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Spondylus

Bivalvia - Pectinida - Spondylidae

Taxonomy
Spondylus was named by Linnaeus (1758) [Sepkoski's age data: J Bajo R Sepkoski's reference number: 1066]. It is extant. Its type is Spondylus gaederopus.

It was assigned to Pterioida by Sepkoski (2002); and to Spondylidae by Stanton (1895), Olsson (1931), Wozny (1977), Vokes (1980), Woodring (1982), Dockery (1982), Squires (1984), Moore (1987), Squires and Demetrion (1990), Vokes and Vokes (1992), Squires and Demetrion (1992), Perrilliat (1992), Islamoglu and Taner (1995), Stilwell (1998), Lamprell and Healy (1998), Squires (1999), Todd (2001), Spencer et al. (2004), Bouchet et al. (2010), Coan and Valentich-Scott (2012) and Wild and Stilwell (2016).

Species
S. (Corallospondylus), S. (Spondylus), S. americanus, S. angolensis, S. aratus, S. barbatus, S. batequensis, S. bifrons, S. bostrychites (syn. S. bifrons), S. buchi, S. calcaratus, S. calcifer, S. candidus, S. carlosensis, S. cassianus, S. castus, S. chipolanus, S. chiriquiensis, S. ciliatus, S. cliffensis, S. colombiensis, S. concentricus, S. crassicosta, S. crassisquama, S. decussatus, S. dumosus, S. estrallensis, S. fimbriatus (syn. S. dutempleanus), S. fragilis, S. gaderopoides, S. gaederopus (type species), S. gumanomocon (syn. S. carmenensis), S. hystrix, S. inezana, S. lamellacea, S. lucasi, S. mimus, S. mucronatus, S. multisetosus (syn. S. fragum), S. oballosensis, S. olssoni, S. ornatissimus, S. ostreoides, S. perrini, S. princeps, S. pseudoradula, S. quadricostatus, S. radula, S. raoulensis, S. regius, S. reticulatus, S. rotundatus, S. rugosus, S. scotti, S. sondeianus, S. spectrum, S. spinosus, S. spinosus, S. subnodosus (syn. S. striatus, S. fucatus), S. subplicatus, S. subsquamosus, S. subvelatus, S. tenella, S. tenuispina, S. victoriae, S. wrightianus
Species lacking formal opinion data
S. boriesi, S. caldesensis, S. faxensis, S. granosus, S. hispanicus, S. lineatus, S. microtesta, S. ocellatus, S. requienianus, S. siccus, S. tallavignesi

Synonymy list
YearName and author
1758Spondylus Linnaeus p. 690
1895Spondylus Stanton p. 35
1931Spondylus Olsson p. 41
1977Spondylus Wozny p. 102
1980Spondylus Vokes p. 58
1982Spondylus Dockery p. 49
1982Spondylus Woodring p. 600
1984Spondylus Squires p. 43
1987Spondylus Moore p. 6
1990Spondylus Squires and Demetrion p. 385
1992Spondylus Perrilliat p. 8
1992Spondylus Squires and Demetrion p. 38
1992Spondylus Vokes and Vokes p. 8
1995Spondylus Islamoglu and Taner p. 157
1998Spondylus Lamprell and Healy p. 114
1998Spondylus Stilwell p. 45
1999Spondylus Squires p. 23
2001Spondylus Todd
2002Spondylus Sepkoski
2004Spondylus Spencer et al.
2010Spondylus Bouchet et al.
2012Spondylus Coan and Valentich-Scott p. 306
2016Spondylus Wild and Stilwell p. 965

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RankNameAuthor
kingdomAnimalia()
—Bilateria
—EubilateriaAx 1987
—Protostomia
—Spiralia
superphylumLophotrochozoa
phylumMollusca
classBivalvia
—Eubivalvia
subclassAutobranchia(Groblen 1894)
infraclassPteriomorphia(Beurlen 1944)
RankNameAuthor
—OstreomorphiFerussac 1822
—OstreioniFerussac 1822
—OstreataFerussac 1822
superorderOstreiformiiFerussac 1822
orderPectinida(Gray 1854)
suborderPectinidina(Adams and Adams 1858)
superfamilyPectinoideaRafinesque 1815
—PectinoidaeRafinesque 1815
familySpondylidaeGray 1826
genusSpondylusLinnaeus 1758

If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.

