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Petalodontiformes
Taxonomy
Petalodontida was named by Zangerl (1981). It is not extant.
It was corrected as Petalodontiformes by Goto and Okura (2004), Nelson (2006), Ginter et al. (2010), Long (2011) and Nelson et al. (2016).
It was assigned to Chondrichthyes by Sepkoski (2002); to Paraselachiamorpha by Goto and Okura (2004); to Paraselachimorpha by Nelson (2006); to Euchondrocephali by Ginter et al. (2010); and to Holocephali by Long (2011) and Nelson et al. (2016).
It was corrected as Petalodontiformes by Goto and Okura (2004), Nelson (2006), Ginter et al. (2010), Long (2011) and Nelson et al. (2016).
It was assigned to Chondrichthyes by Sepkoski (2002); to Paraselachiamorpha by Goto and Okura (2004); to Paraselachimorpha by Nelson (2006); to Euchondrocephali by Ginter et al. (2010); and to Holocephali by Long (2011) and Nelson et al. (2016).
Synonymy list
| Year | Name and author |
|---|---|
| 1981 | Petalodontida Zangerl p. 94 |
| 2002 | Petalodontida Sepkoski |
| 2004 | Petalodontiformes Goto and Okura p. 219 |
| 2006 | Petalodontiformes Nelson p. 43 |
| 2010 | Petalodontiformes Ginter et al. p. 133 |
| 2011 | Petalodontiformes Long p. 242 |
| 2016 | Petalodontiformes Nelson et al. p. 49 |
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If no rank is listed, the taxon is considered an unranked clade in modern classifications. Ranks may be repeated or presented in the wrong order because authors working on different parts of the classification may disagree about how to rank taxa.
Or. †Petalodontiformes Zangerl 1981
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Fm. †Belantseidae Lund 1989
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G. †Belantsea Lund 1989
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†Belantsea montana Lund 1989
†Belantsea occidentalis St. John and Worthen 1875
G. †Ctenoptychius Agassiz 1838
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†Ctenoptychius acuminatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenoptychius apicalis Agassiz 1838
†Ctenoptychius cristatus Dawson 1868
†Ctenoptychius dentatus Owen 1840
†Ctenoptychius digitatus Leidy 1857
†Ctenoptychius lobatus Etheridge 1875
†Ctenoptychius pertenius Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenoptychius serratus Owen 1840
†Ctenoptychius stevensoni St. John and Worthen 1875
Fm. †Janassidae Jaekel 1899
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G. †Cholodus John and Worthen 1875
G. †Ctenopetalus Agassiz 1837
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†Ctenopetalus bellulus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenopetalus limatulus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenopetalus medius Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Ctenopetalus vinosus Saint John and Worthen 1875
G. †Dactylodus
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†Dactylodus excavatus Saint John and Worthen 1866
†Dactylodus princeps Newberry and Worthen 1866
G. †Fissodus St. John and Worthen 1875
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Fissodus bifidus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Fissodus dentatus Eastman 1903
†Fissodus inaequalis Stjohn and Worthen 1875
G. †Gamphacanthus Miller 1892
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†Gamphacanthus politus Newberry 1889
†Gamphacanthus uddeni Lindahl 1897
G. †Gomphacanthus Davis 1884
G. †Janassa
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†Janassa angularis Branson 1916
†Janassa bituminosa Schlotheim 1820
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Invalid names: Acrodus larva Agassiz 1839 [synonym], Byzenos latipinnatus Münster 1843 [synonym], Dictea striata Münster 1840 [synonym], Janassa angulata Münster 1839 [synonym], Janassa dictea Münster 1842 [synonym], Janassa humboldii Münster 1839 [synonym]
†Janassa brevis Newberry 1856
†Janassa clarki Lund 1989
†Janassa clavatus M'Coy 1848
†Janassa gurleiana Cope 1877
†Janassa imbricatus M'Coy 1848
†Janassa kochi Nielsen 1932
