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Ichthyosaurus

Reptilia - Ichthyosauridae

Sister genera
Tibetosaurus

Synonyms
Synonymy list
YearName and author
1818Ichthyosaurus Koenig
1822Ichthyosaurus Parkinson p. 296
1824Ichthyosaurus coniformis Harlan
1825Ichthyosaurus latifrons Konig figs. Pl. 19, fig. 250
1826Ichthyosaurus Fitzinger p. 9
1830Gryphus Wagler p. 60
1840Ichthyosaurus giganteus Leach
1840Ichthyosaurus Owen p. 86
1840Ichthyosaurus latifrons Owen p. 122
1840Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus Owen p. 124
1840Ichthyosaurus trigonus Owen p. 124 fig. 514
1845Ichthyosaurus Meyer p. 281
1849Ichthyosaurus d'Orbigny p. 209
1851Ichthyosaurus latifrons Mantell p. 385
1851Ichthyosaurus posthumus Wagner p. 702
1854Ichthyosaurus crassicostatus Theodori
1854Ichthyosaurus hexagonus Theodori
1854Ichthyosaurus planartus Theodori
1854Ichthyosaurus sinuatus Theodori p. 50
1856Ichthyosaurus nasimowii Fahrenkohl
1856Ichthyosaurus amalthei Quenstedt
1858Ichthyosaurus zollerianus Quenstedt p. 371
1859Ichthyosaurus Owen p. 149
1860Ichthyosaurus Owen p. 200
1861Ichthyosaurus Owen p. 220
1861Ichthyosaurus normanniae Valenciennes p. 101
1861Ichthyosaurus cuvieri Valenciennes p. 273
1862Ichthyosaurus leucopetraeus Burmeister and Giebel
1869Ichthyosaurus bonneyi Seeley
1869Ichthyosaurus platymerus Seeley
1869Ichthyosaurus angustidens Seeley p. 3
1869Ichthyosaurus walkeri Seeley p. 65
1869Ichthyosaurus chalarodeirus Seeley p. 106
1871Ichthyosaurus aequalis Phillips
1871Ichthyosaurus dilatatus Phillips
1871Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus Phillips pp. 307, 337
1871Ichthyosaurus advena Phillips p. 339
1871Ichthyosaurus ovalis Phillips p. 339
1873Cetarthrosaurus walkeri Seeley p. 505
1876Ichthyosaurus biscissus Wurstemberger
1879Ichthyosaurus indicus Lydekker p. 28 figs. Pl. 5:6-7
1881Ichthyosaurus brachyspondylus Owen p. 127
1883Ichthyosaurus hildesiensis Koken
1885Ichthyosaurus aduncus Quenstedt
1885Ichthyosaurus lacunosae Quenstedt
1885Ichthyosaurus torulosi Quenstedt
1886Ichthyosaurus Günther p. 442
1886Ichthyosaurus pottsi Hector
1888Ichthyosaurus ceramensis Martin
1889Ichthyosaurus Lydekker p. 12
