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Carcharhiniformes (ground shark)
Taxonomy
Carcharhiniformes was named by Compagno (1973). It is extant.
It was corrected as Carchariniformes by Underwood et al. (1999) and Long (2011).
It was assigned to Galea by Underwood and Ward (2004); to Galeoidea by Kriwet (2005); to Chondrichthyes by Purdy et al. (2001), Sepkoski (2002) and Tabuce et al. (2005); to Elasmobranchii by Underwood et al. (1999) and Malyshkina (2006); to Galeomorphii by Kriwet et al. (2009); to Neoselachii by Long (1992), Underwood (2006) and Cicimurri and Knight (2009); to Galeomorphi by Long (2011), Nelson et al. (2016) and Kent (2018); and to Galeomorphii by Cappetta (1992), Chandler et al. (2006), Engelbrecht et al. (2017), Ebersole et al. (2019) and Feichtinger et al. (2024).
It was corrected as Carchariniformes by Underwood et al. (1999) and Long (2011).
It was assigned to Galea by Underwood and Ward (2004); to Galeoidea by Kriwet (2005); to Chondrichthyes by Purdy et al. (2001), Sepkoski (2002) and Tabuce et al. (2005); to Elasmobranchii by Underwood et al. (1999) and Malyshkina (2006); to Galeomorphii by Kriwet et al. (2009); to Neoselachii by Long (1992), Underwood (2006) and Cicimurri and Knight (2009); to Galeomorphi by Long (2011), Nelson et al. (2016) and Kent (2018); and to Galeomorphii by Cappetta (1992), Chandler et al. (2006), Engelbrecht et al. (2017), Ebersole et al. (2019) and Feichtinger et al. (2024).
Synonymy list
Year | Name and author |
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1973 | Carcharhiniformes Compagno |
1992 | Carcharhiniformes Cappetta p. 640 |
1992 | Carcharhiniformes Long p. 29 |
1999 | Carchariniformes Underwood et al. p. 292 |
2001 | Carcharhiniformes Purdy et al. p. 139 |
2002 | Carcharhiniformes Sepkoski |
2004 | Carcharhiniformes Underwood and Ward p. 451 |
2005 | Carcharhiniformes Kriwet |
2005 | Carcharhiniformes Tabuce et al. p. 385 |
2006 | Carcharhiniformes Chandler et al. p. 2 |
2006 | Carcharhiniformes Malyshkina p. 467 |
2006 | Carcharhiniformes Underwood p. 234 |
2009 | Carcharhiniformes Cicimurri and Knight p. 632 |
2009 | Carcharhiniformes Kriwet et al. p. 323 |
2011 | Carchariniformes Long p. 242 |
2016 | Carcharhiniformes Nelson et al. p. 68 |
2017 | Carcharhiniformes Engelbrecht et al. p. 2 |
2018 | Carcharhiniformes Kent p. 103 |
2019 | Carcharhiniformes Ebersole et al. p. 58 |
2024 | Carcharhiniformes Feichtinger et al. p. 16 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. Carcharhiniformes Compagno 1973 [ground shark]
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Fm. Carcharhinidae Jordan and Evermann 1896 [requiem shark]
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G. Aprionodon Gill 1861
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†Aprionodon amekiensis White 1926
†Aprionodon greyegertoni White 1956
†Aprionodon lerichei Dartevelle and Casier 1943
Subfm. Carcharhininae Jordan and Evermann 1896
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Invalid names: Carcharhinini Jordan and Evermann 1896 [empty], Rhizoprionodontini Compagno 1988 [empty], Triaenodontini Bonaparte 1838 [empty]
G. Carcharhinus de Blainville 1816
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†Carcharhinus ackermani Santos and Travasos 1960
Carcharhinus albimarginatus Rüppell 1837
†Carcharhinus antiquus Agassiz 1856
†Carcharhinus balochenisis Adnet et al. 2007
Carcharhinus brachyurus Gunther 1870
†Carcharhinus dicelmai Collareta et al. 2022
†Carcharhinus egertoni Agassiz 1843
†Carcharhinus elongatus Leriche 1910
†Carcharhinus falciformis Bibron 1841
†Carcharhinus frequens Dames 1883
Carcharhinus gibbesii Woodward 1889
†Carcharhinus gilmorei Leriche 1942
†Carcharhinus kasserinensis Adnet et al. 2020
†Carcharhinus leucas Valenciennes 1839
†Carcharhinus macloti Muller and Henle 1839
†Carcharhinus magdalenae Jordan and Hanibal 1923
†Carcharhinus mancinae Ebersole et al. 2019
†Carcharhinus marcaisi Arambourg 1952
