PBDB Taxon

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Morphology	Ecology and taphonomy	External Literature Search	Age range and collections

Phorusrhacos longissimus

Reptilia - Gruiformes - Phorusrhacidae

Taxonomy

Phororhacos longissimus was named by Ameghino (1887). It is not extant.

It was recombined as Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003), Gould and Quitmyer (2005), Bertelli et al. (2007), Vizcaíno et al. (2022) and Tambussi et al. (2023).

Subspecies

Phororhacos longissimus mendocinus

Synonyms

Mesembriornis quatrefragesi was named by Moreno and Mercerat (1891). Its type specimen is Museo de La Plata, a set of limb elements (tarsometatarsus), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Santa Cruz Formation, which is in a Santacrucian terrestrial horizon in the Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Phororhacos platygnathus was named by Ameghino (1891).

It was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Eucallornis giganteus was named by Ameghino (1901).

It was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Liornis minor was named by Dolgopol de Saez (1927).

It was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003) and Buffetaut (2016).
Stereornis rollieri was named by Moreno and Mercerat (1891). Its type specimen is Museo de La Plata, a set of limb elements (tibia, tarsometatarsus), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Santa Cruz Formation, which is in a Santacrucian terrestrial horizon in the Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phororhacos longissimus by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Stereornis gaudryi was named by Moreno and Mercerat (1891). Its type specimen is Museo de La Plata, a limb element (tarsometatarsus), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Monte Leon Fm - Monte Leon, which is in a Miocene marine siliciclastic in the Monte Leon Formation of Argentina.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phororhacos longissimus by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Darwinornis copei was named by Moreno and Mercerat (1891). Its type specimen is Museo de La Plata, a set of limb elements, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Santa Cruz Formation, which is in a Santacrucian terrestrial horizon in the Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phororhacos longissimus by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Owenornis lydekkeri was named by Moreno and Mercerat (1891). Its type specimen is Museo de La Plata, a partial skeleton, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Santa Cruz Formation, which is in a Santacrucian terrestrial horizon in the Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phororhacos longissimus by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Titanornis mirabilis was named by Mercerat (1893). It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phororhacos longissimus by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Mesembriornis studeri was named by Moreno and Mercerat (1891). Its type specimen is Museo de La Plata, a limb element (tarsometatarsus), and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Monte Leon Fm - Monte Leon, which is in a Miocene marine siliciclastic in the Monte Leon Formation of Argentina.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phororhacos sehuensis by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Phororhacos sehuensis was named by Ameghino (1891). It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Darwinornis zitteli was named by Moreno and Mercerat (1891). Its type specimen is Museo de La Plata, a set of limb elements, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Santa Cruz Formation, which is in a Santacrucian terrestrial horizon in the Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phororhacos sehuensis by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Darwinornis socialis was named by Moreno and Mercerat (1891). Its type specimen is Museo de La Plata, a limb element, and it is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Santa Cruz Formation, which is in a Santacrucian terrestrial horizon in the Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phororhacos sehuensis by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Owenornis affinis was named by Moreno and Mercerat (1891). Its type specimen is Museo de La Plata and is a 3D body fossil. Its type locality is Santa Cruz Formation, which is in a Santacrucian terrestrial horizon in the Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phororhacos sehuensis by Ameghino (1894); it was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).
Callornis giganteus was named by Ameghino (1894). It is not extant.

It was synonymized subjectively with Phorusrhacos longissimus by Alvarenga and Holfing (2003).

Synonymy list

Year	Name and author
1887	Phororhacos longissimus Ameghino
1889	Phororhacos longissimus Ameghino p. 659
1891	Phororhacos platygnathus Ameghino
1891	Phororhacos sehuensis Ameghino
1891	Mesembriornis studeri Moreno and Mercerat p. 21
1891	Stereornis gaudryi Moreno and Mercerat p. 21 figs. Plate IX, Fig. 4; Plate X, Fig. 3
1891	Stereornis rollieri Moreno and Mercerat p. 21 figs. Plate IX, Fig. 3; Plate X, Fig. 1, 2; Plate XI, Fig. 1
1891	Mesembriornis quatrefragesi Moreno and Mercerat p. 22 figs. Plate IV, Fig. 4, Plate XII, Fig. 7-9; Plate XIV, Fig. 1
1891	Darwinornis copei Moreno and Mercerat p. 24 figs. Plate XVII, Fig. 1-2
1891	Darwinornis socialis Moreno and Mercerat p. 25 figs. Plate XVII, Fig. 5
1891	Darwinornis zitteli Moreno and Mercerat p. 25 figs. Plate XVII, Fig. 3, 4
1891	Owenornis affinis Moreno and Mercerat p. 25 figs. Plate XVII, FIg. 6; Plate XVIII, Fig. 1
1891	Owenornis lydekkeri Moreno and Mercerat p. 25
1891	Mesembriornis quatrefragesi Moreno and Mercerat p. 44
1891	Phororhacos longissimus Moreno and Mercerat p. 44
1891	Stereornis rollieri Moreno and Mercerat p. 45
1891	Mesembriornis studeri Moreno and Mercerat p. 49
1891	Darwinornis copei Moreno and Mercerat p. 60
1891	Darwinornis socialis Moreno and Mercerat p. 63
1891	Darwinornis zitteli Moreno and Mercerat p. 63
1891	Owenornis affinis Moreno and Mercerat p. 64
1893	Titanornis mirabilis Mercerat
1894	Callornis giganteus Ameghino
1897	Titanornis mirabilis Mercerat p. 230
1901	Eucallornis giganteus Ameghino
1927	Liornis minor Dolgopol de Saez
1933	Phororhacos longissimus Lambrecht p. 501
1933	Phororhacos sehuensis Lambrecht p. 502
1933	Phororhacos platygnathus Lambrecht p. 503
1933	Callornis giganteus Lambrecht p. 508
1933	Liornis minor Lambrecht p. 512
2003	Phorusrhacos longissimus Alvarenga and Holfing p. 72
2005	Phorusrhacos longissimus Gould and Quitmyer p. 205 figs. Table 2
2007	Phorusrhacos longissimus Bertelli et al. p. 415 figs. Table 2
2022	Phorusrhacos longissimus Vizcaíno et al.
2023	Phorusrhacos longissimus Tambussi et al. p. 277

