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Plesiosauroidea
Taxonomy
Plesiosauroidea was named by Welles (1943). Its type is Plesiosaurus. It was considered monophyletic by Gasparini et al. (2002).
It was assigned to Neoplesiosauria by Ketchum and Benson (2010) and Benson et al. (2012); to Plesiosauria by Delair (1960), Persson (1963), Antunes (1964), Kuhn (1966), Welles and Gregg (1971), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Wiffen and Moisley (1986), Bardet et al. (1991), Hiller and Mannering (2005) and Gasparini et al. (2015); to Plesiosauria by Welles (1943), Welles (1962), Brown (1981), Gasparini and Goñi (1985), Carroll (1988), Chatterjee and Small (1989), Gasparini and Spalletti (1993), Cruickshank (1994), Carpenter (1996), Carpenter (1999), Gasparini and Salgado (2000), Fostowicz-Frelik and Gazdzicki (2001), O'Keefe (2001), Cruickshank and Fordyce (2002), Lazo and Cichowolski (2003), Hiller and Mannering (2004), Schumacher and Everhart (2005), O'Keefe (2008), Schwermann and Sander (2011), Ketchum and Benson (2011), O'Gorman et al. (2013), Hiller et al. (2014), O'Gorman et al. (2014), O'Gorman (2015), O'Gorman et al. (2016), O'Gorman (2016), O'Gorman (2016), O'Gorman (2016), O'Gorman et al. (2017), O'Gorman and Coria (2017), Hiller et al. (2017), O'Gorman et al. (2018), O'Gorman et al. (2019), O'Gorman et al. (2021), O'Gorman et al. (2021) and O'Gorman and Otero (2023); and to Plesiosauria by Gasparini et al. (2002), Hiller et al. (2005), Gasparini et al. (2007), Previtera and González Riga (2008), O'Gorman (2012), Mateus et al. (2012), O'Gorman and Gasparini (2013), O'Gorman et al. (2013), Otero and O'Gorman (2013), Benson and Druckenmiller (2014), O'Gorman et al. (2014), Otero et al. (2015), O'Gorman et al. (2015), O'Gorman et al. (2015), Otero et al. (2015), Frey et al. (2017), O'Gorman (2019), O'Gorman et al. (2019), Páramo-Fonseca et al. (2019), Vincent et al. (2019), O'Gorman (2020), Roberts et al. (2020), O'Gorman (2021), O'Gorman (2022), O'Gorman et al. (2023), Sachs et al. (2024) and Clark et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Neoplesiosauria by Ketchum and Benson (2010) and Benson et al. (2012); to Plesiosauria by Delair (1960), Persson (1963), Antunes (1964), Kuhn (1966), Welles and Gregg (1971), Thurmond and Jones (1981), Wiffen and Moisley (1986), Bardet et al. (1991), Hiller and Mannering (2005) and Gasparini et al. (2015); to Plesiosauria by Welles (1943), Welles (1962), Brown (1981), Gasparini and Goñi (1985), Carroll (1988), Chatterjee and Small (1989), Gasparini and Spalletti (1993), Cruickshank (1994), Carpenter (1996), Carpenter (1999), Gasparini and Salgado (2000), Fostowicz-Frelik and Gazdzicki (2001), O'Keefe (2001), Cruickshank and Fordyce (2002), Lazo and Cichowolski (2003), Hiller and Mannering (2004), Schumacher and Everhart (2005), O'Keefe (2008), Schwermann and Sander (2011), Ketchum and Benson (2011), O'Gorman et al. (2013), Hiller et al. (2014), O'Gorman et al. (2014), O'Gorman (2015), O'Gorman et al. (2016), O'Gorman (2016), O'Gorman (2016), O'Gorman (2016), O'Gorman et al. (2017), O'Gorman and Coria (2017), Hiller et al. (2017), O'Gorman et al. (2018), O'Gorman et al. (2019), O'Gorman et al. (2021), O'Gorman et al. (2021) and O'Gorman and Otero (2023); and to Plesiosauria by Gasparini et al. (2002), Hiller et al. (2005), Gasparini et al. (2007), Previtera and González Riga (2008), O'Gorman (2012), Mateus et al. (2012), O'Gorman and Gasparini (2013), O'Gorman et al. (2013), Otero and O'Gorman (2013), Benson and Druckenmiller (2014), O'Gorman et al. (2014), Otero et al. (2015), O'Gorman et al. (2015), O'Gorman et al. (2015), Otero et al. (2015), Frey et al. (2017), O'Gorman (2019), O'Gorman et al. (2019), Páramo-Fonseca et al. (2019), Vincent et al. (2019), O'Gorman (2020), Roberts et al. (2020), O'Gorman (2021), O'Gorman (2022), O'Gorman et al. (2023), Sachs et al. (2024) and Clark et al. (2024).