†Carcharhinus nigeriensis White 1926
†Carcharhinus obscurus Le Sueur 1818
Carcharhinus perezi Poey 1876
†Carcharhinus perseus Adnet et al. 2007
†Carcharhinus plumbeus Nardo 1827
Carcharhinus porosus Ranzani 1839
†Carcharhinus priscus Agassiz 1843
Carcharhinus sorrah Valenciennes 1841
†Negaprion gibbesi gilmorei White 1956
G. Isogomphodon Gill 1862 [daggernose shark]
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†Isogomphodon acuarias Probst 1879
†Isogomphodon aikenensis Cicimurri and Knight 2019
G. Lamiopsis Gill 1862
G. Loxodon Müller and Henle 1838
G. †Misrichthys Case and Cappetta 1990
G. Nasolamia Compagno and Garrick 1983
G. Negaprion Whitley 1940 [lemon shark]
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Negaprion brevirostris Poey 1868
†Negaprion eurybathrodon Blake 1862
G. Physodon Müller and Henle 1839
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†Carcharias (Physodon) quartus Bohm 1926
†Physodon contortus Gervais 1872
†Physodon contortus hassiae Jaekel 1898
†Physodon secundus Winkler 1876
†Physodon triqueter Eastman 1904
G. †Physogaleus Cappetta 1980
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†Physogaleus contortus Gibbes 1847
†Physogaleus cuvieri Agassiz 1835
†Physogaleus hemmooriensis Reinecke and Hoedemakers 2006
†Physogaleus onkensis Boulemia and Adnet 2023
†Physogaleus secundus Winkler 1876
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Invalid names: Galeorhinus formosus Arambourg 1952 [synonym], Trigonodus tertius Winkler 1874 [synonym]
G. Prionace Cantor 1849 [blue shark]
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Invalid names: Carcharias (Prionodon) Müller and Henle 1841 [replaced]
G. †Pseudabdounia Ebersole et al. 2019
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†Pseudabdounia claibornensis White 1956
†Pseudabdounia recticonus Winkler 1874
G. Rhizoprionodon Whitley 1929 [sharpnose shark]
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†Rhizoprionodon ganntourensis Arambourg 1952
Rhizoprionodon lalandii Müller and Henle 1839
Rhizoprionodon longurio Jordan and Gilbert 1882
†Rhizoprionodon taxandriae Leriche 1926
G. †Scoliodon Muller and Henle 1837
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†Carcharias (Scoliodon) taxandriae Leriche 1926
†Scoliodon conecuhensis Cappetta and Case 2016
†Scoliodon terraenovae Richardson 1836
Invalid names: Scoliodontinae Whitley 1934 [empty]
Fm. †Florenceodontidae Cappetta et al. 2019
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Fm. Galeocerdidae Whitley 1934
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G. Galeocerdo Müller and Henle 1837 [tiger shark]
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†Galeocerdo acanthodon Le Hon 1871
†Galeocerdo aduncus Agassiz 1835
†Galeocerdo alabamensis Leriche 1942
†Galeocerdo clarkensis White 1956
†Galeocerdo cuvier Peron and LeSueur 1822
†Galeocerdo davisi Chapman and Pritchard 1904
†Galeocerdo denticulatus Agassiz 1835
†Galeocerdo eaglesomei White 1926
†Galeocerdo egertoni Agassiz 1843
†Galeocerdo gibberulus Agassiz 1843
†Galeocerdo latidens Agassiz 1835
†Galeocerdo minor Agassiz 1835
†Galeocerdo mixtus Ameghino 1901
†Galeocerdo rosaliensis Applegate 1978
†Galeocerdo semilevis White 1926
†Galeocerdo subcrenatus Emmons 1858
Galeocerdo tigrinus Müller and Henle 1838
Fm. †Hemigaleidae
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G. Hemigaleus Bleeker 1852
G. Hemipristis Agassiz 1835
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†Hemipristis curvatus Dames 1883
†Hemipristis cyclodonta Pedroni 1844
Hemipristis elongata Klunziger 1871
Hemipristis elongatus Klunziger 1871
†Hemipristis heteropleurus Agassiz 1844
†Hemipristis lavigniensis Henry 1876
†Hemipristis wyattdurhami White 1956
G. Paragaleus Budker 1935
Fm. Leptochariidae
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G. †Leptocharias Müller and Henle 1837
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†Leptocharias cretaceus Underwood and Ward 2008
