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Cirsotrema
Taxonomy
Cirsotrema was named by Mörch (1852) [Sepkoski's age data: T Eo-m-l R Sepkoski's reference number: 123,899]. It is extant. Its type is Scalaria varicosa.
It was reranked as Scalaria (Cirsotrema) by Tate (1890); it was reranked as Scala (Cirsostrema) by Dall (1907); it was reranked as Scala (Cirsotrema) by Vredenburg (1928); it was reranked as Epitonium (Cirsotrema) by Durham (1937), Durham (1944), Hertlein and Stong (1951) and Addicott (1970).
It was assigned to Scalaria by Tate (1890); to Scala by Dall (1907) and Vredenburg (1928); to Epitonium by Durham (1937), Durham (1944), Hertlein and Stong (1951) and Addicott (1970); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Epitoniidae by Harris and Palmer (1947), Olsson (1967), Maxwell (1978), Squires (1984), Dushane (1988), Wilson (1993), Todd (2001), Wienrich (2001), Harzhauser (2002), Duerr (2004), Darragh (2017) and Schnetler et al. (2024).
It was reranked as Scalaria (Cirsotrema) by Tate (1890); it was reranked as Scala (Cirsostrema) by Dall (1907); it was reranked as Scala (Cirsotrema) by Vredenburg (1928); it was reranked as Epitonium (Cirsotrema) by Durham (1937), Durham (1944), Hertlein and Stong (1951) and Addicott (1970).
It was assigned to Scalaria by Tate (1890); to Scala by Dall (1907) and Vredenburg (1928); to Epitonium by Durham (1937), Durham (1944), Hertlein and Stong (1951) and Addicott (1970); to Neotaenioglossa by Sepkoski (2002); and to Epitoniidae by Harris and Palmer (1947), Olsson (1967), Maxwell (1978), Squires (1984), Dushane (1988), Wilson (1993), Todd (2001), Wienrich (2001), Harzhauser (2002), Duerr (2004), Darragh (2017) and Schnetler et al. (2024).
Species
C. (Cirsotremopsis), C. (Coroniscala), C. (Plastiscala), C. (Propescala), C. (Rectacirsa), C. (Tioria), C. cirritum, C. crassicostatum, C. dalli (syn. C. (Cirsotremopsis) arcella), C. diversiformis, C. dubiosa, C. fimbriosa, C. funiculus, C. gagei, C. hauniensis, C. miovaricosum, C. pleiophylla, C. preyoungi, C. tenuisculptum, C. togatum, C. varicosa, Epitonium (Cirsotrema) clallamense, Epitonium (Cirsotrema) howei, Epitonium (Cirsotrema) pasoense, Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoensis, Epitonium (Cirsotrema) saundersi, Scala (Cirsotrema) subtenuilamella
Species lacking formal opinion data
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1852 | Cirsotrema Mörch |
| 1890 | Scalaria (Cirsotrema) Tate |
| 1907 | Scala (Cirsostrema) Dall p. 128 |
| 1928 | Scala (Cirsotrema) Vredenburg p. 402 |
| 1937 | Epitonium (Cirsotrema) Durham p. 490 |
| 1944 | Epitonium (Cirsotrema) Durham p. 158 |
| 1947 | Cirsotrema Harris and Palmer p. 237 |
| 1951 | Epitonium (Cirsotrema) Hertlein and Stong p. 89 |
| 1967 | Cirsotrema Olsson p. 40 |
| 1970 | Epitonium (Cirsotrema) Addicott p. 54 |
| 1978 | Cirsotrema Maxwell p. 36 |
| 1984 | Cirsotrema Squires p. 21 |
| 1988 | Cirsotrema Dushane p. 56 |
| 1993 | Cirsotrema Wilson p. 274 |
| 2001 | Cirsotrema Todd |
| 2001 | Cirsotrema Wienrich p. 450 |
| 2002 | Cirsotrema Harzhauser p. 93 |
| 2002 | Cirsotrema Sepkoski |
| 2004 | Cirsotrema Duerr p. 152 |
| 2017 | Cirsotrema Darragh p. 55 |
| 2024 | Cirsotrema Schnetler et al. p. 16 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
G. Cirsotrema Mörch 1852