Subtaxa
Cimoliosaurus limnophilus, Cryptoclidia (syn. Cryptocleidoidea), Cryptoclididae, Elasmosauridae (syn. Cimoliasauridae), Euplesiosauria, Franconiasaurus, Leptocleidia (syn. Leptocleidoidea), Microcleididae, Opallionectes, Plesiopharos, Plesiopterys, Plesiosauridae (syn. Brancasauridae, Muraenosauridae, Tremamesacleididae), Plesiosaurus (type genus), Polycotylidae (syn. Dolichorhynchopidae), Sthenarosaurus, Westphaliasaurus
Synonyms
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Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1887 | Plesiosaurus limnophilus Koken p. 109 |
1889 | Cimoliosaurus limnophilus Lydekker p. 224 |
1892 | Dolichodeira Seeley p. 151 |
1943 | Plesiosauroidea Welles |
1960 | Plesiosauroidea Delair p. 53 |
1962 | Plesiosauroidea Welles p. 3 |
1963 | Plesiosauroidea Persson p. 2 |
1964 | Plesiosauroidea Antunes p. 133 |
1966 | Plesiosauroidea Kuhn p. 116 |
1971 | Plesiosauroidea Welles and Gregg p. 22 |
1981 | Plesiosauroidea Brown p. 339 |
1981 | Plesiosauroidea Thurmond and Jones p. 139 |
1985 | Plesiosauroidea Gasparini and Goñi |
1986 | Plesiosauroidea Wiffen and Moisley p. 207 |
1988 | Plesiosauroidea Carroll |
1989 | Plesiosauroidea Chatterjee and Small p. 199 |
1991 | Plesiosauroidea Bardet et al. p. 1346 |
1993 | Plesiosauroidea Gasparini and Spalletti p. 250 |
1994 | Plesiosauroidea Cruickshank p. 250 |
1996 | Plesiosauroidea Carpenter p. 267 |
1999 | Plesiosauroidea Carpenter p. 168 fig. 15 |
2000 | Plesiosauroidea Gasparini and Salgado p. 14 |
2001 | Plesiosauroidea Fostowicz-Frelik and Gazdzicki |
2001 | Plesiosauroidea O'Keefe p. 19 fig. 20 |
2002 | Plesiosauroidea Cruickshank and Fordyce p. 562 |
2002 | Plesiosauroidea Gasparini et al. |
2003 | Plesiosauroidea Lazo and Cichowolski p. 785 |
2004 | Plesiosauroidea Hiller and Mannering p. 1 |
2005 | Plesiosauroidea Hiller and Mannering p. 30 |
2005 | Plesiosauroidea Schumacher and Everhart p. 48 |
2007 | Plesiosauroidea Gasparini et al. p. 190 |
2008 | Plesiosauroidea O'Keefe p. 665 |
2008 | Plesiosauroidea Previtera and González Riga |
2010 | Plesiosauroidea Ketchum and Benson p. 15 |
2011 | Plesiosauroidea Ketchum and Benson p. 126 |
2011 | Plesiosauroidea Schwermann and Sander p. 49 |
2012 | Plesiosauroidea Benson et al. |
2012 | Plesiosauroidea Mateus et al. p. 78 |
2012 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman |
2013 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman and Gasparini |
2013 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. p. 262 |
2013 | Plesiosauroidea Otero and O'Gorman |
2014 | Plesiosauroidea Benson and Druckenmiller figs. 2-3 |
2014 | Plesiosauroidea Hiller et al. p. 29 |
2014 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. p. 43 |
2014 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. |
2015 | Plesiosauroidea Gasparini et al. |
2015 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman p. 189 |
2015 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. p. 376 |
2015 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. |
2015 | Plesiosauroidea Otero et al. p. 3 |
2015 | Plesiosauroidea Otero et al. p. 242 |
2016 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman p. 11 |
2016 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. pp. 62-65 |
2017 | Plesiosauroidea Frey et al. p. 94 |
2017 | Plesiosauroidea Hiller et al. |
2017 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman and Coria p. 242 |
2017 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. p. 120 |
2018 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. p. 250 |
2019 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman |
2019 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. p. 215 |
2019 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. p. 40 |
2019 | Plesiosauroidea Páramo-Fonseca et al. |
2019 | Plesiosauroidea Vincent et al. |
2020 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman |
2020 | Plesiosauroidea Roberts et al. |
2021 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman |
2021 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. |
2021 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. |
2022 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman |
2023 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman et al. |