†Janassa korni Weigelt 1930
†Janassa linguaeformis Atthey 1868
†Janassa maxima Eastman 1903
†Janassa ordiana Cope 1881
†Janassa strigilina Cope 1881
†Janassa unguicula Eastman 1903
Invalid names: Byzenos Münster 1843 [synonym], Climaxodus McCoy 1848 [synonym], Dictea Münster 1840 [synonym]
G. †Petalodopsis Barkas 1874
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†Petalodopsis mirabilis Barkas 1874
†Petalodopsis tripartitis Davis 1833
G. †Phoderacanthus Davis 1883
G. †Platacanthus M'Coy 1848
G. †Pnigeacanthus St John and Worthen 1883
G. †Stichacanthus Koninck 1878
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†Stichacanthus coemansi Koninck 1878
†Stichacanthus tortworthensis Davis 1883
G. †Paracymatodus
Fm. †Petalodontidae Newberry and Worthen 1866
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G. †Antliodus Newberry and Worthen 1866
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†Antliodus arcuatus Newberry 1889
†Antliodus cucullus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus gracilis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Antliodus mucronatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus parvulus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus perovalis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Antliodus politus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus robustus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus sarcululus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Antliodus similis Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus simplex Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Antliodus sulcatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
G. †Chomatodus Agassiz 1838
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†Chomatodus affinis Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus angustus Newberry 1879
†Chomatodus chesterensis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Chomatodus cinctus Agassiz 1838
†Chomatodus comptus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Chomatodus costatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus cultellus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus denticulatus M'Coy 1848
†Chomatodus elegans Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus inconstans Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Chomatodus incrassatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Chomatodus insignis Leidy 1857
†Chomatodus linearis Agassiz 1836
†Chomatodus loriformis Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus molaris Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus newberryi Hay 1902
†Chomatodus oliquus M'Coy 1848
†Chomatodus parallelus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Chomatodus pusillus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Chomatodus selliformis Newberry 1879
†Chomatodus truncatus Agassiz 1843
†Chomatodus varsouviensis Saint John and Worthen 1875
G. †Glossodus M'Coy 1848
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†Glossodus heckelii Costa 1864
†Glossodus lingusbovis Mcoy 1848
†Glossodus marginatus M'Coy 1848
G. †Glyphanodus Davis 1883
G. †Harpacodus St. John and Worthen 1875
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†Harpacodus clavatus Davis 1883
†Harpacodus compactus St. John and Worthen 1875
†Harpacodus dentatus Davis 1883
†Harpacodus occidentalis St. John and Worthen 1875
G. †Lisgodus Saint John and Worthen 1875
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†Lisgodus affinis Newberry 1879
†Lisgodus curtus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Lisgodus selluliformis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Lisgodus serratus Saint John and Worthen 1875
G. †Neopetalodus Murata and Uyeno 1979
G. †Peltodus Newberry and Worthen 1870
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Peltodus plicomphalus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Peltodus pulvinulus Newberry and Worthen 1870
