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Sphyrna (hammerhead shark)
Taxonomy
Sphyrna was named by Rafinesque (1810) [Sepkoski's age data: T Mi-m R Sepkoski's reference number: 1066]. It is extant.
It was assigned to Squalidae by Gibbes (1847); to Sphyrninae by Hay (1902); to Carcharhinidae by White (1926); to Carchariidae by Woodward (1889), Chapman and Pritchard (1904), Chapman and Cudmore (1924) and Leriche (1942); to Carcharhiniformes by Sepkoski (2002); and to Sphyrnidae by Rapp (1946), Casier (1958), Jordan (1963), Case (1981), Yabe and Hirayama (1998), Purdy et al. (2001), Compagno (2005), Rana et al. (2006), Kocsis (2007), Adnet et al. (2007), Cicimurri and Knight (2009), Carillo-Briceño et al. (2014), Reinecke and Radwanski (2015), Carrillo-Briceño et al. (2016), Hastings and Dooley (2017), Kent (2018), Landini et al. (2019), Adnet et al. (2020) and Villafaña et al. (2020).
It was assigned to Squalidae by Gibbes (1847); to Sphyrninae by Hay (1902); to Carcharhinidae by White (1926); to Carchariidae by Woodward (1889), Chapman and Pritchard (1904), Chapman and Cudmore (1924) and Leriche (1942); to Carcharhiniformes by Sepkoski (2002); and to Sphyrnidae by Rapp (1946), Casier (1958), Jordan (1963), Case (1981), Yabe and Hirayama (1998), Purdy et al. (2001), Compagno (2005), Rana et al. (2006), Kocsis (2007), Adnet et al. (2007), Cicimurri and Knight (2009), Carillo-Briceño et al. (2014), Reinecke and Radwanski (2015), Carrillo-Briceño et al. (2016), Hastings and Dooley (2017), Kent (2018), Landini et al. (2019), Adnet et al. (2020) and Villafaña et al. (2020).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1810 | Sphyrna Rafinesque |
| 1847 | Sphyrna Gibbes p. 194 |
| 1889 | Sphyrna Woodward p. 453 |
| 1902 | Sphyrna Hay p. 314 |
| 1904 | Sphyrna Chapman and Pritchard p. 275 |
| 1924 | Sphyrna Chapman and Cudmore p. 122 |
| 1926 | Sphyrna White p. 33 |
| 1942 | Sphyrna Leriche p. 36 |
| 1946 | Sphyrna Rapp p. 510 |
| 1958 | Sphyrna Casier p. 40 |
| 1963 | Sphyrna Jordan p. 601 |
| 1981 | Sphyrna Case p. 66 |
| 1998 | Sphyrna Yabe and Hirayama p. 50 |
| 2001 | Sphyrna Purdy et al. p. 157 |
| 2002 | Sphyrna Sepkoski |
| 2005 | Sphyrna Compagno |
| 2006 | Sphyrna Rana et al. p. 516 |
| 2007 | Sphyrna Adnet et al. p. 314 |
| 2007 | Sphyrna Kocsis p. 38 |
| 2009 | Sphyrna Cicimurri and Knight p. 635 |
| 2014 | Sphyrna Carillo-Briceño et al. p. 84 |
| 2015 | Sphyrna Reinecke and Radwanski p. 13 |
| 2016 | Sphyrna Carrillo-Briceño et al. p. 88 |
| 2017 | Sphyrna Hastings and Dooley p. 83 |
| 2018 | Sphyrna Kent p. 121 |
| 2019 | Sphyrna Landini et al. p. 361 |
| 2020 | Sphyrna Adnet et al. p. 12 |
| 2020 | Sphyrna Villafaña et al. |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Sphyrna Rafinesque 1810 [hammerhead shark]
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†Sphyrna americana Leriche 1942
†Sphyrna denticulata Agassiz 1843
†Sphyrna gibbesii Hay 1902
†Sphyrna gilmorei Leriche 1942
†Sphyrna guinoti Adnet et al. 2020
†Sphyrna itoriensis White 1926
†Sphyrna laevissima Cope 1867
†Sphyrna lata Agassiz 1843
†Sphyrna lewini Griffith and Smith 1834
†Sphyrna magna Cope 1868
†Sphyrna media Springer 1940
†Sphyrna subserrata Münster 1846
†Sphyrna tortilis White 1926
Sphyrna zygaena Linnaeus 1758
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Wagner 2023, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Ypresian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 56.00000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 55.8 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 55.8 Ma
Collections (120 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Late/Upper Paleocene | USA (Maryland) | Sphyrna sp. (84046) | |
| Ypresian - Lutetian | USA (Alabama) | Negaprion gilmorei (81179) | |