2023 | Plesiosauroidea O'Gorman and Otero p. 78 |
2024 | Plesiosauroidea Clark et al. p. 2 |
2024 | Plesiosauroidea Sachs et al. p. 2 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Superfm. †Plesiosauroidea Welles 1943
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Unr. †Cryptoclidia Ketchum and Benson 2010
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Invalid names: Cryptocleidoidea Williston 1925 [replaced]
Fm. †Cryptoclididae Williston 1925
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G. †Colymbosaurus Seeley 1874
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†Colymbosaurus sclerodirus Bogolubov 1911
†Colymbosaurus svalbardensis Persson 1962
†Colymbosaurus trochanterius Owen 1840
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Invalid names: Colymbosaurus megadeirus Seeley 1869 [synonym], Plesiosaurus manselii Hulke 1870 [synonym], Pliosaurus portlandicus Owen 1869 [synonym]
G. †Cryptoclidus Seeley 1892
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†Cryptocleidus cuervoi caroli Torre and Rojas 1949
†Cryptoclidus eurymerus Phillips 1871
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Invalid names: Apractocleidus teretipes Smellie 1915 [synonym], Cryptoclidus platymerus Seeley 1892 [synonym], Plesiosaurus durobrivensis Seeley 1892 [synonym]
†Cryptoclidus richardsoni Lydekker 1889
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Invalid names: Plesiosaurus plicatus Mansel-Pleydell 1888 [synonym]
Invalid names: Apractocleidus Smellie 1915 [objective synonym], Cryptocleidus cuervoi Torre and Rojas 1949 [nomen dubium], Cryptoclidus vignalensis Torre and Cuervo 1939 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus oxfordiensis Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus oxoniensis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium]
G. †Muraenosaurus Seeley 1874
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†Muraenosaurus elasmosauroides Bogolubov 1911
†Muraenosaurus fahrenkohli Waldheim 1846
†Muraenosaurus leedsii Seeley 1874
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Invalid names: Cimoliosaurus plicatus Phillips 1871 [synonym], Muraenosaurus platyclis Seeley 1892 [synonym], Muraenosaurus plicatus Phillips 1871 [synonym], Tremamesacleis durobrivensis Lydekker 1889 [synonym]
†Muraenosaurus purbecki Bogolubov 1911
Invalid names: Tremamesacleis White 1940 [synonym]
G. †Spitrasaurus Knutsen et al. 2012
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†Spitrasaurus larseni Knutsen et al. 2012
†Spitrasaurus wensaasi Knutsen et al. 2012
Invalid names: Cryptoclidus aldingeri von Huene 1932 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Elasmosauridae Cope 1869 [elasmosaur]
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G. †Alexeyisaurus Sennikov and Arkhangelsky 2010
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†Alexeyisaurus karnoushenkoi Sennikov and Arkhangelsky 2010
Subfm. †Alzadasaurinae
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G. †Alzadasaurus Welles 1943
G. †Ogmodirus Williston and Moodie 1913
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Invalid names: Ogmodirus martinii Williston and Moodie 1917 [nomen dubium]
G. †Callowayosaurus
G. †Cimoliasaurus Leidy 1851
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†Cimoliasaurus magnus Leidy 1851
†Cimoliosaurus laramiensis Knight 1900
†Cimoliosaurus magnus Leidy 1851
†Cimoliosaurus snowii Williston 1890
Invalid names: Brimosaurus grandis Leidy 1855 [nomen dubium], Cimoliasaurus brevior Lydekker 1889 [nomen dubium], Cimoliasaurus maccoyi Etheridge 1904 [nomen dubium], Hunosaurus Fritsch 1905 [synonym], Iserosaurus Fritsch 1905 [synonym]
G. †Eromangasaurus Kear 2005
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†Eromangasaurus australis Sachs 2005
†Eromangasaurus carinognathus Kear 2005
Unr. †Euelasmosaurida O'Gorman 2019
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Unr. †Elasmosaurinae
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G. †Styxosaurus Welles 1943
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†Styxosaurus browni Welles 1952
†Styxosaurus snowii Williston 1890
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Invalid names: Alzadasaurus pembertoni Welles and Bump 1949 [synonym]