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Subg. Cirsotrema (Cirsotremopsis) Thiele 1928
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†Cirsotrema (Cirsotremopsis) insigne Philippi 1843
†Cirsotrema (Cirsotremopsis) nagaoi Oyama and Mizuno 1958
†Cirsotrema (Cirsotremopsis) woodringi Olsson 1967
Subg. Cirsotrema (Coroniscala) de Boury 1910
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†Cirsotrema (Coroniscala) coronale Deshayes 1865
†Cirsotrema (Coroniscala) danvillense Harris and Palmer 1947
†Cirsotrema (Coroniscala) linteum Conrad 1860
†Cirsotrema (Coroniscala) nassulum Conrad 1854
†Cirsotrema (Coroniscala) nassulum crocolum Harris and Palmer 1947
Subg. †Cirsotrema (Plastiscala) Iredale 1936
Subg. †Cirsotrema (Propescala) Cotton 1931
Subg. †Cirsotrema (Rectacirsa) Iredale 1936
Subg. Cirsotrema (Tioria) Marwick 1928
Cirsotrema cirritum Duerr 2004
†Cirsotrema crassicostatum Deshayes 1839
Cirsotrema dalli Rehder 1945
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Invalid names: Cirsotrema (Cirsotremopsis) arcella Rehder 1945 [synonym]
†Cirsotrema diversiformis Eames 1952
†Cirsotrema dubiosa Eames 1952
†Cirsotrema fimbriosa Wood 1842
†Cirsotrema funiculus Wood 1872
†Cirsotrema gagei Maxwell 1978
†Cirsotrema hauniensis Schnetler 2001
†Cirsotrema miovaricosum Sacco 1891
†Cirsotrema pleiophylla Tate 1890
†Cirsotrema preyoungi Iqbal 1980
†Cirsotrema tenuisculptum Whiteaves 1879
Cirsotrema togatum Hertlein and Strong 1951
Cirsotrema varicosa Lamarck 1822
†Epitonium (Cirsotrema) clallamense Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Cirsotrema) howei Durham 1937
†Epitonium (Cirsotrema) pasoense Anderson and Martin 1914
†Epitonium (Cirsotrema) posoensis Anderson and Martin 1914
†Epitonium (Cirsotrema) saundersi Tegland 1933
†Scala (Cirsotrema) subtenuilamella d'Archiac and Haime 1854
Diagnosis
| Reference | Diagnosis | |
|---|---|---|
| J. W. Durham 1937 | Shell thick and massive, sometimes very large; whorls convex, sutures deep; ornamented by thick axial varices, foliaceous or crenulated, more or less reflexed posteriorly, usually not continuous from whorl to whorl, but masking suture completely; primary spirals very coarse, often with finer spirals in interspaces; basal disk bounded by a very prominent posterior "enlargement" of the varices not continuous between any two varices; aperture almost circular; peristome thick and continuous although the inner lip may be somewhat thinner; ornamentation very variable. Living in Philippines and Oceanica. |
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: f = family, c = class | |||||
| References: Kiessling 2004, Beu et al. 1990 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Danian to the top of the Late/Upper Pleistocene or 66.00000 to 0.01170 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 61.6 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 61.6 Ma
Collections (191 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Danian | USA (Maryland) | C. from B, C. form A (83135) | |
| Danian | Belgium | C. briarti (22931) | |
| Danian | Denmark | C. sp. (176994) | |
| Danian | New Zealand (Southland) | C. sp. (50217) | |
| Selandian | Denmark | C. hauniensis (35263) | |
| Thanetian | USA (Virginia) | C. sp. A (101319) | |
| Ypresian | Pakistan | C. dubiosa (183855) C. jinnahi (145133) | |
| Ypresian | United Kingdom (England) | C. sp. (3268) | |