†Leptocharias tunisiensis Adnet et al. 2020
G. †Platyrhizodon Guinot et al. 2013
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†Platyrhizodon barbei Guinot et al. 2013
†Platyrhizodon gracilis Guinot et al. 2013
Fm. Proscylliidae Fowler 1941
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Fm. †Pseudoscyliorhinidae Stumpf et al. 2019
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G. †Pseudoscyliorhinus Müller and Diedrich 1991
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†Pseudoscyliorhinus reussi Herman 1977
†Pseudoscyliorhinus schwarzhansi Müller and Diedrich 1991
G. Pterolamiops
Fm. Scyliorhinidae Gill 1862 [cat shark]
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G. †Abdounia Cappetta 1980
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†Abdounia africana Arambourg 1952
†Abdounia enniskilleni White 1956
†Abdounia finalis Arambourg 1952
†Abdounia mesetae Engelbrecht et al. 2017
†Abdounia minutissima Winkler 1874
†Abdounia recticonia Winkler 1873
†Abdounia richteri Engelbrecht et al. 2017
G. †Bythaelurus Compagno 1988
G. †Crassescyliorhinus Underwood and Ward 2008
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†Crassescyliorhinus germanicus Herman 1982
†Crassescyliorhinus musteliformis Herman 1977
G. †Foumtizia Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
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†Foumtizia abdouni Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Foumtizia arba Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Foumtizia gadaensis Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Foumtizia poudenxae Adnet 2006
†Foumtizia zhelezkoi Malyshkina 2006
G. Galeus Schaeffer 1760
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†Galeus latus Storms 1894
†Galeus porrectus Bohm 1926
†Galeus recticonus Winkler 1873
†Galeus robustus Bohm 1926
Invalid names: Pristiurus Bonaparte 1834 [synonym]
G. †Haploblepharus Garman 1913
G. †Megascyliorhinus Cappetta and Ward 1977
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†Megascyliorhinus cooperi Cappetta and Ward 1977
†Megascyliorhinus miocaenicus Antunes and Jonet 1969
G. †Palaeoscyllium Wagner 1857
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†Palaeoscyllium formosum Wagner 1857
†Palaeoscyllium minus Woodward 1889
Palaeoscyllium tenuidens Underwood and Ward 2004
G. †Paramaturus Garman 1906
G. †Parascyllium Gill 1861
Subfm. †Premontreinae Cappetta 1992
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G. †Premontreia Cappetta 1992
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Subg. †Premontreia (Oxyscyllium) Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
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†Premontreia (Oxyscyllium) gilberti Casier 1946
†Premontreia (Oxyscyllium) peypouqueti Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Premontreia (Oxyscyllium) subulidens Arambourg 1952
Subg. †Premontreia (Premontreia) Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
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†Premontreia (Premontreia) lutetiensis Mollen 2008
†Premontreia (Premontreia) subulidens Arambourg 1952
†Premontreia (Premontreia) uralica Malyshkina 2006
†Premontreia degremonti Cappetta 1992
†Premontreia distans Probst 1879
G. †Proscyllium Higgendorf 1904
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†Protoscyliorhinus bettrechiensis Herman 1977
†Protoscyliorhinus lamaudi Biddle and Landemaine 1988
†Protoscyliorhinus magnus Landemaine 1991
G. Pseudotriacis Capello 1867
G. †Pteroscyllium Cappetta 1980
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†Pteroscyllium hermani Underwood and Ward 2008
†Pteroscyllium lamranii Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Pteroscyllium nolfi Müller and Diedrich 1991
†Pteroscyllium ornatum Underwood and Mitchell 1999
†Pteroscyllium signeuxi Cappetta 1980
†Pteroscyllium speetonensis Underwood 2004
G. Scyliorhinus Blainville 1816