Invalid names: Hydralmosaurus Welles 1943 [synonym], Thalassonomosaurus marshii Williston 1906 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Styxosaurinae Otero 2016 [synonym]
G. †Libonectes Carpenter 1997 [southwest diver]
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G. †Thalassomedon Welles 1943
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G. †Jucha Fischer et al. 2020
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†Jucha squalea Fischer et al. 2020
†Jucha squalea Fischer et al. 2020
†Jucha squalea Fischer et al. 2020
G. †Scanisaurus Persson 1960
G. †Stereosaurus Seeley 1869
G. †Thalassiosaurus Welles 1943
G. †Thalassonomosaurus Welles 1943
G. †Wapuskanectes Druckenmiller and Russell 2006
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†Wapuskanectes betsynichollsae Druckenmiller and Russell 2006
Unr. †Weddellonectia O'Gorman and Coria 2017
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Subfm. †Aristonectinae Otero et al. 2012
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G. †Aristonectes Cabrera 1941
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†Aristonectes parvidens Cabrera 1941
†Aristonectes quiriquinensis Otero et al. 2014
Invalid names: Turneria Chatterjee and Small 1989 [synonym]
G. †Morturneria Chatterjee and Creisler 1994
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†Morturneria seymourensis Chatterjee and Creisler 1994
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Invalid names: Turneria seymourensis Chatterjee and Small 1989 [replaced]
Invalid names: Mauisaurus Hector 1874 [nomen dubium], Mauisaurus haasti Hector 1874 [nomen dubium], Tuarangisaurus cabazai Gasparini et al. 2003 [nomen dubium]
Invalid names: Alzadasaurus kansasensis Welles 1952 [nomen dubium], Alzadasaurus tropicus Colbert 1949 [nomen vanum], Cimoliasauridae Delair 1959 [synonym], Cimoliasaurus andium Deecke 1895 [nomen dubium], Cimoliasaurus cantabrigiensis Lydekker 1889 [nomen vanum], Cimoliasaurus caudalis Hutton 1894 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus amalitskii Pravoslavlev 1916 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus kurskensis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus orskensis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus serdobensis Bogolubov 1911 [nomen vanum], Elasmosaurus sternbergi Williston 1906 [nomen dubium], Mauisaurus gardneri Seeley 1878 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus constrictus Owen 1850 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus crassicostatus Owen 1870 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus gulo Cope 1872 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus gurgitis Renevier 1858 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus helmersenii Kiprijanoff 1882 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus holmesii Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus hoodii Owen 1870 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus mackayii Hector 1874 [nomen vanum], Plesiosaurus mauritanicus Arambourg 1952 [nomen dubium], Plesiosaurus sutherlandi McCoy 1867 [nomen dubium], Pliosaurus gigas Schröder 1885 [nomen vanum], Pliosaurus macrospondylus McCoy 1867 [nomen dubium], Thalassiosaurus ischiadicus Williston 1903 [nomen dubium], Thalassonomosaurus nobilis Williston 1906 [nomen dubium], Woolungasaurus Persson 1960 [nomen dubium], Woolungasaurus glendowerensis Persson 1960 [nomen dubium]
Unr. †Leptocleidia Ketchum and Benson 2010
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Fm. †Leptocleididae White 1940
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G. †Leptocleidus Andrews 1922
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†Leptocleidus capensis Andrews 1911
†Leptocleidus clemai Cruickshank and Long 1997
†Leptocleidus superstes Andrews 1922
Invalid names: Peyerus Stromer 1935 [synonym]
G. †Nichollssaura Druckenmiller and Russell 2009
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†Nichollssaura borealis Druckenmiller and Russell 2009
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Invalid names: Nichollsia borealis Druckenmiller and Russell 2008 [replaced]
Invalid names: Nichollsia Druckenmiller and Russell 2008 [replaced]
Invalid names: Leptocleidoidea Druckenmiller and Russell 2008 [replaced]
Fm. †Microcleididae Benson et al. 2012
