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Ticholeptinae
Taxonomy
Ticholeptinae was named by Schultz and Falkenbach (1941). Its type is Ticholeptus.
It was assigned to Oreodontidae by Morgan et al. (2009) and Lander and Lindsay (2011); and to Merycoidodontidae by Schultz and Falkenbach (1941), Stevens and Stevens (1996), Stevens and Stevens (2007) and Stevens et al. (2023).
It was assigned to Oreodontidae by Morgan et al. (2009) and Lander and Lindsay (2011); and to Merycoidodontidae by Schultz and Falkenbach (1941), Stevens and Stevens (1996), Stevens and Stevens (2007) and Stevens et al. (2023).
Subtaxa
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1941 | Ticholeptinae Schultz and Falkenbach p. 4 |
| 1996 | Ticholeptinae Stevens and Stevens p. 510 |
| 2007 | Ticholeptinae Stevens and Stevens p. 163 |
| 2009 | Ticholeptinae Morgan et al. |
| 2011 | Ticholeptinae Lander and Lindsay p. 221 |
| 2023 | Ticholeptinae Stevens et al. p. 88 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. †Ticholeptinae Schultz and Falkenbach 1941
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G. †Paroreodon Thorpe 1921
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†Paroreodon parvus Thorpe 1921
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Invalid names: Oreodontoides (Paroreodon) stocki Schultz and Falkenbach 1947 [synonym], Oreodontoides stocki Schultz and Falkenbach 1947 [synonym], Paroreodon marshi Thorpe 1921 [synonym]
Invalid names: Epigenetochoerus Schultz and Falkenbach 1968 [synonym]
G. †Phenacocoelus Peterson 1907
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†Phenacocoelus kayi Schultz and Falkenbach 1950
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Invalid names: Hypsiops luskensis Schultz and Falkenbach 1950 [synonym]
†Phenacocoelus typus Peterson 1907
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Invalid names: Phenacocoelus munroensis Peterson 1928 [synonym]
G. †Ticholeptus Cope 1878
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†Ticholeptus bluei Schultz and Falkenbach 1947
†Ticholeptus calimontanus Dougherty 1940
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Invalid names: Ticholeptus tooheyi Schultz and Falkenbach 1941 [synonym]
†Ticholeptus zygomaticus Cope 1878
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Invalid names: Merychyus smithi Douglass 1903 [synonym], Merycochoerus obliquidens Cope 1886 [synonym], Poatrephes paludicola Douglass 1903 [synonym], Ticholeptus hypsodus Loomis 1924 [synonym], Ticholeptus hypsodus leadorensis Schultz and Falkenbach 1968 [synonym], Ticholeptus rileyi Schultz and Falkenbach 1941 [synonym], Ustatochoerus schrammi Schultz and Falkenbach 1941 [synonym]
Invalid names: Poatrephes Douglass 1903 [synonym]
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| C. B. Schultz and C. H. Falkenbach 1941 | Medium to large size forms; skulls brachycephalic; supraoccipital wings incorporated in fan-shaped occipital region; tendency for a slight retraction of nasals (not to the same degree as in the Merycochoerinre); tympanic bullre large and flattened; teeth large and moder- ately hypsodont; premolars complicated. | |
| M. S. Stevens et al. 2023 | The more advanced species are medium-sized oreodonts with brachycephalic skulls showing a fan-shaped occipital region, well-inflated auditory bullae, mesodont cheek teeth, and molarized premolars. The malar is prominent anterior to the orbit, causing a broad facial depression in the lacrimal region merging with the facial vacuity. The zygomatic arch is lightly constructed, and the nasals are moderately long with a slight retraction. The infraorbital foramen is above P3- P4. The rostrum is square and broad, not long and narrow as in the Ustatochoerinae. The postglenoid processes are larger and more robust than in the Ustatochoerinae. The premolars are elongated anteroposteriorly and are lower crowned than Merychyus, Mediochoerus, and Ustatochoerus. There is a small cusp on the posterolingual side of P2, the m1 is small, and m3 has a pronounced heel. Ticholeptus differs from Ustatochoerinae (formerly placed in the Ticholeptinae by Schultz and Falkenbach, 1941) in having lower crowned teeth, less reduction and molarization of premolars, which are also transversely broader, and only slight nasal retraction. The most primitive species (T. bluei, Paroreodon parvus, Phenacocoelus typus) do not show all these features, but do show the infraorbital foramen over the P3- P4, the deep narial notch and short nasals, and the large robust postglenoid processes. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, o = order, subc = subclass, c = class, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Lander 1998, Lillegraven 1979, Nowak 1999, Hendy et al. 2009, Carroll 1988 | |||||
Age range: base of the Monroecreekian to the top of the Early/Lower Hemingfordian or 26.30000 to 15.97000 Ma
Collections (70 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arikareean | USA (Oregon) | Paroreodon parvus (93080) | |
| early Late Arikareean | USA (Oregon) | Paroreodon sp. (36761 36763 36764 36766 36852 36854 36855 36856 170306) | |
| Chattian | USA (Oregon) | Paroreodon parvus (93079) Paroreodon sp. (17603) | |
| Monroecreekian | USA (Nebraska) | Phenacocoelus typus (17565) | |
| Monroecreekian - Harrisonian | USA (Oregon) | Paroreodon parvus (17528) | |
| Harrisonian | USA (Florida) | Phenacocoelus luskensis (18558) | |
| Harrisonian | USA (Wyoming) | Hypsiops luskensis (17780) Phenacocoelus kayi (17840) Phenacocoelus typus (17794) | |
| Harrisonian | USA (Nebraska) | Phenacocoelus sp. (17819) | |
| Harrisonian - Hemingfordian | USA (Montana) | Ticholeptus sp. (18811) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | USA (Oregon) | Oreodontoides stocki (157001) | |
| Miocene | USA (California) | Merychyus calimontanus (19477) | |
| Miocene | USA (Nevada) | Ticholeptus sp. (18991) Ticholeptus zygomaticus (18922 18925 18946) | |
| Miocene | USA (Oregon) | Ticholeptus sp. (18898) | |
| Early/Lower Hemingfordian | USA (Nebraska) | Merychyus elegans (17978) Ticholeptus bluei (17935) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Nevada) | Ticholeptus zygomaticus (18960 18961 18962 18963 18964 18965) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Nebraska) | Ticholeptus hypsodus (17979 17999) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (California) | Ticholeptus calimontanus (19367 19600) | |
| Hemingfordian | USA (Colorado) | Ticholeptus sp. (17908) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Idaho) | Ticholeptus hypsodus (19013) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nevada) | Ticholeptus sp. (19103) | |
| Barstovian | USA (California) | Merychyus relictus (19513) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Ticholeptus sp. (18261 18284) Ustatochoerus schrammi (18124) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Oregon) | Merycoidodontidae indet. (18809) Ticholeptus obliquidens (19017 19019) Ticholeptus sp. (19056 19092) Ticholeptus zygomaticus (19031) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Texas) | Ticholeptus rileyi (18619) | |
| Barstovian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Ticholeptus sp. (18758 18759 18794 18797 18799) | |
| Barstovian | USA (Montana) | Ticholeptus zygomaticus, Poatrephes paludicola (18894) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Montana) | Ticholeptus sp. (18803) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Florida) | Ticholeptus hypsodus (18549) | |
| Early/Lower Barstovian | USA (Nebraska) | Ticholeptus hypsodus (17904 17905 17955 17956 17972 17976 18004 18011 18020) |