Peltodus quadratus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Peltodus transversus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Peltodus unguiformis St John and Worthen 1870
G. †Petalodus
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†Petalodus acuminatus Agassiz 1838
†Petalodus allegheniensis Leidy 1856
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Invalid names: Petalodus destructor Newberry and Worthen 1870 [synonym], Sicarius extinctus Leidy 1856 [synonym]
†Petalodus arcuatus St. John 1870
†Petalodus curtus Newberry and Worthen 1870
†Petalodus davisii Woodward 1889
†Petalodus flabellula Woodward 1889
†Petalodus grandis Davis 1883
†Petalodus hastingsiae Owen 1840
†Petalodus hybridus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Petalodus jewetti Miller 1957
†Petalodus knappi Newberry 1879
†Petalodus linguifer Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Petalodus ohioensis Safford 1853
†Petalodus proximus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Petalodus sagittatus Agassiz 1843
Invalid names: Sicarius Leidy 1856 [synonym]
G. †Polyrhizodus M'Coy 1848
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†Polyrhizodus attenuatus Davis 1883
†Polyrhizodus carbonarius Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Polyrhizodus colei Davis 1883
†Polyrhizodus concavus Trautschold 1874
†Polyrhizodus dentatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Polyrhizodus digitatus Leidy 1857
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Invalid names: Polyrhizodus amplus St. John and Worthen 1875 [synonym], Polyrhizodus excavatus Saint John and Worthen 1866 [synonym], Polyrhizodus littoni Newberry and Worthen 1870 [synonym], Polyrhizodus lobatus Newberry and Worthen 1866 [synonym], Polyrhizodus princeps Newberry and Worthen 1866 [synonym], Polyrhizodus williamsi St. John and Worthen 1875 [synonym]
†Polyrhizodus elongatus Davis 1883
†Polyrhizodus inflexus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Polyrhizodus latus Newberry 1897
†Polyrhizodus magnus M'Coy 1848
†Polyrhizodus minimus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Polyrhizodus modestus Newberry 1875
†Polyrhizodus nanus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Polyrhizodus piasaensis Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Polyrhizodus ponticulus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Polyrhizodus porosus Newberry and Worthen 1866
†Polyrhizodus pusillus M'Coy 1848
†Polyrhizodus rectus Newberry 1897
†Polyrhizodus truncatus Newberry and Worthen 1870
G. †Tanaodus St. John and Worthen 1875
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Tanaodus angularis Newberry and Worthen 1866
Tanaodus bellcinctus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus depressus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus gracillimus Newberry and Worthen 1866
Tanaodus grossiplicatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus multiplicatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
Tanaodus obscurus Leidy 1857
Tanaodus polymorphus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus praenuntius Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus pumilis Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus sculptus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Tanaodus sublunatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Tanaodus wisei Traquair 1901
Fm. †Pristodontidae Woodward 1889
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G. †Davodus Hansen 1985
G. †Megactenopetalus David 1944
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G. †Petalorhynchus Newberry and Worthen 1866
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†Petalorhynchus beargulchensis Lund 1989
Petalorhynchus distortus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Petalorhynchus indicus Waagen 1879
Petalorhynchus pseudosagittatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
†Petalorhynchus psittacinus Agassiz 1843
Petalorhynchus spatulatus Saint John and Worthen 1875
Petalorhynchus striatus Newberry and Worthen 1866
G. †Pristodus Davis 1883