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Rank	Name	Author
kingdom	Animalia	()
—	Bilateria
—	Eubilateria	Ax 1987
—	Deuterostomia
phylum	Chordata	Haeckel 1874
subphylum	Vertebrata
superclass	Gnathostomata
—	Osteichthyes	()
subclass	Sarcopterygii	()
subclass	Dipnotetrapodomorpha	(Nelson 2006)
subclass	Tetrapodomorpha	()
—	Tetrapoda
—	Reptiliomorpha
—	Anthracosauria
subclass	Amphibiosauria	Kuhn 1967
—	Cotylosauria	()
—	Amniota
—	Sauropsida
class	Reptilia
subclass	Eureptilia	()
—	Romeriida
—	Diapsida	()
—	Archosauromorpha	(Huene 1946)
—	Crocopoda
—	Archosauriformes	Gauthier 1986
—	Eucrocopoda

Rank	Name	Author
—	Archosauria	()
informal	Avemetatarsalia
—	Ornithodira
—	Dinosauromorpha
—	Dinosauriformes
—	Dinosauria	()
—	Theropoda	()
—	Neotheropoda
—	Averostra	Paul 2002
—	Tetanurae
—	Coelurosauria	()
—	Maniraptora
—	Paraves
class	Aves
subclass	Neornithes	Gadow 1893
—	Neognathae	(Pycraft 1900)
—	Neoaves	Sibley et al. 1988
—	Terrestrornithes
—	Telmatorae
superorder	Charadriimorphae	Huxley 1867
order	Gruiformes	Bonaparte 1854
suborder	Cariamae	Fürbringer 1888
family	Phorusrhacidae	()
subfamily	Phorusrhacinae	Ameghino 1899
genus	Phorusrhacos	Ameghino 1887
species	longissimus	(Ameghino 1887)

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

†Phorusrhacos longissimus Ameghino 1887

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†Phororhacos longissimus mendocinus Kragkievich, 1931

Invalid names: Callornis giganteus Ameghino 1894 [synonym], Darwinornis copei Moreno and Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Darwinornis socialis Moreno and Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Darwinornis zitteli Moreno and Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Eucallornis giganteus Ameghino 1901 [synonym], Liornis minor Dolgopol de Saez 1927 [synonym], Mesembriornis quatrefragesi Moreno and Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Mesembriornis studeri Moreno and Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Owenornis affinis Moreno and Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Owenornis lydekkeri Moreno and Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Phororhacos platygnathus Ameghino 1891 [synonym], Phororhacos sehuensis Ameghino 1891 [synonym], Stereornis gaudryi Moreno and Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Stereornis rollieri Moreno and Mercerat 1891 [synonym], Titanornis mirabilis Mercerat 1893 [synonym]

Diagnosis

No diagnoses are available

Measurements

No measurements are available

Composition:

hydroxyapatiteo

Entire body:

yeso

Adult length:

10 to < 100o

Adult width:

1.0 to < 10o

Adult height:

1.0 to < 10o

Architecture:

compact or denseo

Ontogeny:

accretion, modification of partso

Grouping:

solitaryo

Environment:

terrestrialf

Locomotion:

actively mobileo

Life habit:

ground dwellingf

Diet:

carnivoref

Reproduction:

oviparouso

Dispersal:

direct/internalo

Dispersal 2:

mobileo

Created:

2009-01-03 19:06:43

Modified:

2009-01-03 21:06:43

Source: f = family, o = order

References: Witmer and Rose 1991, Marsh 1875

Age range: Santacrucian or 17.50000 to 16.30000 Ma

Collections (12 total)

Time interval	Ma	Country or state	Original ID and collection number
Early/Lower Miocene	23.03 - 15.97	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Phorusrhacos longissimus (211270)
Early/Lower Miocene	23.03 - 15.97	Argentina	Stereornis gaudryi, Mesembriornis studeri (66154)
Burdigalian - Langhian	20.44 - 13.82	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Phorusrhacos longissimus (197691)
Santacrucian	17.5 - 16.3	Argentina (Santa Cruz)	Phororhacos longissimus (176603) Phorusrhacos longissimus (142529 142533 176563 176565 176566 176571 176594) Stereornis rollieri, Phororhacos longissimus, Darwinornis copei, Owenornis lydekkeri, Darwinornis zitteli, Darwinornis socialis, Owenornis affinis, Mesembriornis quatrefragesi (27313)