G. Spondylus Linnaeus 1758
show all | hide all
Spondylus americanus Hermann 1781
†Spondylus angolensis Rennie 1929
†Spondylus aratus Cooke 1919
Spondylus barbatus Reeve 1856
†Spondylus batequensis Squires and Demetrion 1990
†Spondylus bifrons Goldfuss 1835
†Spondylus bostrychites Guppy 1867
+
Invalid names: Spondylus bifrons Sowerby 1850 [replaced]
†Spondylus buchi Philippi 1846
†Spondylus calcaratus Forbes 1846
Spondylus calcifer Carpenter 1857
Spondylus candidus Lamarck 1819
†Spondylus carlosensis Anderson 1905
†Spondylus cassianus Münster 1890
†Spondylus castus Reeve 1856
†Spondylus chipolanus Dall 1890
†Spondylus chiriquiensis Olsson 1922
Spondylus ciliatus Sowerby 1847
†Spondylus cliffensis Hanna 1927
†Spondylus colombiensis Weisbord 1929
†Spondylus concentricus Bronn 1831
†Spondylus crassicosta Lamarck 1819
†Spondylus decussatus Fuchs 1879
†Spondylus dumosus Morton 1834
†Spondylus estrallensis Conrad 1856
†Spondylus fimbriatus Goldfuss 1835
+
Invalid names: Spondylus dutempleanus Orbigny 1847 [synonym]
†Spondylus fragilis Stanton 1895
†Spondylus gaderopoides McCoy 1876
Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus 1758
†Spondylus gumanomocon Brown and Pilsbry 1913
+
Invalid names: Spondylus carmenensis Hodson 1927 [synonym]
†Spondylus hystrix Roeding 1798
†Spondylus inezana Wiedey 1928
†Spondylus lamellacea Kellum 1926
†Spondylus lucasi Maury 1920
Spondylus mimus Olsson 1931
†Spondylus mucronatus Azzaroli 1958
+
Invalid names: Spondylus fragum Reeve 1856 [synonym]
†Spondylus oballosensis Imlay 1940
†Spondylus olssoni Clark and Durham 1946
†Spondylus ornatissimus Böhm 1927
†Spondylus perrini Wiedey 1928
Spondylus princeps Broderip 1833
†Spondylus pseudoradula McCoy 1886
†Spondylus quadricostatus Douvillé 1920
†Spondylus radula Lamarck 1806
Spondylus regius Linnaeus 1758
†Spondylus reticulatus Richthofen 1860
†Spondylus rotundatus Heilprin 1887
†Spondylus rugosus Packard 1922
†Spondylus scotti Brown and Pilsbry 1913
†Spondylus sondeianus Martin 1909
Spondylus spectrum Reeve 1856
†Spondylus spinosus Sowerby 1814
Spondylus spinosus Schreibers 1793
†Spondylus subnodosus Packard 1922
+
Invalid names: Spondylus fucatus Hanna 1924 [synonym], Spondylus striatus Packard 1922 [replaced]
†Spondylus subplicatus Orbigny 1850
†Spondylus subsquamosus Forbes 1846
†Spondylus subvelatus Münster 1841
†Spondylus tenuispina Sandberger 1863
†Spondylus victoriae Sowerby 1843
†Spondylus wrightianus Crosse 1869
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
Composition: aragoniteg
Composition 2: low Mg calciteg
Environment: marineo
Locomotion: stationaryg
Attached: yesg
Life habit: epifaunalg
Diet: suspension feederg
Vision: limitedf
Comments: LIFE HISTORY: EP, IM, CE, SU according to Todd (2001). MINERALOGY: excessive aragoniteg
Created: 2007-10-05 05:12:06
Modified: 2009-08-17 21:49:15
Source: g = genus, f = family, o = order
References: Kiessling 2004, Aberhan et al. 2004

Age range

Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Olenekian to the top of the Holocene or 251.20000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 247.2 Ma

Collections (768 total)

Oldest occurrences

Time interval Ma Country or state Original ID and collection number
Olenekian251.2 - 247.2Italy (South Tyrol) Pseudomonotis reticulatus (205018 205023)
Carnian - Norian237.0 - 208.5Indonesia (Timor) Terquemia cassiana (205303)
Julian235.0 - 232.0Italy S. subvelatus (137429)
Lacian221.5 - 215.56Indonesia (Maluku) S. sp. (204318 204487)
Jurassic201.4 - 145.0USA (Alaska) S. sp. (112406)
Bajocian170.3 - 168.3India S. sp. (68597)
Bajocian - Late/Upper Bajocian170.3 - 167.7Antarctica S. sp. (32724)
Bathonian168.3 - 166.1France S. gadoisi (38738)
Late/Upper Bathonian167.7 - 164.7France S. consobrinus (37510)
Callovian166.1 - 163.5India S. sp. (68596)
Early/Lower Callovian164.7 - 161.2Madagascar S. sp. (98165)
Late/Upper Callovian164.7 - 161.2India S. sp. (68291)
Late/Upper Oxfordian161.2 - 155.7France S. sp. (67975)
Middle Oxfordian161.2 - 155.7France S. sp. (68642)
Early/Lower Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8Portugal S. sp. (67935)
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian155.7 - 150.8Portugal S. sp. (68237)
Early/Lower Tithonian150.8 - 145.0Portugal S. sp. (6872 7889)
Early/Lower Tithonian150.8 - 145.0Germany S. tenuistriatus (34608)
Valanginian139.8 - 132.9Switzerland S. bellulus (2224)
Valanginian139.8 - 132.9Portugal S. sp. (65675)