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†Scyliorhinus alaformis Feichtinger et al. 2024
†Scyliorhinus antiquus Agassiz 1843
†Scyliorhinus arlingtonensis Cappetta and Case 1999
†Scyliorhinus biauriculatus Casier 1946
†Scyliorhinus biddlei Halter 1995
†Scyliorhinus brumarivulensis Underwood and Ward 2008
†Scyliorhinus cabindensis Leriche 1927
†Scyliorhinus coupatezi Herman 1974
†Scyliorhinus distans Probst 1879
†Scyliorhinus dubius Woodward 1889
†Scyliorhinus elongatus Davis 1887
†Scyliorhinus entomodon Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Scyliorhinus fossilis Leriche 1927
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Invalid names: Physodon ficheuri Joleaud 1912 [synonym], Scyliorhinus joleaudi Cappetta 1970 [synonym]
†Scyliorhinus luypaertsi Halter 1995
†Scyliorhinus minutissimus Winkler 1873
†Scyliorhinus monsaugustus Guinot et al. 2013
†Scyliorhinus muelleri Guinot et al. 2013
†Scyliorhinus pattersoni Cappetta 1976
†Scyliorhinus ptychtus Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Scyliorhinus reyndersi Halter 1995
†Scyliorhinus sulcidens Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Scyliorhinus taylorensis Cappetta and Case 1999
†Scyliorhinus trifolius Adnet 2006
†Scyliorhinus weemsi Cicimurri et al. 2022
†Scyliorhinus woodwardi Cappetta 1976
Invalid names: Catulus Smith 1837 [synonym], Cephaloscyllium Gill 1861 [synonym], Halaelurus Gill 1861 [synonym], Poroderma Smith 1837 [synonym]
G. †Scylliodus Agassiz 1843
G. Scyllium Cuvier 1817
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†Scyllium angustum Agassiz 1838
†Scyllium minutissimum Winkler 1873
†Scyllium tumidens Woodward 1889
G. †Sigmoscyllium Guinot et al. 2013
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†Sigmoscyllium acuspidatum Guinot et al. 2013
†Sigmoscyllium striatum Underwood and Ward 2008
G. †Thyellina Agassiz 1838
Invalid names: Megascyliorhininae Pfeil 1984 [empty], Pteroscylliinae Cappetta 1992 [empty], Scyliorhininae Gill 1862 [empty]
Fm. Sphyrnidae Gill 1872 [hammerhead shark]
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G. †Cestrorhinus Blainville 1816
G. Eusphyra Giill 1862
G. †Platysqualus Swainson 1839
G. †Reniceps Gill 1861
G. †Sphyra Van der Hoeven 1849
G. †Sphyrichthys Thienemann 1828
G. Sphyrna Rafinesque 1810 [hammerhead shark]
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†Sphyrna americana Leriche 1942
†Sphyrna denticulata Agassiz 1843
†Sphyrna gibbesii Hay 1902
†Sphyrna gilmorei Leriche 1942
†Sphyrna guinoti Adnet et al. 2020
†Sphyrna itoriensis White 1926
†Sphyrna laevissima Cope 1867
†Sphyrna lata Agassiz 1843
†Sphyrna lewini Griffith and Smith 1834
†Sphyrna magna Cope 1868
†Sphyrna media Springer 1940
†Sphyrna subserrata Münster 1846
†Sphyrna tortilis White 1926
Sphyrna zygaena Linnaeus 1758
G. †Sphyrnias Rafinesque 1815
G. †Zygaena Cuvier 1816
Fm. Triakidae Gray 1851 [hound shark]
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G. Galeorhinus de Blainville and Prévost 1816 [school shark]
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†Galeorhinus cuvieri Agassiz 1835
†Galeorhinus duchaussoisi Adnet and Cappetta 2008
†Galeorhinus falconeri White 1956
†Galeorhinus galeus Linnaeus 1758
†Galeorhinus girardoti Herman 1977
†Galeorhinus goncalvesi Antunes et al. 1999
†Galeorhinus hannibali Jordan and Beal 1910
†Galeorhinus huberensis Case 1981
†Galeorhinus louisi Adnet and Cappetta 2008
†Galeorhinus mesetaensis Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Galeorhinus minor Agassiz 1835
†Galeorhinus minutissimus Arambourg 1935
†Galeorhinus pulchellus Jonet 1966
†Galeorhinus ypresiensis Casier 1946
Invalid names: Eugaleus Gill 1864 [synonym]
G. †Hypogaleus Smith 1957
G. †Palaeogaleus Gurr 1963
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†Palaeogaleus brivesi Arambourg 1952
†Palaeogaleus dahmanii Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Palaeogaleus faujasi Geyn 1937
†Palaeogaleus havreensis Herman 1977
