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Polycotylinae
Taxonomy
Polycotylinae was named by Albright et al. (2007).
It was assigned to Polycotylidae by Albright et al. (2007) and Clark et al. (2024).
It was assigned to Polycotylidae by Albright et al. (2007) and Clark et al. (2024).
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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2007 | Polycotylinae Albright et al. p. 47 |
2024 | Polycotylinae Clark et al. p. 2 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Subfm. †Polycotylinae Albright et al. 2007
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Unr. †Dolichorhynchia Clark et al. 2024
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G. †Dolichorhynchops Williston 1902
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†Dolichorhynchops herschelensis Sato 2005
Invalid names: Plesiosaurus ichthyospondylus Seeley 1869 [nomen vanum], Trinacromerum latimanus Williston 1908 [nomen vanum]
G. †Georgiasaurus Ochev 1977
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†Georgiasaurus penzensis Otschev 1976
Invalid names: Georgia Otschev 1976 [replaced]
G. †Polycotylus Cope 1869
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†Polycotylus sopozkoi Efimov et al. 2016
†Polycotylus suprajurensis Sauvage 1876
G. †Trinacromerum Cragin 1888
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†Trinacromerum bentonianum Cragin 1888
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Invalid names: Ceraunosaurus brownorum Thurmond 1968 [synonym], Trinacromerum anonymum Williston 1903 [synonym], Trinacromerum willistoni Riggs 1944 [synonym]
†Trinacromerum kirki Russell 1935
Diagnosis
Reference | Diagnosis | |
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L. B. Albright et al. 2007 | Small to large polycotylid plesiosaurs with short and broad radius and ulna in forelimb and tibia and fibula in hindlimb, in contrast to the Palmulainae in which previously noted elements are distinctly polygonal, i.e., nearly equidimensional in length and width. | |
R. O. Clark et al. 2024 | Polycotylid plesiosaur subfamily possessing the following synapomorphies: jugal shortened to terminate near posterior orbital margin, temporal fenestra anteroposteriorly short (temporal fenestra length to cranial length ratio 0.19 or less),
squamosal extends anteriorly to postorbital bar, parasphenoid lacks a midline keel, anterior interpterygoid vacuity broad (at least 1/3 of combined pterygoid width at vacuity midlength), caudal vertebrae chevron facets located equally on anterior and posterior edges of centra (although this is reversed in a clade within Polycotylinae), coracoid perforated by foramina, epipodial foramen short (proximodistal length less than half epipodial length). |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: o = order | |||||
Reference: Kiessling 2004 |
Age range: base of the Late/Upper Kimmeridgian to the top of the Early/Lower Maastrichtian or 155.70000 to 66.00000 Ma
Collections (51 total)
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) | Polycotylus suprajurensis (94534) | |
Late/Upper Albian | USA (Wyoming) | Trinacromerum sp. (105789) | |
Early/Lower Cenomanian | USA (Wyoming) | Polycotylus sp. (27889) | |
Late/Upper Cenomanian | USA (Utah) | Pliosauroidea indet. (5609) | |
Late/Upper Cenomanian | USA (Texas) | Ceraunosaurus brownorum (90465) | |
Late/Upper Cenomanian | USA (Kansas) | Trinacromerum willistoni (106182) | |
Middle Cenomanian - Middle Turonian | USA (Kansas) | Trinacromerum bentonianum (117814) | |
Turonian - Coniacian | Russian Federation (Kaliningrad) | Plesiosaurus ichthyospondylus (227272) | |
Turonian - Coniacian | Poland (Warmińsko-Mazurskie) | Plesiosaurus ichthyospondylus (227270 227271) | |
Turonian - Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Polycotylidae indet. (31690) | |
Early/Lower Turonian | Canada (Manitoba) | Trinacromerum kirki (102074) | |
Early/Lower Turonian | USA (Kansas) | Trinacromerum bentonianum (117806) | |
Early/Lower Turonian | USA (Utah) | Dolichorhynchops tropicensis (132356 132357) Eopolycotylus rankini (67973) | |
Early/Lower Turonian - Middle Turonian | USA (Kansas) | Trinacromerum bentonianum (117807 117809 117811 117812) | |
Middle Turonian | USA (Kansas) | Trinacromerum anonymum (117813 117815) Trinacromerum bentonianum (117805 117808 117810) | |
Late/Upper Coniacian - Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Dolichorhynchops osborni (117856) Polycotylus dolichopus (118879) Polycotylus latipinnis (117847) | |
Santonian | USA (Kansas) | Dolichorhynchops osborni (117851) Polycotylus latipinnis (117846 118183) | |
Santonian | Canada (Manitoba) | Dolichorhynchops sp. ROM 29010 (107803) | |
Santonian | Russian Federation (Penza) | Georgia penzensis (127412) | |
Late/Upper Santonian | USA (South Dakota) | Polycotylus latipinnis (194130) | |
Late/Upper Santonian - Early/Lower Campanian | USA (Alabama) | Polycotylus latipinnis (81934) | |
Campanian | USA (Texas) | Trinacromerum bonneri (118185) | |
Campanian | Canada (Manitoba) | Dolichorhynchops kirki (36746 36754) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Canada (Northwest Territories) | Dolichorhynchops osborni (106333) | |
Early/Lower Campanian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Polycotylus sopozkoi (224094) | |
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (Wyoming) | Trinacromerum bonneri (77312) | |
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (Kansas) | Polycotylus latippinus (114240) | |
Early/Lower Campanian - Middle Campanian | USA (South Dakota) | Dolichorhynchops osborni (117861) Dolichorhynchops osborni, Trinacromerum bonneri (77316) | |
Judithian | USA (Wyoming) | Dolichorhynchops sp. (14465 14480) | |
Middle Campanian | USA (Wyoming) | Dolichorhynchops osborni (117860) Unktaheela specta (233170) | |
Middle Campanian | USA (South Dakota) | Unktaheela specta (94640) | |
Late/Upper Campanian - Early/Lower Maastrichtian | Canada (Saskatchewan) | Dolichorhynchops herschelensis (100237) | |
Early/Lower Maastrichtian | USA (Wyoming) | Serpentisuchops pfisterae (229344) |