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G. †Microcleidus Watson 1909
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†Microcleidus brachypterygius Huene 1923
†Microcleidus homalospondylus Owen 1865
†Microcleidus macropterus Seeley 1865
†Microcleidus melusinae Vincent et al. 2019
†Microcleidus tournemirensis Sciau et al. 1990
Invalid names: Occitanosaurus Bardet et al. 1999 [synonym]
G. †Seeleyosaurus White 1940
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†Seeleyosaurus guilelmiimperatoris Dames 1895
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Invalid names: Seeleyosaurus holzmadensis White 1940 [synonym]
G. †Plesiopharos Puértolas-Pascual et al. 2021
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†Plesiopharos moelensis Puértolas-Pascual et al. 2021
Fm. †Plesiosauridae Gray 1825
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G. †Hydrorion Grossmann 2007
G. †Thaumatosaurus Meyer 1841
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†Thaumatosaurus oolithicus Meyer 1841
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Invalid names: Liopleurodon bucklandi Sauvage 1873 [synonym]
Invalid names: Brancasauridae White 1940 [synonym], Muraenosauridae White 1940 [synonym], Plesiosaurus neogaeus Burmeister 1861 [nomen vanum], Tremamesacleididae White 1940 [synonym]
G. †Plesiosaurus de la Beche and Conybeare 1821
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†Plesiosaurus bavaricus Dames 1895
†Plesiosaurus bitractensis Sauvage 1883
†Plesiosaurus carinatus Cuvier 1824
†Plesiosaurus cliduchus Seeley 1865
†Plesiosaurus coelospondylus Owen 1865
†Plesiosaurus costatus Owen 1840
†Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus Conybeare 1824
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Invalid names: Plesiosaurus homei Gray 1831 [synonym], Plesiosaurus macromus Owen 1840 [synonym]
†Plesiosaurus exarsostinus Hawkins 1834
†Plesiosaurus grandis Owen 1840
†Plesiosaurus hesternus Welles 1953
†Plesiosaurus houzeaui Dollo 1909
†Plesiosaurus macrocephalus Owen 1840
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Invalid names: Plesiosaurus brachycephalus Owen 1840 [synonym]
†Plesiosaurus macrodeirus Seeley 1869
†Plesiosaurus mexicanus Wieland 1910
†Plesiosaurus nitidus Phillips 1871
†Plesiosaurus platydeirus Owen 1854
†Plesiosaurus rostratus Owen 1865
†Plesiosaurus subconcavus Duff 1842
†Plesiosaurus subtrigonus Owen 1840
†Plesiosaurus tessarestarsostinus Hawkins 1834
†Plesiosaurus trigonus Cuvier 1824
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus elasmosaurus Finzel 1964 [nomen nudum], Plesiosaurus priscus Parkinson 1822 [nomen dubium]
Fm. †Polycotylidae Williston 1908
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G. †Ceraunosaurus Thurmond 1968
Subfm. †Palmulainae Albright et al. 2007
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G. †Palmulasaurus Albright et al. 2007
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†Palmulasaurus quadratus Albright et al. 2007
Invalid names: Palmula Albright et al. 2007 [replaced]
Subfm. †Polycotylinae Albright et al. 2007
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Unr. †Dolichorhynchia Clark et al. 2024
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G. †Dolichorhynchops Williston 1902
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†Dolichorhynchops herschelensis Sato 2005
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus ichthyospondylus Seeley 1869 [nomen vanum], Trinacromerum latimanus Williston 1908 [nomen vanum]
G. †Georgiasaurus Ochev 1977
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†Georgiasaurus penzensis Otschev 1976
Invalid names: Georgia Otschev 1976 [replaced]
G. †Polycotylus Cope 1869
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†Polycotylus sopozkoi Efimov et al. 2016
†Polycotylus suprajurensis Sauvage 1876
G. †Trinacromerum Cragin 1888
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†Trinacromerum bentonianum Cragin 1888
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Invalid names: Ceraunosaurus brownorum Thurmond 1968 [synonym], Trinacromerum anonymum Williston 1903 [synonym], Trinacromerum willistoni Riggs 1944 [synonym]
†Trinacromerum kirki Russell 1935