| Early/Lower Eocene | India | Sphyrna sp. (210158) | |
| Lutetian | Nigeria | Sphyrna itoriensis, Sphyrna tortilis (187560) | |
| Lutetian | USA (Alabama) | Negaprion gilmorei (81238 209521 209523) | |
| Lutetian | Togo | Sphyrna sp. (32991) | |
| Bartonian | USA (Alabama) | Negaprion gilmorei (81266 81278 176944) | |
| Bartonian | Tunisia (Sidi Bouzid Township) | Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna guinoti (173640) | |
| Priabonian | USA (Alabama) | Sphyrna gilmorei (28983) | |
| Priabonian | USA (South Carolina) | Negaprion gilmorei (202013 202014) | |
| Priabonian | Barbados | Sphyrna laevissima (205153) | |
| Priabonian | Egypt | Sphyrna sp. (145984) | |
| Priabonian | Western Sahara | Sphyrna sp. (96686 96688) | |
| Late/Upper Eocene | Barbados | Sphyrna laevissima (220735) | |
| Late/Upper Eocene | USA (Georgia) | Negaprion gilmorei (160400) Sphyrna zygaena (73434) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Pakistan (Balochistan) | Sphyrna sp. (78520) | |
| Oligocene - Miocene | Argentina (Chubut) | Sphyrna sp. (133690) | |
| Whitneyan | USA (Florida) | Sphyrna sp. (17341) | |
| Chattian | USA (South Carolina) | Sphyrna media, Sphyrna zygaena (97550) | |
| Chattian | USA (California) | Sphyrna aus, Sphyrna bus (11601) | |
| Aquitanian | USA (Maryland) | Sphyrna sp. (71794) | |
| Aquitanian | Colombia (La Guajira) | Sphyrna laevissima (182218) | |
| Aquitanian | Oman | Sphyrna laevissima (224898) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | India | Sphyrna diplana (87485) Sphyrna zagaena (78641) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Venezuela (Paraguana) | Sphyrna sp. (118106) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Brazil (Para) | Sphyrna magna (65162 112580 112590) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Brazil | Sphyrna magna (112581) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Cuba (Sancti Spiritus) | Sphyrna mokarran (31183) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | USA (North Carolina) | Sphyrna zygaena (71660) | |
| Aquitanian - Langhian | USA (North Carolina) | Sphyrna media, Sphyrna zygaena (48887) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene - Middle Miocene | Australia (Victoria) | Sphyrna sp. (51330) | |
| Miocene | USA (South Carolina) | Sphyrna americana (18506) | |
| Burdigalian | Saudi Arabia | Sphyrna sp. (47026) | |
| Burdigalian | Germany (Bavaria) | Sphyrna sp. (210593) | |
| Burdigalian | Peru | Sphyrna zygaena (167732) | |
| Burdigalian | Peru (Ica) | Sphyrna zygaena (100330) | |
| Burdigalian | Hungary | Sphyrna zygaena (210623) | |
| Burdigalian | Malta (Gozo) | Sphyrna arambourgi (161385) | |
| Burdigalian - Langhian | USA (Maryland) | Sphyrna laevissima (18518) | |
| Langhian | France | Sphyrna arambourgi (90354) | |
| Langhian | France (Touraine) | Sphyrna arambourgi, Sphyrna zygaena (161611) | |
| Langhian | Mexico (Baja California) | Sphyrna sp. (52183) | |
| Langhian | France (Loupian) | Sphyrna arambourgi, Sphyrna zygaena (161623) | |
| Langhian | USA (California) | Sphyrna sp. (59059) | |
| Langhian | Portugal (Penedo) | Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna zygaena (161620) | |
| MN 5 | Austria | Sphyrna sp. (51002) | |
| MN 5 - MN 6 | Portugal | Cestracion zygaena (65912) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | Brazil (Para) | Sphyrna magna (58454) | |
| Middle Miocene | Venezuela (Falcon) | Sphyrna sp. (161210) | |
| Middle Miocene | India | Sphyrna diplana (72085) | |
| Middle Miocene | Japan (Gifu) | Sphyrna sp. (161445) | |
| Middle Miocene | India (Orissa) | Sphyrna lewini (46366) Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna lewini (46343) | |