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†Pristodus benniei Etheridge 1875
†Pristodus concinnus Davis 1883
†Pristodus falcatus Davis 1883
Invalid names: Peripristidae Eastman 1902 [synonym]
G. †Serratodus
Diagnosis
No diagnoses are available
Measurements
No measurements are available
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| Source: o = order, subp = subphylum | |||||
| References: Carroll 1988, Wagner 2023, Hendy et al. 2009 | |||||
Age range
Maximum range based only on fossils: base of the Chadian to the top of the Early/Lower Albian or 346.70000 to 109.00000 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 343.0 Ma
Minimum age of oldest fossil (stem group age): 343.0 Ma
Collections (135 total)
| Time interval | Ma | Country or state | Original ID and collection number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mississippian | USA (Alabama) | Petalodus sp. (84103) | |
| Mississippian | USA (Kentucky) | Peripristis semicircularis (133266) | |
| Mississippian | United Kingdom | Petalodus acuminatus, Chomatodus clavatus (132782) Petalodus aliformis, Petalodus acuminatus, Climaxodus imbricatus, Ctenoptychius serratus (132729) Petalodus flabellula, Stichacanthus coemansi, Stichacanthus tortworthensis (137332) Petalodus rectus, Ctenoptychius apicalis, Chomatodus clavatus, Chomatodus denticulatus, Chomatodus truncatus, Chomatodus oliquus, Ctenoptychius serratus, Glossodus marginatus, Petalodus hastingsii, Petalodus psittacinus, Petalodus sagittatus, Polyrhizodus magnus, Polyrhizodus pusillus, Chomatodus linearis (132781) Polyrhizodus magnus, Petalodus davisii, Ctenoptychius dentatus, Petalodus serratus, Polyrhizodus colei, Polyrhizodus elongatus, Polyrhizodus attenuatus, Glossodus lingusbovis (137333) Pristicladodus goughi (132788) | |
| Carboniferous | USA (West Virginia) | Petalodus sp. (124708) | |
| Osagean | USA (Iowa) | Chomatodus inconstans (133094) | |
| Osagean | USA (Indiana) | Chomatodus sp. (2455) | |
| Arundian | United Kingdom (Scotland) | Antliodus scoticus (90682) | |
| Chadian - Arundian | USA (Indiana) | Chomatodus sp. (558) | |
| Visean | United Kingdom | Petalodus rectus, Petalodus acuminatus, Petalodus hastingsii (132783) | |
| Serpukhovian - Bashkirian | Canada (Nova Scotia) | Ctenoptychius cristatus (175248) | |
| Arnsbergian | USA (Montana) | Belantsea montana, Netsepoye hawesi, Petalorhynchus beargulchensis (90681) Belantsea montana, Siksika ottae, Janassa clarki (116654) Polyrhizodus digitatus (116655) | |
| Bashkirian | United Kingdom (England) | Petalodus sp. (132670) | |
| Pennsylvanian | USA (Iowa) | Petalodus allegheniensis (74898) | |
| Pennsylvanian | United Kingdom | Ctenoptychius apicalis, Janassa bituminosa (137307) Janassa imbricata, Petalodus acuminatus, Petalorhynchus psittacinus, Pristodus benniei (137321) Petalodus acuminatus (137326 137329) Petalodus acuminatus, Pristodus benniei (137327) Petalodus acuminatus, Pristodus falcatus (137324) Petalodus acuminatus, Pristodus falcatus, Pristodus concinnus, Pristodus benniei (137322) Pristodus falcatus (137351) | |
| Westphalian A - Westphalian B | USA (Arizona) | Petalodontidae indet. (92271) | |
| Moscovian | USA (New Mexico) | Petalodontidae indet. (149385 149387) Petalodontidae indet., Peripristis semicircularis (149386) Petalodus acuminatus (149388) | |
| Moscovian | USA (Texas) | Petalodus sp. (132077) | |
| Moscovian | USA (South Dakota) | Janassa sp. (132341) | |
| Moscovian | Greenland | Petalodus sp. (90247) | |
| Moscovian | USA (Arizona) | Petalodus ohioensis (90772) | |
| Moscovian | Russian Federation | Petalodus concavus (137350) | |
| Moscovian | United Kingdom | Ctenoptychius apicalis (137310 137312 137313 137338) Ctenoptychius apicalis, Janassa bituminosa (137311) Janassa bituminosa (137320) Janassa linguaeformis (137319) | |
| Moscovian | Japan | Janassa sp. 1, Janassa sp. 2, Petalodus allegheniensis (90282) | |
| Kashirian - Myachkovian | USA (New Mexico) | Petalodus sp. (46548) | |
| Kasimovian - Moscovian | United Kingdom | Climaxodus linguaeformis (137315) | |