1889Ichthyosaurus indicus Lydekker p. 22
1889Ichthyosaurus trigonus Lydekker p. 22 figs. 12-14
1889Ichthyosaurus ovalis Lydekker p. 29 fig. 15
1889Ichthyosaurus latifrons Lydekker p. 89 figs. 31-33
1889Ichthyosaurus hectori Lydekker p. 113
1890Ichthyosaurus quenstedti Zittel
1891Ichthyosaurus arietis Fraas
1891Ichthyosaurus psilonoti Fraas
1892Ichthyosaurus numismalis Fraas
1893Ichthyosaurus bodenbenderi Dames p. 23 figs. Pl. 1 (1, 2)
1895Ichthyosaurus immanis Phillipi
1901Ichthyosaurus bambergensis Bauer
1904Eurypterygius Jaekel
1908Ichthyosaurus kokeni Broili
1908Ichthyosaurus Merriam p. 88
1908Ichthyosaurus hectori Merriam p. 154
1909Ichthyosaurus steleodon Bogolubow
1914Ichthyosaurus hectori Chapman p. 277
1922Leptopterygius latifrons von Huene p. 15
1922Stenopterygius crassicostatus von Huene p. 51
1939Ichthyosaurus torrei Torre and Cuervo
1942Ichthyosaurus franciscanus Camp p. 362 figs. 1, 2A
1942Ichthyosaurus californicus Camp p. 367 figs. 3, 4
1948Ichthyosaurus saladensis Rusconi
1949Ichthyosaurus saladensis Rusconi
1949Ichthyosaurus sanjuanensis Rusconi
1951Eurypterygius von Huene p. 90
1960Macropterygius trigonus Delair p. 64
1960Macropterygius dilatatus Delair p. 65
1960Macropterygius ovalis Delair p. 65
1960Macropterygius thyreospondylus Delair p. 66
1960Leptopterygius latifrons Delair p. 73
1967Ichthyosaurus Appleby p. 137
1969Ichthyosaurus hygrodeirus Seeley p. 106
1974Ichthyosaurus McGowan p. 6
1979Protoichthyosaurus prosostealis Appleby p. 942
1982Tibetosaurus Dong
1982Tibetosaurus tingjiensis Young et al.
1988Ichthyosaurus Carroll
1994Macropterygius trigonus Frickhinger p. 249 fig. 514
1999Ichthyosaurus Motani p. 484
2000Ichthyosaurus Maisch and Matzke pp. 74, 98
2000Ichthyosaurus Sander
2002Ichthyosaurus Sepkoski
2003Ichthyosaurus McGowan and Motani
2008Ichthyosaurus Maisch et al.
2010Ichthyosaurus Maisch
2011Ichthyosaurus Fischer et al.
2012Ichthyosaurus Bennett et al.
2012Ichthyosaurus Fischer et al.
2013Ichthyosaurus Fischer et al.
2014Ichthyosaurus Arkhangelsky and Zverkov
2014Cetarthrosaurus walkeri Fischer et al.
2015Ichthyosaurus Brusatte et al.
2015Ichthyosaurus Lomax and Massare
2016Ichthyosaurus Ji et al. p. 12
2018Ichthyosaurus Massare and Lomax