| Serravallian | France (Gironde) | Sphyrna arambourgi (161533) Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna arambourgi, Sphyrna zygaena (161524) Sphyrna zygaena (161525 161527) | |
| Serravallian | USA (Maryland) | Carcharias laevissimus, Carcharias magna, Sphyrna magna (57782) Sphyrna sp., Galeocerdo laevissimus, Sphyrna magna (55396) | |
| Serravallian | USA (Virginia) | Sphyrna sp. (57700) | |
| Badenian | Slovakia (Bratislava) | Sphyrna zygaena (161996) | |
| Badenian | Czech Republic (Mikulov) | Sphyrna sp. (161993) | |
| Badenian | Poland | Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna laevissima (162017) | |
| Badenian | Belgium | Sphyrna integra, Sphyrna laevissima (208831) | |
| Early/Lower Clarendonian | USA (Florida) | Sphyrna sp. (162456) | |
| Tortonian | Argentina (Entre Rios) | Sphyrna sp. (140010) | |
| Tortonian | Belgium | Sphyrna sp. (217346) | |
| Tortonian | USA (California) | Sphyrna sp. (13300) | |
| Tortonian | Peru | Sphyrna media (96800) | |
| Tortonian | Panama (Colon) | Sphyrna lewini (160781) | |
| Tortonian | Venezuela | Sphyrna mokarran (200110) Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna zygaena (200111) | |
| Tortonian | Panama | Sphyrna arambourgi, Sphyrna zygaena (24237) Sphyrna mokarran (187583) Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna sp. (96700) | |
| Tortonian - Zanclean | Ecuador | Sphyrna media (204352) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Peru (Piura) | Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna zygaena (162465) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Portugal | Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna zygaena (56459) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Venezuela (Falcon) | Sphyrna sp. (162677) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Panama (Panama) | Sphyrna lewini (191988 191990 191993) Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna zygaena (191987) Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna zygaena (191995) Sphyrna zygaena (191996 191997 191998) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Costa Rica (Limon) | Sphyrna zygaena (162678) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Venezuela | Sphyrna sp. (92751) | |
| Hemphillian | Costa Rica (Puntarenas) | Sphyrna arambourgi (144596) | |
| Messinian | Portugal | Sphyrna sp. (91423) | |
| Messinian | Algeria | Cestracion zygaena (186631) | |
| Messinian | Japan (Chiba) | Sphyrna zygaena (202927) | |
| MN 13 | Portugal | Sphyrna sp. (65954) | |
| MN 13 | Portugal (Alvalade) | Sphyrna sp. (65955) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Mexico (Baja) | Sphyrna vespertina, Sphyrna mokarran, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna media, Sphyrna zygaena (154117) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Japan (Chiba) | Sphyrna zygaena (70006) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | USA (California) | Sphyrna sp. (55448) | |
| Messinian - Piacenzian | Australia (South Australia) | Sphyrna sp. (50343) | |
| Zanclean | South Africa | Sphyrna zygaena (100313) | |
| Zanclean | Libya | Sphyrna sp., Sphyrna zygaena (136597) | |
| Zanclean | USA (California) | Sphyrna sp. (184962) | |
| Zanclean | USA (North Carolina) | Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna media, Sphyrna zygaena (52582) | |
| Pliocene | Angola | Sphyrna zygaena (154111) | |
| Piacenzian | USA (California) | Sphyrna sp. (219849) | |
| Early/Lower Pleistocene | Japan (Kanagawa) | Sphyrna zygaena (161454) | |
| Calabrian | Ecuador | Sphyrna media (97639) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene (interglacial) | USA (Georgia) | Sphyrna tiburo (20604) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | USA (California) | Sphyrna zygaena (59063 160361) |