| Kasimovian | USA (Nebraska) | Chomatodus arcuatus, Fissodus inaequalis (132974) Ctenopetalus occidentalis, Janassa maxima (132970) Janassa unguicula (132971) Peripristis semicircularis (132976 132977) Peripristis semicircularis, Petalodus alleghaniensis (132978) Petalodus alleghaniensis (132967) Petalodus destructor, Peripristis semicircularis, Chomatodus arcuatus (132676) | |
| Kasimovian | USA (Kansas) | Fissodus dentatus (132973) Petalodus ohioensis (132333) | |
| Kasimovian | USA (New Mexico) | Peripristis sp. (217021 217022) Petalodus ohioensis (130312) Petalodus sp. (149383) | |
| Missourian | USA (Pennsylvania) | Petalodus ohioensis (184103 184105) | |
| Missourian | USA (Ohio) | Petalodus ohioensis (159903 159904) | |
| Missourian | USA (Kansas) | Fissodus dentatus (133264) | |
| Gzhelian | Italy (Udine) | Petalodus ohioensis (131452) | |
| Gzhelian | Slovenia | Petalodontidae indet. (131613) Petalodus ohioensis (131612) | |
| Gzhelian | USA (Kansas) | Megactenopetalus kaibabanus (146376) Petalodus jewetti (132334) Petalodus sp. B, Petalodontidae indet. (132336) | |
| Gzhelian | USA (Oklahoma) | Petalodus sp. D (132338) | |
| Gzhelian | Italy | Petalorhynchus sp. (131578) | |
| Virgilian | USA (New Mexico) | Peripristis semicircularis (217070) | |
| Gzhelian - Asselian | Russian Federation | Janassidae indet. (133282) | |
| Noginskian | USA (Kansas) | Ctenoptychius occidentalis (11494) Petalodus ohioensis (11789) | |
| Asselian | Bolivia | Megactenopetalus sp. (118107) | |
| Asselian | USA (Oklahoma) | Megactenopetalus kaibabanus (146375) | |
| Asselian | USA (Kansas) | Chomatodus sp., Petalodus allegheniensis (132372) Petalodus sp. A (132335) Petalodus sp., Chomatodus arcuatus (132374) | |
| Asselian | Japan | Petalodus acuminatus (90285) | |
| Sakmarian | Japan | Serratodus sp. (133439) | |
| Sakmarian | USA (Kansas) | Janassa sp. (130786 130787) Serratodus sp. (130782) | |
| Sakmarian | USA (New Mexico) | Petalodus sp. (149384) | |
| Sakmarian - Artinskian | USA (New Mexico) | Petalodus sp. (180988) | |
| Artinskian | USA (Kansas) | Petalodus sp. C (132337) | |
| Artinskian - Kungurian | USA (Texas) | Janassa sp., Ctenoptychius sp. (85299 85300) | |
| Kungurian | Brazil | Itapyrodus punctatus (51070) | |
| Kungurian | USA (Texas) | Megactenopetalus kaibabanus (118958 118959) | |
| Kungurian | Russian Federation (Perm) | Petalodontiformes indet. (216642) | |
| Kungurian | USA (Arizona) | Megactenopetalus kaibabanus (90277) | |
| Guadalupian | China (Shaanxi) | Petalodus shingkuoi (146377) | |
| Early/Lower Kazanian | Russian Federation (Orenburg) | Janassa sp. (189584) | |
| Roadian | Japan | Neopetalodus sp. (90286 133499) Petalodus sp. (90233) | |
| Roadian | USA (Wyoming) | Janassa unguicula, Janassa angularis (149345) Janassa unguicula, Janassa unguiformis (128880) | |
| Roadian | USA (Arizona) | Megactenopetalus kaibabanus (90287 118961) | |
| Wordian | Oman | Petalodontiformes indet. (140657) | |
| Wuchiapingian | United Kingdom | Janassa bituminosa (131704 149365) | |
| Wuchiapingian | United Kingdom (Durham) | Janassa bituminosa (131709) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Greenland | Janassa kochi (122142) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Japan | Neopetalodus sp. (133503) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Germany | Janassa angulata (149462 149463) Janassa angulata, Dictea striata, Janassa dictea, Byzenos latipinnatus (149471) Janassa bituminosa (96856 130037 130038 130039 137316 137317) Janassa humboldii (149464) Janassa korni (130272 130273 130274) | |
| Wuchiapingian | China (Sichuan) | Petalodus shingkuoi (146378) | |
| Wuchiapingian | Iran | Petalodontidae indet., Petalorhynchus sp. (63727) | |
| Wuchiapingian | USA (Wyoming) | Janassa unguicula (90239) | |
| Changhsingian | Pakistan | Petalorhynchus indicus (89064) | |
| Late/Upper Aptian - Early/Lower Albian | USA (Arizona) | Petalodontidae indet. (208951 208952 208953) | |
| Early/Lower Albian | Italy (Campania) | Glossodus heckelii (112631) |