†Palaeogaleus larachei Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Palaeogaleus navarroensis Case and Cappetta 1997
†Palaeogaleus prior Arambourg 1952
†Palaeogaleus sublaevis Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Palaeogaleus vincenti Daimeries 1889
G. †Palaeotriakis Guinot et al. 2013
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†Palaeotriakis curtirostris Davis 1887
†Palaeotriakis subserratus Underwood and Ward 2008
G. †Paratriakis
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†Paratriakis bettrechiensis Herman 1977
†Paratriakis decheni von der Marck 1863
†Paratriakis robustus Guinot et al. 2013
†Paratriakis tenuis Underwood and Ward 2008
Tr. Triakini Linck 1790
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G. Triakis Müller and Henle 1838
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†Triakis antunesi Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
†Triakis beali Jordan and Gilbert 1919
†Triakis chalossensis Adnet 2006
†Triakis rutimeyeri Casier 1958
†Triakis tanoutensis Noubhani and Cappetta 1997
Invalid names: Triakinae Gray 1851 [empty]
Invalid names: Pseudotriakidae Brito Capello 1867 [empty]
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
References: Wagner 2023, Carroll 1988, Hendy et al. 2009 |
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Rhaetian to the top of the Holocene or 208.50000 to 0.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 201.3 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 201.3 Ma
Collections (815 total)
Oldest occurrences | |||
Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
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Rhaetian | France (Franche-Comté) | Hemipristis lavigniensis (149394) | |
Bathonian | United Kingdom (England) | Eypea leesi (91450 91453) | |
Late/Upper Bathonian | United Kingdom (England) | Carcharhiniformes indet., Palaeoscyllium tenuidens, Eypea leesi (91449) Scyliorhinidae indet. (91451) | |
Late/Upper Oxfordian | Spain | Palaeoscyllium sp (151897 151901) | |
Kimmeridgian | Germany | Palaeoscyllium sp. (117194) | |
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Germany (Baden-Württemberg) | Palaeoscyllium sp. (154138) | |
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian | Germany (Eastern Barvaria) | Palaeoscyllium sp. (187438) | |
Late/Upper Kimmeridgian - Early/Lower Tithonian | United Kingdom (England) | Palaeoscyllium formosum (140224) | |
Early/Lower Valanginian | France (Gard) | Scyliorhinidae indet., Archaeogaleus lengadocensis, Thiesus concavus, Cadiera camboensis (213631) | |
Late/Upper Valanginian | Poland (Lodzkie) | Palaeoscyllium sp. (64848) | |
Valanginian | France | Scyliorhinus sp. (214859) | |
Early/Lower Hauterivian | Germany | Scyllium tumidens (91586) | |
Late/Upper Hauterivian | United Kingdom (England) | Triakidae indet. (66420) | |
Early/Lower Barremian | Spain (Teruel) | Protoscyliorhinus lamaudi (91420) | |
Barremian | United Kingdom (England) | Palaeoscyllium formosum (101091) | |
Early/Lower Aptian | United Kingdom (England) | Corysodon multicristatus (230408 230409) Pteroscyllium speetonensis (213574 213575 213576 213577) | |
Early/Lower Albian | United Kingdom (England) | Cretascyliorhinus destombesi (213320 213321 213323) | |
Middle Albian | United Kingdom (England) | Cretascyliorhinus destombesi (213325 213326) | |
Late/Upper Albian | France | Scyliorhinus destombesi (214872) | |
Late/Upper Albian | United Kingdom (England) | Cretascyliorhinus destombesi (213327 213338 213339 213340 213345 213348 213369) Cretascyliorhinus destombesi, Parasymbolus reticularis (213373) Cretascyliorhinus destombesi, Pteroscyllium ornatum (213334) Parasymbolus reticularis, Pteroscyllium ornatum (213371) Protoscyliorhinus sp., Cretascyliorhinus destombesi (213329 213335) Protoscyliorhinus sp., Parasymbolus reticularis, Pteroscyllium ornatum (213372) Protoscyliorhinus sp., Scyliorhinus dubius, Cretascyliorhinus destombesi, Pteroscyllium ornatum (213330) Pteroscyllium ornatum (213331 213341 213350) |