| Waipawan | New Zealand (Chatham Islands) | C. youngi (51050) | |
| Lutetian | USA (California) | C. sp. (8012) | |
| Lutetian | USA (Alabama) | C. sp. A (81224) | |
| Lutetian | United Kingdom (England) | C. sp., C. acutum (8124) | |
| Lutetian | USA (Texas) | C. newtonense (205421 205527) C. nsssulum (205532) C. sp. (205440 205454 205478) | |
| Lutetian | USA (South Carolina) | C. spillmani (32901) | |
| Lutetian | Mexico (Chiapas) | C. sp. (79943) | |
| Lutetian | France | C. laubrierei (171526) Scala coronalis (171532) | |
| Lutetian | France (Centre) | Scala bourgeois, Scala subspinosa, Scala peyroti (178085) | |
| Bartonian | USA (Alabama) | C. claibornense, C. sp., C. nassulum (205489) C. linteum (5311) C. linteum, C. claibornense, C. nassulum (90600) C. nassulum (81282 205438) C. ranellinum (98256) C. sp. (2416 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422) | |
| Bartonian | Pakistan | C. diversiformis (183853) | |
| Bartonian | USA (Louisiana) | C. danvillense (91115) C. ranellinum, C. danvillense, C. nassulum (92374) C. sp. (44518 205501) | |
| Bartonian | France (Île-de-France) | C. brevicula (179130) | |
| Bartonian | USA (Texas) | C. lineatum, C. nasssulum (205422) C. nasssulum (205480) C. nassulum (7438 205531) C. sp. (7437 205267 205271 205414 205433 205484 205485) C. sp., C. nassulum (205410) C. spp. (205430) | |
| Bartonian | USA (Mississippi) | C. danvillense (205498) C. linteum (99736) C. nassulum (99632 99638 99675 99734 164232 178662 232677) C. newtonense (90642 90709) C. newtonensis (99735) C. ranellinum (90472) C. sp. (2436 2438 100141) C. sp. B (90704) C. sp., C. nassulum (205508) C. spillmani (98501) | |
| Bartonian | Spain | C. bouillei (142111) | |
| Bartonian | New Zealand | C. kuriensis, C. sp. (64751) C. sp. (64748) | |
| Bartonian - Priabonian | Australia (Western Australia) | C. pleiophylla (179824) | |
| Kaiatan | New Zealand | C. sp. (4886 4887) | |
| Priabonian | USA (Mississippi) | C. danvillense (6802 99676) C. nassulum (99677) | |
| Priabonian | Bulgaria | C. bourdoty (103864) | |
| Priabonian | Bulgaria (Khaskovo) | C. bourdoty (170995) | |
| Priabonian | USA (Alabama) | C. creolum (3547) C. creolum, C. ranellinum (3548) C. danvillense (3539) C. ranellinum (3549) | |
| Priabonian | USA (Louisiana) | C. danvillense (98689 232637) C. nassulum (92300) | |
| Priabonian | Australia (Western Australia) | C. pleiophylla (205816) | |
| Late/Upper Eocene | USA (Mississippi) | Scalaria nassula (208935) | |
| Late/Upper Eocene | Mexico (Nuevo Leon) | C. cortezi (43053 43055) | |
| Late/Upper Eocene | New Zealand (Canterbury) | C. zitteli (45041) | |
| Whaingaroan | New Zealand (South Island) | C. gagei (205336) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | New Zealand | C. sp. (67925) | |
| Early/Lower Oligocene | Argentina | C. rugulosa (71402) | |
| Rupelian | New Zealand (Southland) | C. lyratum (50155) | |
| Oligocene | Argentina (Santa Curz) | C. rugulosa (48067) | |
| Oligocene | New Zealand | C. lyrata (45026) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene | New Zealand | C. lyratum (67593 67854 67855 67864) | |
| Late/Upper Oligocene - Early/Lower Miocene | Argentina (Santa Cruz) | C. rugulosa (48068) | |
| Chattian | Denmark (Jylland) | C. crispatum, C. nielseni, C. sp. (9170) | |
