea
—	Percomorphaceae
—	Carangimorpharia
—	Ovalentariae
superorder	Atherinomorphae	()
order	Atheriniformes	Rosen 1966
order	Atheriniformes	Rosen 1966

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

Or. Atheriniformes Rosen 1966 [silverside]

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Fm. Atherinidae

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G. Atherina Linnaeus 1758

†Atherina atropatiensis Carnevale et al. 2011

Atherina boyeri Risso 1810

†Atherina gidjakensis Pobedina 1956

Invalid names: Atherina austriaca Strashimirov 1981 [synonym], Atherina kalinoraensis Rueckert-Uelkuemen and Kaya 1993 [synonym], Otolithus albitus Djafarova 2006 [synonym], Rhombus karaganensis Suzin 1968 [synonym], Serranus noetlingi Koken 1891 [synonym], Trachinus mutabilis Koken 1891 [synonym]

†Atherina macrocephala Agassiz 1835

G. †Atherinidarum Risso 1827

†Atherinidarum bavayi Steurbaut 1984

G. Atherinomorus Fowler 1903

Atherinomorus stipes Müller and Troschel 1848

G. †Merriamella Jordan 1907

†Merriamella doryssa Jordan 1907

G. †Toroatherina Schwarzhans 2019

†Toroatherina toroa Schwarzhans 2019

Fm. Atherinopsidae

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G. Atherinops Steindachner 1875

Atherinops affinis Ayers 1860

G. Atherinopsis Girard 1854

Atherinopsis californiensis Girard 1854

G. Leuresthes Jordan and Gilbert 1880

†Leuresthes distans Casier 1966

Leuresthes tenuis Ayres 1860

G. †Zanteclites Jordan and Gilbert 1919

†Zanteclites hubbsi Jordan and Gilbert 1919

G. Chirostoma Swainson 1839

G. Colpichthys Hubbs 1918

G. Menidia Bonaparte 1836

Fm. †Mesogasteridae

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G. †Latellagnathus Bannikov 2008

†Latellagnathus teruzzii Bannikov 2008

G. †Mesogaster Agassiz 1835

†Mesogaster cretaceus von der Marck 1885

†Mesogaster sphyraenoides Agassiz 1835

G. †Palaeoatherina Ferrandini and Gaudant 1977

G. Pranesus Whitley 1930

Fm. †Rhamphognathidae

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G. †Rhamphognathus Agassiz 1835

†Rhamphognathus paralepoides Agassiz 1835

Invalid names: Rhamphognathus pompilius Agassiz 1839 [synonym]

G. Stenatherina Schulz 1948

Invalid names: Bedotiidae [empty], Dentatherinidae [empty], Isonidae [empty], Melanotaeniidae [empty], Notocheiridae [empty], Phallostethidae [empty], Pseudomugilidae [empty], Telmatherinidae [empty]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

phosphaticsubp

Environment:

marinesubp

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

nektonico

Diet:

omnivoreo

Created:

2009-07-20 20:44:22

Modified:

2009-07-20 22:44:22

Source: o = order, subp = subphylum

References: Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Late/Upper Campanian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 83.50000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 70.6 Ma

Collections (47 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Campanian	83.5 - 70.6	Germany	Mesogaster cretaceus (221716)
Ypresian	56.0 - 47.8	Italy	Mesogaster sphyraenoides, Rhamphognathus paralepoides, Atherina macrocephala, Latellagnathus teruzzii (94830)
Bortonian	42.6 - 39.1	New Zealand (South Island)	Toroatherina toroa (219322 219503)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	Australia (South Australia)	Atherinidarum sp. (100232)
Priabonian	38.0 - 33.9	USA (Louisiana)	Atherinidae indet. (75638)
Chattian	28.1 - 23.03	France	Atherina sp., Atherinomorus aquitanicus (219194)
Aquitanian	23.03 - 20.44	France	Atherinidarum bavayi (219195)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	India	Atherinomorus circularis (230225)
Miocene	23.03 - 5.333	USA (California)	Zanteclites hubbsi (186018)
Neogene	23.03 - 2.58	Indonesia (Aceh)	Serranus noetlingi (223639)
Burdigalian	20.44 - 15.97	Germany (Baden-Württemberg)	Atherinidarum brzobohatyi (69098)
Burdigalian	20.44 - 15.97	France	Atherinidarum sp. (220042 220043) Atherinomorus aquitanicus, Atherinidarum bavayi (219196)
Altonian	19.0 - 15.9	New Zealand	Trachinus mutabilis (67899 67900)
Langhian	15.97 - 13.82	France	Atherinomorus aquitanicus, Atherinidarum bavayi (219197)
Serravallian	13.82 - 11.62	Kazakhstan	Atherina gidjakensis (174760 174955)
Badenian	13.65 - 12.7	Czech Republic (Mikulov)	Atherina austriaca (161993 161995)
Sarmatian	12.7 - 11.608	Moldova	Atherina suchovi (211238)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Greece (Crete)	Atherina sp. (207587)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Italy	Atherinidarum sp. (178120)
Tortonian	11.62 - 7.246	Iran	Atherina atropatiensis (219789)
Late/Upper Miocene	11.608 - 5.333	USA (California)	Zanteclites hubbsi (186045)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Italy (Tuscany)	Atherina boyeri (222139)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Italy (Emilia-Romagna)	Atherina cavalloi (210236)
Messinian	7.246 - 5.333	Italy	Atherina boyeri (210231 210234 210239 210248) Atherina sp. (220504 220507)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.588	Jamaica	Atherinomorus stipes (186673)
Pliocene	5.333 - 2.588	Greece (Zakynthos)	Atherinidae indet. (223917)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	USA (Florida)	Atherinidae indet. (22712)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	USA (California)	Atherinopsis californiensis (219849)
Piacenzian	3.6 - 2.588	Greece (Crete)	Atherina boyeri (207357)
Gelasian	2.588 - 1.806	Greece (Rhodes)	Atherina sp. (207580 207581)
Gelasian - Calabrian	2.588 - 0.774	Greece (Rhodes)	Atherina boyeri (207569)
Ionian	0.774 - 0.129	Greece (Rhodes)	Atherina boyeri (207568 207570)
Late/Upper Pleistocene	0.129 - 0.0117	USA (California)	Atherinopsis californiensi, Atherinops affinis, Leuresthes tenuis (59063) Atherinopsis californiensis (190889)