Invalid names: Cimoliasaurus leucoscopelus Etheridge, Jr. 1897 [nomen dubium], Dolichorhynchopidae Welles 1962 [synonym], Palmulasaurinae Albright et al. 2007 [empty], Polycotyilnae Albright et al. 2007 [empty]
G. †Westphaliasaurus Schwermann and Sander 2011
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†Westphaliasaurus simonsensii Schwermann and Sander 2011
Invalid names: Cimoliosaurus limnophilus Koken 1887 [nomen dubium], Dolichodeira Seeley 1892 [synonym], Euplesiosauria O'Keefe 2001 [empty]
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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D. S. Brown 1981 | Plesiosauria with relatively small skulls; mandibular symphysis short, being between the first pair of alveoli only, these not bearing especially enlarged teeth; teeth with slim crowns which do not usually show wear on their tips; at least 28 cervical vertebrae; cervical centra of moderate relative length or elongated; the ventral rami of the scapulae becoming broad; ischia relatively short anteroposteriorly; propodials massive, humerus generally larger than femur. | |
F. R. O'Keefe 2001 | "Prefrontal contacts margin of external naris; nasal absent; cervical neural spines not angled backward; dorsal neural spines compressed and blade-like." |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: o = order | |||||
Reference: Kiessling 2004 |
Age range: base of the Norian to the top of the Late/Upper Maastrichtian or 228.00000 to 66.00000 Ma
Collections (526 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Norian | Russian Federation (Nenets) | Alexeyisaurus karnoushenkoi (103802) | |
Rhaetian | France (Champagne-Ardennes) | Plesiosaurus carinatus (139922) | |
Rhaetian | Belgium (Gaume) | Plesiosaurus sp. (139199 139202) | |
Rhaetian | Germany (Sachsen-Anhalt) | Plesiosaurus keuperinus (139489) | |
Rhaetian | United Kingdom (England) | Plesiosaurus costatus, Plesiosaurus trigonus (122362) Plesiosaurus dibothrius (57958) Plesiosaurus rostratus (122365) Plesiosaurus sp. (96617 163310) | |
Rhaetian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Plesiosaurus sp. (131422) | |
Rhaetian | France (Burgundy) | Plesiosaurus costatus, Plesiosaurus bitractensis (144758 144759) | |
Angulata | France (Lorraine) | Plesiosaurus sp. (53947) | |
Early/Lower Hettangian | United Kingdom (England) | Plesiosaurus cliduchus (119083) | |
Early/Lower Hettangian - Early/Lower Pliensbachian | United Kingdom (England) | Plesiosaurus dolichodeirus, Plesiosaurus macrocephalus, Plesiosaurus macromus, Plesiosaurus platydeirus (118938) | |
Youngest occurrences |
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Time interval | Ma | Country or state | PBDB collection number |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Antarctica | Aristonectes parvidens (140323) Aristonectes sp., Euelasmosaurida indet. (232357) Aristonectinae indet. (232334) Elasmosauridae indet. (149632 232349 232350 232351 232353 232354 232355 232356 232781 232782 232783) Turneria seymourensis (13106) Weddellonectia indet. (51962 232333) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | New Zealand (South Island) | Elasmosauridae indet., Polycotylidae indet. (232396 232399 232400) Mauisaurus haasti (232391 232393 232401) Polycotylidae indet., Mauisaurus haasti (232392) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Morocco | Elasmosauridae indet. (99627 213665 213666) Elasmosauridae indet., Zarafasaura oceanis (116628) Plesiosaurus mauritanicus (143257 143258) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | Elasmosauridae indet. (140330 181059) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | USA (New Jersey) | Cimoliasaurus magnus (167650) Ichthyosauria indet. (88034) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Belgium (Liège) | Elasmosauridae indet. (143253) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Chile (Concepción) | Aristonectes parvidens (118945) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Chile (Puerto Natales) | Aristonectes sp., Elasmosauridae indet. (208356) Aristonectinae indet. (208357 208358) Elasmosauridae indet. (140919) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Chile (Biobio) | Aristonectes sp. (150921) | |
Late/Upper Maastrichtian | Chile | Aristonectinae indet. (221030) Aristonectinae indet., Mauisaurus sp. (91416) Elasmosauridae indet., Aristonectinae indet. (157301) |