| Chattian | USA (Washington) | Epitonium saundersi (52356 52362 208161) | |
| Chattian | Denmark | C. crispata, C. koeneni, C. insigne (234515) | |
| Duntroonian | New Zealand | C. lyratum (67921 67923) | |
| Aquitanian | France | C. subspinosum, C. crassicostatum (74861) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Pakistan | C. preyoungi (77459) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Argentina | C. cossmanni (71541) C. rugulosa (71403 71404 71427 71428 71429 71430 71539 71540 71542 71543) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Grenada | C. tamanense (58730) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) | C. sallomacense, C. scaberrimum (62883) C. scaberrimum (62882) | |
| Early/Lower Miocene | Austria | C. crassicostatum (77627) | |
| Miocene | Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) | C. crassicostatum (62936) | |
| Otaian | New Zealand (Auckland) | C. firmatum (84915) | |
| Otaian - Altonian | New Zealand | C. sp. (77489) | |
| Burdigalian | Colombia (La Guajira) | C. undulatum (157336) | |
| Burdigalian | Italy | C. seguenzai (178108) | |
| Burdigalian | USA (Florida) | C. cirritum (42250) | |
| Burdigalian | Germany | C. miovaricosum (188985) C. sallomacense, C. sp. (111599) | |
| Burdigalian | Venezuela (Falcon) | C. undulatum (60144) | |
| Burdigalian - Langhian | Colombia | C. undulatum (106365) | |
| Altonian | New Zealand | C. lyratum (67899 67911) C. lyratum, C. n. sp. (67897) | |
| Langhian | Colombia (La Guajira) | C. undulatum (136885 157858) | |
| Langhian - Serravallian | Netherlands | C. ertborni (186884) C. ertborni, C. crassicostatum (186883) | |
| Middle Miocene | Germany (North Rhein-Westfalia) | C. crassicostatum (61899 62886 62887) C. ertborni (61907 62888 62892 62893) C. ertborni, C. crassicostatum (61895 61896 61905) C. sallomacense (62880) C. sallomacense, C. crassicostatum (61901 61904) C. sp. 1, C. crassicostatum (61903) C. turbonillaeforme, C. ertborni, C. crassicostatum (61902) | |
| Tortonian | Denmark | C. sp. (98312) | |
| Tortonian | Panama | C. sp. (145523) | |
| Tortonian | Panama (Colon) | C. arcella (145250) C. sp. (61334 79995) | |
| Late/Upper Miocene | Australia (South Australia) | C. sp. (63432) | |
| Messinian | USA (California) | Epitonium sp. (194891) | |
| Messinian - Zanclean | Dominican Republic | C. sp. (75038) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Ecuador | C. togatum (41757 131334) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Panama (Bocas) | C. sp. (135839) | |
| Early/Lower Pliocene | Ecuador (Manabi) | C. togatum (60771) | |
| Zanclean | Spain (Huelva) | C. pumiceum (71916) | |
| Zanclean | United Kingdom (England) | Scalaria fimbriosa (84762 84795) Scalaria varicosa, Scalaria fimbriosa (84755) | |
| Zanclean | Portugal | C. cochlea (152330) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | United Kingdom (England) | Scalaria funiculus (84819) | |
| Late/Upper Pliocene | Venezuela | C. dalli (131210) | |
| Piacenzian | Belgium | C. fimbriosum (179048 179079) | |
| Gelasian | Italy | C. pumiceum (178457 178779) | |
| Calabrian | Costa Rica (Limon) | C. sp. (79845) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | USA (Florida) | C. dalli (67069) | |
| Middle Pleistocene | New Zealand (Wellington) | C. zelebori (94818) | |
| Late/Upper Pleistocene | Japan | Epitonium suboptima (88886) |