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
Bilateria
EubilateriaAx 1987
Deuterostomia
phylumChordataHaeckel 1874
subphylumVertebrata
superclassGnathostomata
Osteichthyes()
subclassSarcopterygii()
subclassDipnotetrapodomorpha(Nelson 2006)
subclassTetrapodomorpha()
Tetrapoda
Reptiliomorpha
Anthracosauria
subclassAmphibiosauriaKuhn 1967
RankNameAuthor
Cotylosauria()
Amniota
Sauropsida
classReptilia
subclassEureptilia()
Romeriida
Diapsida()
Ichthyosauromorpha
Ichthyosauriformes
Ichthyopterygia(Owen 1840)
Eoichthyosauria
Ichthyosauria(de Blainville 1835)
Thunnosauria
familyIchthyosauridaeBonaparte 1841
genusIchthyosaurusKoenig 1818

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. †Ichthyosaurus Koenig 1818
show all | hide all
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Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus crassimanus Tate and Blake 1876 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus longifrons Owen 1881 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus longipennis Mantell 1851 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus microdon Wagner 1851 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus zetlandicus Seeley 1880 [synonym]
Ichthyosaurus anningae Lomax and Massare 2015
Ichthyosaurus communis Conybeare 1821
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Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus chiroparamekostinus Hawkins 1834 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus chiropolyostinus Hawkins 1834 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus fortimanus Owen 1884 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus intermedius Conybeare 1822 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus latimanus Owen 1840 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus polyostinus Hawkins 1840 [synonym]
Ichthyosaurus conybeari Lydekker 1888
Ichthyosaurus extremus Boulenger 1904
Ichthyosaurus larkini Lomax and Massare 2017
Ichthyosaurus longipes von Wurstemberger 1876
Ichthyosaurus somersetensis Lomax and Massare 2017
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Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus paramecostinus Hawkins 1840 [replaced]
Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris Conybeare 1822
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Invalid names: Ichthyosaurus chirostrongulostinus Hawkins 1834 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus grandipes Sharpe 1830 [synonym]
Ichthyosaurus trigonodon Theodori 1843
Ichthyosaurus triscissus Quenstedt 1856
Invalid names: Eurypterygius Jaekel 1904 [synonym], Gryphus Wagler 1830 [synonym], Ichthyosaurus aduncus Quenstedt 1885 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus advena Phillips 1871 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus aequalis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus amalthei Quenstedt 1856 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus angustidens Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus arietis Fraas 1891 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus bambergensis Bauer 1901 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus biscissus Wurstemberger 1876 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus bodenbenderi Dames 1893 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus bonneyi Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus brachyspondylus Owen 1881 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus californicus Camp 1942 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus ceramensis Martin 1888 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus chalarodeirus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus coniformis Harlan 1824 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus crassicostatus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus cuvieri Valenciennes 1861 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus dilatatus Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus franciscanus Camp 1942 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus giganteus Leach 1840 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus hectori Lydekker 1889 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus hexagonus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus hildesiensis Koken 1883 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus hygrodeirus Seeley 1969 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus immanis Phillipi 1895 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus indicus Lydekker 1879 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus kokeni Broili 1908 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus lacunosae Quenstedt 1885 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus latifrons Konig 1825 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus leucopetraeus Burmeister and Giebel 1862 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus nasimowii Fahrenkohl 1856 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus normanniae Valenciennes 1861 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus numismalis Fraas 1892 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus ovalis Phillips 1871 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus planartus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus platymerus Seeley 1869 [nomen nudum], Ichthyosaurus posthumus Wagner 1851 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus psilonoti Fraas 1891 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus quenstedti Zittel 1890 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus saladensis Rusconi 1948 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus sanjuanensis Rusconi 1949 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus sinuatus Theodori 1854 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus steleodon Bogolubow 1909 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus thyreospondylus Owen 1840 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus torrei Torre and Cuervo 1939 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus torulosi Quenstedt 1885 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus trigonus Owen 1840 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus walkeri Seeley 1869 [nomen dubium], Ichthyosaurus zollerianus Quenstedt 1858 [nomen dubium], Protoichthyosaurus prosostealis Appleby 1979 [nomen dubium], Tibetosaurus Dong 1982 [nomen dubium], Tibetosaurus tingjiensis Young et al. 1982 [nomen dubium]
Diagnosis
ReferenceDiagnosis
M. W. Maisch and A. T. Matzke 2000"Moderately large to large ichthyosaurs, skull length between 30 and 60 cm, quadratojugal with long processus quadratus, humuerus robust and short, forefin with four primary digits and postaxial accessories, fin elements form a completely closed polygonal mosaic pattern in the fore- and hindfin, except the distal tips, coracoid with anterior and posterior notches, about 44 presacral vertebrae, neural spines of thoracal vertebral column long."
C. Ji et al. 2016Sagittal eminence absent; frontal and postfrontal separated by prefrontal; squamosal absent; basioccipital with extensive extracondylar area; basioccipital peg well developed; coracoid posterior concavity present; forefin with no fewer than four digits, mostly over five; ulnare equal or larger than interme- dium; digital bifurcation present; phalanges numerous and closely packed; pubis and ischium not fused.
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: hydroxyapatiteo
Environment: marineo
Locomotion: actively mobileo
Life habit: nektonico
Diet: carnivoreo
Reproduction: viviparouso
Created: 2009-07-20 06:07:40
Modified: 2010-02-23 00:20:57
Source: o = order
Reference: Kiessling 2004

Age range: base of the Lacian to the top of the Late/Upper Albian or 221.50000 to 99.60000 Ma

Collections (83 total)


Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Late/Upper Triassic237.0 - 201.3Chile I. sp. (29509)
Norian228.0 - 208.5USA (Nevada) I. sp. (100391 100403)
Lacian221.5 - 215.56USA (Nevada) I. sp. (100412)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3France (Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur Region) I. sp. (31773 31774)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3Germany (Baden-Württemberg) I. rhaeticus (91635) I. sp. (131422)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3France (Burgundy) I. costatus (144759)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3United Kingdom (England) I. sp. (96616 96617 122362)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3France (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) I. sp. (90876)
Rhaetian208.5 - 201.3Belgium (Gaume) I. sp. (139198 139202)
Rhaetian - Hettangian208.5 - 199.3United Kingdom (England) I. intermedius (96608 96611) I. tenuirostris (96609) I. tenuirostris, I. intermedius (96606 96607)
Hettangian201.3 - 199.3United Kingdom (England) I. chiropolyostinus (153783) I. conununis (105080) I. sp., I. communis (142744) I. tenuirostris, I. communis, I. intermedius (149321)
Early/Lower Hettangian201.3 - 196.5United Kingdom (England) I. chirostrongulostinus, I. chiroparamekostinus, I. larkini (110213) I. communis, I. intermedius, Protoichthyosaurus prosostealis, I. larkini, I. somersetensis (119083) I. sp. (113956)
Hettangian - Pliensbachian201.3 - 182.7United Kingdom (England) I. chirostrongulostinus (153784) I. comminis (98151) I. communis (98150)
Early/Lower Jurassic201.3 - 174.1United Kingdom (Somerset) I. communis, I. latimanus (198904)
Early/Lower Jurassic201.3 - 174.1United Kingdom (England) I. chiroparamekostinus (153787) I. chirostrongulostinus (153786)
Sinemurian199.3 - 190.8Canada (British Columbia) I. sp. (4884)
Early/Lower Sinemurian196.5 - 189.6United Kingdom (England) I. communis (227266) I. tenuirostris, I. communis, I. intermedius (140334)
Early/Lower Sinemurian196.5 - 189.6United Kingdom I. breviceps (139854)
Early/Lower Sinemurian196.5 - 189.6Switzerland (Aargau) I. communis (142834)
Early/Lower Sinemurian196.5 - 189.6United Kingdom (Scotland) I. communis (165070)
Late/Upper Sinemurian196.5 - 189.6Belgium I. communis (176443)
Late/Upper Sinemurian196.5 - 189.6Belgium (Luxembourg) I. communis (188429)
Late/Upper Sinemurian196.5 - 189.6United Kingdom (England) I. intermedius (227267)
Semicostatum196.5 - 189.6United Kingdom I. communis, I. breviceps, I. conybeari (42202)
Pliensbachian - Cenomanian190.8 - 93.9USA (California) I. californicus (185384) I. franciscanus (102282)
Davoei189.6 - 183.0United Kingdom (England) I. sp. (130760)
Early/Lower Pliensbachian189.6 - 183.0United Kingdom (England) I. anningae (176440) I. communis (139701)
Early/Lower Toarcian183.0 - 182.0France I. longifrons (122732)
Early/Lower Toarcian183.0 - 182.0United Kingdom (England) Leptopterygius acutirostris (90448 90458 90461)
Falciferum183.0 - 182.0Germany I. longipes (139781)
Falciferum - Bifrons183.0 - 175.6United Kingdom (England) I. acutirostris, Leptopterygius acutirostris (90459)
Toarcian182.7 - 174.1Greenland I. sp. (162090)
Aalenian174.1 - 170.3Chile (Antofagasta) I. sp. (172177)
Bajocian170.3 - 168.3Chile (Huasco) I. sp. (223385)
Callovian166.1 - 163.5United Kingdom (England) I. dilatatus (100518)
Early/Lower Callovian164.7 - 161.2Chile (Antofagasta) I. quenstedti (170680) I. sp. (172173)
Late/Upper Callovian164.7 - 161.2Chile (Antofagasta) I. sp. (172174)
Late/Upper Callovian164.7 - 161.2France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) I. sp. (144756)
Late/Upper Callovian164.7 - 161.2United Kingdom (England) I. dilatatus (92052)
Oxfordian163.5 - 157.3United Kingdom (England) I. dilatatus (100669)
Oxfordian163.5 - 157.3Chile (Antofagasta) I. sp. (172175)
Late/Upper Jurassic163.5 - 145.0Switzerland (Baselland) I. sp. (48614)
Late/Upper Jurassic163.5 - 145.0Argentina (Mendoza) Ichthyosauria indet. (137145)
Kimmeridgian157.3 - 152.1France (Poitou-Charentes) I. sp. (70550)
Kimmeridgian157.3 - 152.1Chile (Antofagasta) I. sp. (172176)
Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian157.3 - 145.0Mexico (Coahuila) I. sp. (144332)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8France (Aquitaine) I. sp. (94532)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8United Kingdom (England) I. enthekiodon (119504) I. sp. (70996)
Tithonian152.1 - 145.0France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) I. entheciodon, I. thyreospondylus (48880) I. thyreospondylus (48879 65030) I. trigonus (53967)
Tithonian152.1 - 145.0USA (Oregon) I. californicus (102275)
Berriasian145.0 - 139.8United Kingdom (England) I. sp. (77058)
Early/Lower Hauterivian136.4 - 130.0Germany I. sp. (91586)
Hauterivian132.9 - 129.4Russian Federation (Ulyanovsk Oblast) I. steleodon (172585)
Late/Upper Aptian122.46 - 112.03United Kingdom (England) I. sp. (58095)
Late/Upper Albian105.3 - 99.6United Kingdom (Norfolk) I. angustidens (214384)